Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-nmvwc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-05T00:00:09.318Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Civil Rights Strategies in the United States: Franziska Boas's Activist Use of Dance, 1933–1965

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 July 2012

Extract

At the first National Dance Congress and Festival, which was held in New York in May 1936, Edna Ocko, the dance editor of New Theatre Magazine, told the assembled delegates, “One cannot minimize the importance of an artist's social point of view, for it is he who, bringing his ideas before vast audiences, can organize and direct social thought” (25). Noting that young, politically aware choreographers had already embraced the political potential of dance, Ocko listed several topical social themes recently explored in choreography, including the need for “Negro and white unity”—an assertion championed by other speakers and formally adopted in the final session of the gathering when the delegates passed the following resolution: “Whereas the Negro People in America have been subject to segregation and suppression which has limited their development in the field of creative dance, be it resolved that the Dance Congress encourage and sponsor the work of the Negro People in the creative fields” (Ocko 1936, 27 and “Resolutions” 1936, 94).

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Congress on Research in Dance 2012 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Works Cited

“African Drummer Teaches at Interracial School.” 1946. The New York Age (February 16): 10.Google Scholar
Althusser, Louis. 1969, tr. 1971. “Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses (Notes Toward an Investigation).” In Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays, translated by Brewster, Ben. London: NLB: 121171.Google Scholar
Arndt, Richard T. 2005. The First Resort of Kings: American Cultural Diplomacy in the Twentieth Century. Washington, DC: Potomac Books.Google Scholar
Aschenbrenner, Joyce. 2002. Katherine Dunham: Dancing a Life. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Balcom, Lois. 1944a. “What Chance Has the Negro Dancer?Dance Observer (November): 110111.Google Scholar
Balcom, Lois.. 1944b. “The Negro Dances Himself.” Dance Observer (December): 122124.Google Scholar
Barnard, Hollinger F., ed. 1985. Outside the Magic Circle: The Autobiography of Virginia Foster Durr. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
Barzel, Ann. 1983. “The Lost Ten Years: The Untold Story of the Dunham/Turbyfill Alliance.” Dance Magazine 57 (December): 94.Google Scholar
Beiswanger, George W. 1943. “Lobby Thoughts and Jottings.” Dance Observer (April): 40.Google Scholar
Blumberg, Rhonda Lois. 1990. “White Mothers as Civil Rights Activists: The Interweave of Family and Movement Roles.” In Women and Social Protest, edited by West, Guida and Blumberg, Rhoda Lois. New York: Oxford University Press: 166179.Google Scholar
Boas, Franziska. 1949. “The Negro and the Dance as an Art.” Phylon: The Atlanta University Review of Race and Culture 10.1 (1st Qtr.): 3842.Google Scholar
Boas, Franziska.. 1953. “Dance in the Liberal Arts College Curriculum.” Impulse: 2729.Google Scholar
Boas, Norman Francis, and Meyer, Barbara Linton. 1999. Alma Farm: An Adirondack Meeting Place. Mystic, Connecticut, and Bolton Landing, NY: Boas and Meyer.Google Scholar
Braden, Anne. [1958] 1999. The Wall Between. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press.Google Scholar
Brattain, Michelle. 2001. The Politics of Whiteness: Race, Workers, and Culture in the Modern South. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Breines, Winifred. 2006. The Trouble Between Us: An Uneasy History of White and Black Women in the Feminist Movement. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brodkin, Karen. 1998. How Jews Became White Folks and What that Says about Race in America. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Caute, David. 2003. The Dancer Defects: The Struggle for Cultural Supremacy During the Cold War. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Chappell, David L. 1994. Inside Agitators: White Southerners in the Civil Rights Movement. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Chauncey, George. 1994. Gay New York: Gender Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890–1940. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Clark, VèVè A., and Johnson, Sara E., eds. 2006. Kaiso! Writings by and about Katherine Dunham. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Cole, Douglas. 1999. Franz Boas: The Early Years, 1858–1906. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre; Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Cope, Graeme. 2002. “‘Honest White People of the Middle and Lower Classes’? A Profile of the Capital Citizens' Council during the Little Rock Crisis of 1957.” Arkansas Historical Quarterly 61 (Spring): 3758.Google Scholar
Coppoc, Evalyn. 1945. “Americans of Good Will.” The Pittsburgh Courier (September 22): n.p.Google Scholar
Cox, Leonore. 1936. “On a Few Aspects of Negro Dancing.” In National Dance Congress and Festival, program: 5255.Google Scholar
Crawford, Vicki L., Rouse, Jacqueline Anne, and Woods, Barbara, eds. [1990] 1993. Women in the Civil Rights Movement: Trailblazers and Torchbearers, 1941–1965. Bloomington and Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Croft, Clare. 2007. “Photographs and Dancing Bodies: Alvin Ailey's 1967 US State Department Sponsored Tour of Africa.” Society of Dance History Scholars Proceedings: 178182.Google Scholar
Curry, Constance, Browning, Joan C., Burlage, Dorothy Dawson, Patch, Penny, Pozzo, Theresa Del, Thrasher, Sue, et al. 2000. Deep in Our Hearts: Nine White Women in the Freedom Movement. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar
DeFrantz, Thomas F. ed. 2002. Dancing Many Drums: Excavations in African American Dance. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
DeFrantz, Thomas F.. 2004. Dancing Revelations: Alvin Ailey's Embodiment of African American Culture. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Delgado, Richard, and Stefancic, Jean. 2012. Critical Race Theory: An Introduction. 2nd ed.New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
“Demonstration Program.” 1936. In The Proceedings of the First National Dance Congress: 102103.Google Scholar
Dyer, Richard. 1997. White: Essays on Race and Culture. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Emery, Lynne Fauley. [1972] 1988. Black Dance from 1619 to Today, 2nd ed.Hightstown, NJ: Dance Horizons–Princeton Book Company.Google Scholar
Evans, Sara. 1979. Personal Politics: The Roots of Women's Liberation in the Civil Rights Movement and the New Left. New York: Vintage Books.Google Scholar
Fairclough, Adam. 1995. Race and Democracy: The Civil Rights Struggle in Louisiana, 1915–1972. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar
Fairclough, Adam.. 2001. Better Day Coming: Blacks and Equality, 1890–2000. New York: Penguin.Google Scholar
Fischer-Hornung, Dorothea, and Goeller, Alison D., eds. 2001. EmBODYing Liberation: The Black Body in American Dance. Hamburg, Germany: Lit Verlag.Google Scholar
Fitzgerald, Kathleen J. 2008. “White Privilege.” In Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society, edited by Schaefer, Richard T.. Vol. 3. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc: 14031405. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 11 Mar. 2012.Google Scholar
Ford, Lacy K. 2009. Deliver Us from Evil: The Slavery Question in the Old South. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
“Former Resident Establishes School of Dance at Bolton Landing.” 1944. The Lake George Mirror (July 28): n.p.Google Scholar
Fosl, Catherine. 2002. Subversive Southerner: Anne Braden and the Struggle for Racial Justice in the Cold War South. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Foulkes, Julia. 2002. Modern Bodies: Dance and American Modernism from Martha Graham to Alvin Ailey. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Fowlkes, Diane. 1992. White Political Women: Paths from Privilege to Empowerment. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Fraden, Rena. 1996. Blueprints for a Black Federal Theatre, 1935–1939. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Franck, Ruth, and Locke, Linda. 1944. “Observations on Negro and White Dance.” Dance Observer (August–September): 8081.Google Scholar
Frankenberg, Ruth. 1993. The Social Construction of Whiteness: White Women, Race Matters. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Franko, Mark. 2002. The Work of Dance: Labor, Movement, and Identity in the 1930s. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press.Google Scholar
Gates, Lorraine. 1996. “Power from the Pedestal: The Women's Emergency Committee and the Little Rock School Crisis.” Arkansas Historical Quarterly 55 (Spring): 2657.Google Scholar
Gay, Jan. 1932. On Going Naked. New York: Holborn House.Google Scholar
Gay, Zhenya, and Gay, Jan. 1930. Pancho and His Burro. New York: William Morrow and Co.Google Scholar
Gay, Zhenya, and Gay, Jan. 1931a. The Goat Who Wouldn't Be Good: A Story of Norway. New York: William Morrow and Co.Google Scholar
Gay, Zhenya, and Gay, Jan. 1931b. The Shire Colt. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran and Co.Google Scholar
Gay, Zhenya, and Gay, Jan. 1932a. The Mutt Book. New York: Harper and Co.Google Scholar
Gay, Zhenya, and Gay, Jan. 1932b. Town Cats. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.Google Scholar
Genovese, Eugene D. 1974. Roll, Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made. New York: Pantheon Books.Google Scholar
Gold, Roberta S. 2003. “The Black Jews of Harlem: Representation, Identity and Race, 1920–1939.” American Quarterly 55.2 (June): 179225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gottschild, Brenda Dixon. 1996. Digging the Africanist Presence in American Performance: Dance and Other Contexts. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Gottschild, Brenda Dixon.. 2003. The Black Dancing Body: A Geography from Coon to Cool. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Graff, Ellen. 1997. Stepping Left: Dance and Politics in New York City, 1928–1942. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Graff, Ellen.. 2001. “Embodying Change: Workers, Culture and ‘New’ Dance.” Choreography and Dance 5.4: 315.Google Scholar
Graham, Gladys P. 1945. “Dance School Maintains Mixed Staff and Students.” The Pittsburgh Courier (June 16): n.p.Google Scholar
Graham, Gladys P.. 1955. “It Happened in New York.” New Jersey Herald (August 6): n.p.Google Scholar
Hall, Jacquelyn Dowd. [1979] 1993. Revolt against Chivalry: Jessie Daniel Ames and the Women's Campaign against Lynching. Revised ed. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Hall, Jacquelyn Dowd.. 1992. “Lives through Time: Second Thoughts on Jessie Daniel Ames.” In The Challenge of Feminist Biography, edited by Alpern, Sara and Antler, Joyce. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press: 139158.Google Scholar
Henry, George. 1941. Sex Variants: A Study of Homosexual Patterns, with Sections Contributed by Specialists in Particular Fields. 2 volumes. New York: Paul B. Hoeber.Google Scholar
Herskovits, Melville J. 1953. Franz Boas: The Science of Man in the Making. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.Google Scholar
Hyatt, Marshall. 1990. Franz Boas, Social Activist: The Dynamics of Ethnicity. New York: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Irons, Jenny. 1998. “The Shaping of Activist Recruitment and Participation: A Study of Women in the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement.” Gender and Society 12 (6): 692709.Google Scholar
Jacobson, Matthew Frye. 1999. Whiteness of a Difference Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
“Joan Gather Heads Dance Club Slate.” 1955. The Periscope (November): n.p.Google Scholar
“Jobs for Negroes Discussed in City.” 1945. The New York Times (October 9): 14.Google Scholar
Korff, William. 2001. “NDG: The Early Years 1932–1945: Continuing the Humanist Tradition.” Choreography and Dance 5.4: 1737.Google Scholar
Kraut, Anthea. 2008. Choreographing the Folk: The Dance Stagings of Zora Neale Hurston. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Levine-Rasky, Cynthia. 2008. “White Privilege: Jewish Women's Writing and the Instability of Categories.” Journal of Modern Jewish Studies 7.1: 5166.Google Scholar
Lindgren, Allana C. 2000. “The Politics of Theory and Practice: Franziska Boas and the Boas Dance Group.” Paper presented at the Festival of Original Theatre (F.O.O.T.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, March.Google Scholar
Lindgren, Allana C. 2005. “Dance as Social Activism: The Theory and Practice of Franziska Boas, 1933–1965” (PhD dissertation, University of Toronto).Google Scholar
Lipsitz, George. 2006. The Possessive Investment in Whiteness: How White People Profit from Identity Politics. Revised and expanded edition. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Long, Richard. 1989. The Black Tradition in American Dance. New York: Rizzoli International.Google Scholar
Loveland, Anne C. 1986. Lillian Smith: A Southerner Confronting the South. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press.Google Scholar
Lynn, Susan. 1992. Progressive Women in Conservative Times: Racial Justice, Peace, and Feminism, 1945 to the 1960s. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Lynn, Susan.. 1994. “Gender and Progressive Politics: A Bridge to Social Activism of the 1960s.” In Not June Cleaver: Women and Gender in Postwar America, 1945–1960, edited by Meyerowitz, Joanne. Philadelphia: Temple University Press: 103127.Google Scholar
Mackenzie, Catherine. 1948. “‘Prejudice Can Be Unlearned’: A Philadelphia Experiment Finds Intolerance Is Planted in Childhood and Can Be Weeded Out.” The New York Times Magazine (July 23): 9, 1617.Google Scholar
Manning, Susan. 2004. Modern Dance, Negro Dance: Race in Motion. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Martin, John. 1940. “The Dance: Elysian Jazz.” The New York Times (November 10): Arts and Leisure, 2.Google Scholar
Martin, John.. 1963. John Martin's Book of the Dance. New York: Tudor Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Martin, K. K. 1983. “America's First African Dance Theatre.” Caribe 7.1 and 2: 610.Google Scholar
McIntosh, Peggy. 1997. “White Privilege and Male Privilege: A Personal Account through Work in Women's Studies.” In Critical White Studies: Looking Behind the Mirror, edited by Delgado, Richard and Stafancic, Jean. Philadelphia: Temple UP: 291299.Google Scholar
Meier, August. 1991. “Epilogue: Toward a Synthesis of Civil Rights History 1991.” In New Directions in Civil Rights Studies, edited by Robinson, Armstead L. and Sullivan, Patricia. Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia: 211224.Google Scholar
Meyer, Stephen Grant. 2001. As Long as They Don't Move Next Door: Segregation and Racial Conflict in American Neighborhoods. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.Google Scholar
Murray, Gail S. 2004. Throwing Off the Cloak of Privilege: White Southern Women Activists in the Civil Rights Era. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida.Google Scholar
Nasstrom, Kathryn L. 1999a. “Beginnings and Endings: Life Stories and the Periodization of the Civil Rights Movement.” Journal of American History 86 (June 1999): 700711.Google Scholar
Nasstrom, Kathryn L.. 1999b. “Down to Now: Memory, Narrative, and Women's Leadership in the Civil Rights Movement in Atlanta, Georgia.” Gender and History 11 (April 1999): 113143.Google Scholar
Nasstrom, Kathryn L.. 2000. Everybody's Grandmother and Nobody's Fool: Frances Freeborn Pauley and the Struggle for Social Justice. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Ocko, Edna. 1936. “Dance in the Changing World: A New Trend.” In The Proceedings of the First National Dance Congress: 2528.Google Scholar
Oliver, Melvin, and Shapiro, Thomas. 2006. Black Wealth/White Wealth: A New Perspective on Racial Inequality. 2nd ed.New York: Routledge, 2006.Google Scholar
Parsons, Sara Mitchell. 2000. From Southern Wrongs to Civil Rights: The Memoir of a White Civil Rights Activist. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
Pearlstein, Philip. 1987. “Untitled tribute as part of ‘Andy Warhol 1928–87: A Collage of Appreciation from the Artist's Colleagues, Critics and Friends.’Art in America (May): 137138.Google Scholar
Perpener, John O. III. 1994. “African American Dance and Sociological Positivism During the 1930s.” In Of, By, and For the People: Dancing on the Left in the 1930s, edited by Garafola, Lynn. Studies in Dance History V.1 (Spring): 2330.Google Scholar
Perpener, John O. III.. 2001. African-American Concert Dance: The Harlem Renaissance and Beyond. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Pogrebin, Robin. 2001. “Josephine Premice, 74, Actress Who Dazzled on Broadway.” The New York Times (April 17): B9.Google Scholar
Prevots, Naima. 1998. Dance for Export: Cultural Diplomacy and the Cold War. Hanover, CT: Wesleyan University Press.Google Scholar
Redfield, Louise. 1936. “A Survey of the New Dance League.” In The Proceedings of the First National Dance Congress: 7176.Google Scholar
“Resolutions.” 1936. In The Proceedings of the First National Dance Congress: 9496.Google Scholar
Rothenberg, Paula S., ed. 2011. White Privilege. 4th ed.New York: Worth Publishers.Google Scholar
Sacks, Karin Brodkin. 1988. “Gender and Grassroots Leadership.” In Women and the Politics of Empowerment, edited by Bookman, Ann and Morgen, Sandra. Philadelphia: Temple University Press: 7794.Google Scholar
Schultz, Debra. 2001. Going South: Jewish Women in the Civil Rights Movement. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Siegel, Joan. 1956. “Famed Afro-Cuban Dancer Studying in Dance Dept.” The Delphian (April 19): 2.Google Scholar
Stearns, Marshall, and Stearns, Jean. [1968] 1979. Jazz Dance: The Story of American Vernacular Dance. New York: Schirmer.Google Scholar
Stocking, George W Jr.. [1968] 1982. Race, Culture, and Evolution: Essays in the History of Anthropology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Stocking, George W Jr.. 1974. The Shaping of American Anthropology, 1883–1911: A Franz Boas Reader. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Sullivan, Patricia. 1996. Days of Hope: Race and Democracy in the New Deal Era. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Thompson, Becky. 2001. A Promise and a Way of Life: White Antiracist Activism. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota.Google Scholar
Turner, Victor. 1986. The Anthropology of Performance. New York: PAJ.Google Scholar
Washington, Fredi. 1946. “fredi says ….” The People's Voice (February 2): S-2.Google Scholar
“We Visit a Night School for Dancers.” 1946. PM (January 20): 4.Google Scholar
Weisbrot, Robert. 1990. Freedom Bound: A History of America's Civil Rights Movement. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Wildman, Stephanie M. 2005. “The Persistence of White Privilege.” Washington University Journal of Law and Policy 18: 245265.Google Scholar
Williams, Vernon J Jr.. 1996. Rethinking Race: Franz Boas and His Contemporaries. Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky Press.Google Scholar