Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-03T10:59:40.588Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Marriage and social change in south-western Finland, 1700–1870

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 November 2008

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1996

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

ENDNOTES

1 Wrigley, E. A., ‘Population history in the 1980s’, Journal of Interdisciplinary History 13 (1981), 218.Google Scholar

2 Hajnal, J., ‘European marriage patterns in perspective’, in Glass, D. V. and Eversley, D. E. C. eds., Population in history (London, 1965), 101–44Google Scholar; Hajnal, J., ‘Two kinds of pre-industrial household formation’, in Wall, R., Robin, J. R. and Laslett, P. eds., Family forms in historic Europe (Cambridge, 1983), 69.Google Scholar

3 Hajnal, , ‘European marriage patterns’, 66.Google Scholar

4 Benigno, Francesco, ‘The southern Italian family in the early modern period: a discussion of co-residential patterns’, Continuity and Change 4: 1 (1989), 174–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

5 Kertzer, David I. and Hogan, Dennis, ‘Reflections on the European marriage pattern: sharecropping and proletarianization in Casaleccio, Italy 1861–1921’, Journal of Family History 16: 1 (1989), 3145CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Kertzer, David I. and Bretell, Caroline, ‘Advances in Italian and Iberian family history’, Journal of Family History 12: 1 (1987), 88, 92–7, 104, 112–13CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Livi-Bacci, Massimo and Breschi, Marco, ‘Italian fertility: an historical account’, Journal of Family History 15: 4 (1990), 385408CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Bianco, Carlo, ‘The Mezzadria family: a study of kinship roles in the life cycle’, Ethnologia Europaea XVIII: 2 (1988), 135–46Google Scholar; Reher, David Sven, ‘Household and family on the Castilian Meseta: the province of Cuenca from 1750 to 1970’, Journal of Family History 13: 1 (1988), 5974CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Reher, David Sven, ‘Marriage patterns in Spain 1887–1930’, Journal of Family History 16: 1 (1991), 23–4CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Rettaroli, Rosella, ‘Age at marriage in nineteenth-century Italy’, Journal of Family History 15: 4 (1990), 409–25CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Benigno, , ‘Southern Italian family’, 168–72, 175, 179–84Google Scholar; Bastos, Christina, ‘The northeastern Algarve and the southern Iberia family pattern’, Journal of Family History 13: 1 (1988), 111–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

6 Levine, David, Family formation in the age of nascent capitalism (London, 1977), 104–10Google Scholar; Levine, David, Proletarianization and family history. Studies in social discontinuity (New York, 1984), 93–4, 114–15.Google Scholar

7 Gaunt, David, ‘Household typology: problems, methods, results’, in Akerman, Sune, Johansen, Hans-Chr. and Gaunt, David eds., Chance and Change (Odense, 1978)Google Scholar; Winberg, Christer, Folkökning och proletarisering (Lund, 1977)Google Scholar; Eriksson, Ingrid and Rogers, John, ‘Rural labor and population change’, Studia Historiaa Upsaliensia 100 (Uppsala, 1978)Google Scholar; Noordam, Dirk Jaap, ‘Liebe und Verbürgerlichung in der holländischen Landfamilie’, in Borscheid, Peter and Teuteberg, Hans J. eds., Ehe, Liebe, Tod. Studien zur Geschichte des Alttags (Münster, 1983), 290Google Scholar; Kertzer, and Hogan, , ‘Reflections on the European marriage pattern’, 34–5Google Scholar; Segalen, Martine, ‘Mean age at marriage and kinship networks in a town under the influence of the metropolis: Nanterre 1800–1850’, Journal of Family History 16: 1 (1991), 6578CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Schlumbohm, Jürgen, ‘From peasant society to class society: some aspects of family and class in a northwest German protoindustrial parish, seventeenth-nineteenth centuries’, Journal of Family History 17:2 (1992), 183–99CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Sundt, Eilert, Om Giftermål i Norge (first published 1866Google Scholar; Askim, 1967), 213, 225–7Google Scholar; Norman, Hans and Rogers, John, Familj och hushåll i förändrade produktionsmiljöer. Familjen i forandring i 18 og 1900-tallet. Rapporter till den XIX nordiske historikerkongress i Odense 1984, Vol. III (Odense, 1986), 57–8.Google Scholar

8 Moring, Beatrice, ‘Geographic and social differences in age at marriage and fertility in Finland during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries’, Scandinavian Population Studies 10 (1994).Google Scholar

9 Jaatinen, , Atlas över skärgårds Finland (Helsinki, 1960), 23Google Scholar; Moring, Beatrice, ‘Befolkning och ekonomi i Skärgårdshavet-Socknarna Kumlinge, Brändö, Iniö, Korpo och Houtskär under 1660-talet och 1700-talets första hälft’, unpublished Lie. phil. thesis, University of Helsinki, 1985), 13Google Scholar; Tengström, J., Afhandling om presterliga tjenstgöringen och aflöningen i Åbo Erkeslift II(Åbo, 1821), 184.Google Scholar

10 Aarnio, Aulis O., ‘Perimysjärjestelyt maanomistusolojen kannalta’, in Letto-Vanamo, Pia ed., Suomen oikeushistorian pääpiirteet (Helsinki, 1990), 4365Google Scholar; Anu Pylkkänen, Puoli vuodetta, lukot ja avaimet (Helsinki, 1990), 161Google Scholar; Moring, , ‘Befolking och ekonomi’, 135.Google Scholar

11 Kaukiainen, Yrjö, ‘Suomen asuttaminen’, Suomen Taloushistoria I (Helsinki, 1980), 11146Google Scholar; Friberg, Nils, Stockholm i Bottniska farvatten (Uppsala, 1983), 413.Google Scholar

12 Böcker, C. C., ‘Statistical survey of the economic situation in the Finnish countryside’, unpublished, 1834, the National Archives of FinlandGoogle Scholar; Gardberg, John, ‘Hushållning och byväsen kring norra delen av Skiftet’, in Skärgårdsboken (Helsinki, 1948), 552–60Google Scholar; Jaatinen, , Atlas över skärgårds Finland, 81Google Scholar; Virtanen, E. A., ‘Yhteisten laidunsaarien kansanomaisesta omistuksesta ja käytöstä Varsinais-Suomen kylissä’, Varsinais-Suomen Maakuntakirja 4 (Turku, 1931), 76, 83Google Scholar; Fagerlund, L. W., Anteckningar om Korpo och Houtskärs socknar (Helsinki, 1878), 67–8.Google Scholar

13 Virtanen, E. A., ‘Kyläyhteiskunta ennen isoajakoa’, Suomen Kulttuurihistoria II (Provoo, 1934), 417–28Google Scholar; Virtanen, , Suomalaista tapaokeutta (Helsinki, 1949), 2733, 41–6Google Scholar; Moring, Beatrice, ‘Inför havets anlete-familj, hushåll och överlevnadsstrategier vid Finlands kust’, in Pulma, Panu ed., Den problematiska familjen (Helsinki, 1991), 163.Google Scholar

14 Gardberg, , ‘Hushållning och byväsen’, 557–62Google Scholar; Gylling, Edvard, Suomen torpparilaitoksen kehityksen pääpiirteet (Helsinki, 1909), 53, 92, 166–71Google Scholar; Jutikkala, Eino, Suomen talonpojan historia (Turku, 1958), 227–30, 238–41.Google Scholar

15 Ahlbäck, Ragna, ‘Kökar - Näringslivet och dess organisation i en utskärssocken’, Folklivsstudier IV (Helsinki, 1955), 84, 96, 129–32Google Scholar; Andersson, Sven, ‘Åländskt skärgårdsliv (Helsinki, 1945), 121–33Google Scholar; Forsberg, Anders, ‘Ålands ströramingsfiske’, Fiskeritidskrift för Finland (1895), 67Google Scholar; Nordberg, Karl, En öst-åländsk skärgårdsby (Åbo, 1924), 83–4, 55–6Google Scholar; Storå, Nils, ‘Öståländskt krokskötsfiske’, Folk-Liv 1967–69, 23–9Google Scholar; Moring, Beatrice, Skärgårdsbor - Hushåll, familj och demografi i finländsk kustbygd. Bidrag tili kännedom av Finlands natur och folk, 145 (Helsinki, 1994), 3440.Google Scholar

16 Moring, , Skärgårdsbor, 57–8, 61–3.Google Scholar

17 Ibid., 56–7. Boatmen served in the navy and were paid in kind, seeing active service in wartime but otherwise simply subject to annual inspection and training.

18 Ibid., 100, 104–5.

19 Levine, , Family formation, 93–4, 114–15.Google Scholar

20 The social positions of the fathers of 28 men and 21 women were unknown and this group has been excluded from the table.

21 Nygård, Toivo, Suomen palvelusväki 1600-luvulla. Palkollisten määrä, työ, palkkaus ja suhteet isäntäväkeen (Helsinki, 1989).Google Scholar

22 Tilly, Charles, ‘Demographic origins of the European proletariat’, in Levine, ed., Proletarianization and family history (New York, 1984) 10, 3841, 47, 51–4.Google Scholar

23 Winberg, , Fokökning och proletarisering, 157–90, 265–6, 302–5, 308.Google Scholar

24 Moring, , Skärgårdsbor, 95.Google Scholar

25 The age at marriage of migrants also rose. The mean age at marriage of migrants born 1742–1752 was 25.3 for men and 25.7 for women, compared with 26.8 for migrants for both sexes from the cohort born 1817–1825.

26 Moring, , Skärgårdsbor, 78, 95, 135.Google Scholar

27 Viazzo, Paolo, Upland communities: environment, population and social structure in the Alps since the sixteenth century (Cambridge, 1989).CrossRefGoogle Scholar