Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-ndmmz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-08T06:43:49.896Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Coppélia's Human-Objects: Winding Up Racialized Automata on the Ballet Stage

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 May 2024

Mara Mandradjieff*
Affiliation:
Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, US

Abstract

This article focuses on how dance companies have restaged three of the original automata characters from the ballet Coppélia (Arthur Saint-Léon, 1870), described as the “Negro,” the “Moor,” and the “Chinaman.” In conversation with scholarship on the racialization of objects and the object-ification of humans, I claim these characters embody and reenact the ontological effects of slavery and colonialism, in which notions of human and object collapse into one another. I further argue that such processes vary among the roles, illuminating ways the white colonialist perspective constructs the imagined Chinese body differently than the Black body through human-object relations. As a contribution to discussions within the ballet world surrounding the use of blackface and yellowface, this article exposes how ballet choreography both participates in and reveals object-centered acts of racism through embodiment practices.

Type
Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Dance Studies Association

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Works Cited

Austin, Linda M. 2016. “Elaborations of the Machine: The Automata Ballets.” Modernism/Modernity 23 (1): 6587.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barry, Colleen Barry. 2019. “From Gucci to Prada, Fashion Fails Evoke Racist Imagery.” AP News, February 7. Accessed October 1, 2020. https://apnews.com/article/f0c3f426627a414a8440f93414b028fc.Google Scholar
Barton, Christopher P., and Somerville, Kyle. 2012. “Play Things: Children's Racialized Mechanical Banks and Toys, 1880–1930.” International Journal of Historical Archaeology 16 (1): 4785.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beam, Adam. 2016. “GOP Hopeful Not Sorry for Posts Depicting Obamas as Monkeys.” AP News, September 30. Accessed October 1, 2020. https://apnews.com/article/90ec82dfca4f45e48628e4ae45b8247f.Google Scholar
Beaumont, Cyril W. 1946. Ballet Design Past and Present. London: Hazell, Watson and Viney.Google Scholar
Bender Melodies. 2010. “A Short History of Organ Grinders.” Terry Bender Organ Grinder. Accessed October 1, 2020. https://www.bendermelodies.com/org_grinder_history.htm.Google Scholar
Bennett, Jane. 2010. Vibrant Matter: A Political Ecology of Things. Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Bennett, Joshua. 2020. Being Property Once Myself: Blackness and the End of Man. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Bernstein, Robin. 2009. “Dances with Things: Material Culture and the Performance of Race.” Social Text 101 27 (4): 6794.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernstein, Robin. 2011. Racial Innocence: Performing Childhood and Race from Slavery to Civil Rights. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Billé, Franck, and Urbansky, Sören, eds. 2018. Yellow Perils: China Narratives in the Contemporary World. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.Google Scholar
Boisseron, Benedicte. 2018. Afro-Dog: Blackness and the Animal Question. New York: Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bourne, Sandie. 2021. “Portrayals of Black People from the African Diaspora in Western Narrative Ballets.” In (Re:) Claiming Ballet, edited by Akinleye, Adesola, 6885. Chicago: Intellect, University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Brown, Bill. 2006. “Reification, Reanimation, and the American Uncanny.” Critical Inquiry 32 (2): 175207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, Lauren Erin. 2018. “‘As Long as They Have Talent’: Organizational Barriers to Black Ballet.” Dance Chronicle 41 (3): 359392.10.1080/01472526.2018.1518076CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Browning, Lexi, and Bever, Lindsey. 2016. “‘Ape in heels’: W.Va. Major Resigns Amid Controversy Over Racist Comments about Michelle Obama.” Washington Post, November 16. Accessed October 1, 2020. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2016/11/14/ape-in-heels-w-va-officials-under-fire-after-comments-about-michelle-obama/.Google Scholar
Chaleff, Rebecca. 2020. “Dance of the Undead: The Wilis’ Imperial Legacy.” In Futures of Dance Studies, edited by Manning, Susan, Ross, Janice, and Schneider, Rebecca, 415430. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.10.2307/j.ctvvh86kr.33CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chan, Phil. 2020. Final Bow for Yellowface: Dancing Between Intention and Impact. Edited by Chase, Michele. Brooklyn, NY: Yellow Peril Press.Google Scholar
Chandler, Robin M. 1996. “Xenophobes, Visual Terrorism, and the African Subject.” Third Text 10 (35): 1528.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chao, Sophie. 2021. “We are (Not) Monkeys: Contested Cosmopolitical Symbols in West Papua.” American Ethnologist 48 (3): 274287.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheng, Anne Anlin. 2018. “Ornamentalism: A Feminist Theory for the Yellow Woman.” Critical Inquiry 44 (3): 415446.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chude-Sokei, Louis. 2012. “The Uncanny History of Minstrels and Machines, 1835–1923.” In Burnt Cork: Traditions and Legacies of Blackface Minstrelsy, edited by Johnson, Stephen, 104132. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.Google Scholar
Cohen, William B. 1980. The French Encounter with Africans: White Response to Blacks 1530–1880. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Cole, Catherine M. 2012. “American Ghetto Parties and Ghanaian Concert Parties: A Transnational Perspective on Blackface.” In Burnt Cork: Traditions and Legacies of Blackface Minstrelsy, edited by Johnson, Stephen, 223257. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.Google Scholar
Cooney, Samantha. 2016. “Doctor Who Called Michelle Obama ‘Monkey Face’ Has Been Suspended.” Time, December 2. Accessed October 1, 2020. https://time.com/4588752/michelle-obama-monkey-face-doctor/.Google Scholar
Cooper, Megan. 2022. “Iconic Toy Monkey With Cymbals: Where It All Began.” LovetoKnow. Accessed November, 3, 2023. https://www.lovetoknow.com/home/antiques-collectibles/monkey-playing-cymbals-vintage-toyGoogle Scholar
Davids, Nadia. 2013. “‘It is us’: An Exploration of ‘Race’ and Place in the Cape Town Minstrel Carnival.” TDR: The Drama Review 57 (2): 86101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Downs, Jim. 2021. Maladies of Empire: How Colonialism, Slavery, and War Transformed Medicine. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dubin, Steven C. 1987. “Symbolic Slavery: Black Representations in Popular Culture.” Social Problems 34 (2): 122140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ephemeral New York. 2015. “The Sudden Demise of New York's Organ Grinders.” January 5. Accessed October 1, 2020. https://ephemeralnewyork.wordpress.com/tag/organ-grinders-new-york-city/.Google Scholar
Fanon, Frantz. (1952) 2008. Black Skin, White Masks. Translated by Markmann, Charles Lam. London: Pluto Press.Google Scholar
Fisher, Jennifer. 2003. Nutcracker Nation: How an Old World Ballet Became a Christmas Tradition in the New World. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Fisher, Jennifer. 2003/2004. “‘Arabian Coffee’ in the Land of the Sweets.” Dance Research Journal 35/36 (2/1): 146163.Google Scholar
Fisher, Jennifer. 2018. “‘Yellowface’ in ‘The Nutcracker’ Isn't a Benign Ballet Tradition, It's Racist Stereotyping.” Los Angeles Times, December 11. Accessed October 1, 2020. https://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-fisher-nutcracker-chinese-dance-revisionism-20181211-story.html.Google Scholar
Goings, Kenneth W. 1994. Mammy and Uncle Mose: Black Collectibles and American Stereotyping. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Guest, Ivor Forbes. 1970. Two Coppelias: A Centenary Study to Mark the One Hundredth Anniversary of the Ballet Coppélia and Accompany a Centenary Production of Two Coppélias by the Royal Ballet's Ballet for All. Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, London: Friends of Covent Garden.Google Scholar
Hsu, Madeline Y. 2015. The Good Immigrants: How the Yellow Peril Became the Model Minority. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Hund, Wulf D., and Mills, Charles W.. 2016. “Comparing Black People to Monkeys Has a Long, Dark Simian History.” Conversation. February 28. Accessed October 1, 2020. https://theconversation.com/comparing-black-people-to-monkeys-has-a-long-dark-simian-history-55102.Google Scholar
Hund, Wulf D., Mills, Charles W., and Sebastiani, Silvia, eds. 2015. Simianization: Apes, Gender, Class, and Race. Zürich: Lit Verlag.Google Scholar
Jackson, Naomi M. 2002. “Man or Machine? Forging Humanness in Contemporary Dance.” In The Responsive Body: A Language of Contemporary Dance, edited by Webb, Brian, 7894. Banff, Alberta: Banff Centre Press.Google Scholar
Jackson, Zakiyyah Iman. 2020. Becoming Human: Matter and Meaning in an Antiblack World. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
James, Tobin. 2020. “Calling for Cultural Humility in Ballet Academies and Companies: A Complementary Construct to Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Initiatives.” Journal of Dance Education 20 (3): 131135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Järvinen, Hanna. 2020. “Ballets Russes and Blackface.” Dance Research Journal 52 (3): 7696.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jentsch, Ernst. (1906) 1997. “On the Psychology of the Uncanny.” Angelaki: Journal of the Theoretical Humanities 2 (1): 716.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalnay, Erica Kanesaka. 2020. “Imperial Innocence: The Kawaii Afterlife of Little Black Sambo.” Victorian Studies 62 (4): 565589.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalnay, Erica Kanesaka. 2022. “Racist Attachments: Dakko-chan, Black Kitsch, and Kawaii Culture.” Positions: East Asia Cultures Critique 30 (1): 159187.Google Scholar
Kiger, Patrick. 2015. “Organ Grinders and Their Monkeys Once Entertained on DC Sidewalks.” Boundary Stones. August 4. Accessed October 1, 2020. https://boundarystones.weta.org/2015/08/04/organ-grinders-and-their-monkeys-once-entertained-dc-sidewalks.Google Scholar
Kim, Claire Jean. 1999. “The Racial Triangulation of Asian Americans.” Politics & Society 27 (1): 105138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ma, Sheng-Mei. 2020. Off-White: Yellowface and Chinglish by Anglo-American Culture. New York: Bloomsbury.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mandradjieff, Mara. 2021a. “Intra-acting Fat Suits, Tutu Flesh, and Sweaty Skins: Material-Semiotic Clashes in Maguy Marin's Ballet Groosland.” Women & Performance: A Journal of Feminist Theory 31 (1): 4358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mandradjieff, Mara.. 2021b. “Reimagining Human Bodies and Death with Vibrant (Dark) Matters and Puppetry.” Dance Chronicle 44 (2): 133150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marshall, Alex. 2019. “Blackface at the Ballet Highlights a Global Divide on Race.” New York Times, December 23. Accessed October 1, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/23/arts/dance/blackface-ballet-bolshoi-misty-copeland.html.Google Scholar
Martin, Anthony F. 2015. “A List of Racialized Black Dolls: 1850–1940.” African Diaspora Archaeology Newsletter 15 (1): 165.Google Scholar
McCarren, Felicia. 2020. One Dead at the Paris Opera Ballet: La Source 1866–2014. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCarthy-Brown, Nyama. 2011. “Dancing in the Margins: Experiences of African American Ballerinas.” Journal of African American Studies 15 (3): 385408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meglin, Joellen A. 1997. “Feminism or Fetishism: La Révolte des femmes and Women's Liberation in France in the 1830's.” In Rethinking the Sylph: New Perspectives on the Romantic Ballet, edited by Garafola, Lynn, 6990. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press.Google Scholar
Metzger, Sean. 2004. “Charles Parsloe's Chinese Fetish: An Example of Yellowface Performance in Nineteenth-Century American Melodrama.” Theatre Journal 56 (4): 627651.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Metzger, Sean. 2014. Chinese Looks: Fashion, Performance, Race. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Moussaoui, Rana. 2020. “Paris Opera Ponders Blackface as It Tackles Ballet's Race Problem.” Jakarta Post, October 6. Accessed November 1, 2020. https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2020/10/06/paris-opera-ponders-blackface-as-it-tackles-ballets-race-problem.html.Google Scholar
Mori, Masahiro. (1970) 2012. “The Uncanny Valley.” Translated by Karl F. MacDorman and Norri Kageki. IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine 19 (2): 98–100.Google Scholar
Noebel, Daniela A. 2000. “The Hidden Face of Racism: Humanität and the Monkey: Images of Otherness in Herder's Ideen zur Philosophie der Geschichte der Menschheit.” PhD diss., University of California, San Diego. ProQuest.Google Scholar
Nuitter, Charles, Saint-Léon, Arthur, and Delibes, Léo. 1908. Grand Ballet in Three Acts, by Charles Nuitter and A. Saint-Léon. Music by Léo Delibes. New York: F. Rullman.Google Scholar
Owens, Craig. 1992. “Politics of Coppelia.” In Beyond Recognition: Representation, Power, and Culture, edited by Bryson, Scott, Kruger, Barbara, Tillmann, Lynne, and Weinstock, Jane, 239242. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Pilgrim, David. 2012. “New Racist Forms of the 21st Century.” Ferris State University: Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia. First published January 2001, edited 2012. Accessed October 1, 2020. https://www.ferris.edu/HTMLS/news/jimcrow/newforms/homepage.htm.Google Scholar
Post, Tina. 2015. “Williams, Walker, and Shine: Blackbody Blackface, or the Importance of Being Surface.” TDR: The Drama Review 59 (4): 83100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Putnam, Walter. 2012. “‘Please Don't Feed the Natives’: Human Zoos, Colonial Desire, and Bodies on Display.” In The Environment in French and Francophone Literature and Film, edited by Persels, Jeff, 5568. New York: Rodopi.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raengo, Alessandra. 2012. “Reification, Reanimation, and the Money of the Real.” World Picture 7: 117.Google Scholar
Raengo, Alessandra. 2016a. “Black Matters.” Discourse 38 (2): 246264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raengo, Alessandra. 2016b. Critical Race Theory and Bamboozled. New York: Bloomsbury Academic.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, Sekani. 2021. “Black Ballerinas: The Management of Emotional and Aesthetic Labor.” Sociological Forum 36 (2): 491508.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Said, Edward. 1979. Orientalism. New York: Random House, Vintage Books Edition.Google Scholar
Sasso, Eleonora, ed. 2020. Late Victorian Orientalism: Representations of the East in Nineteenth-Century Literature, Art and Culture from the Pre-Raphaelites to John La Farge. London: Anthem Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seidman, Carrie. 2015. “Authentic Homage—Like It or Not.” Herald-Tribune, May 2. Accessed October 1, 2020. http://ticket.heraldtribune.com/2015/05/02/an-authentic-tribute-like-it-or-not/.Google Scholar
Singh-Kurtz, Sangeeta. 2018. “Prada's Red-Lipped Monkey Keychains Evoke a Long History of Racist Imagery.” Quartz. December 14. Accessed October 1, 2020. https://qz.com/quartzy/1496250/why-pradas-monkey-trinkets-evoke-a-racist-past/.Google Scholar
Spillers, Hortense J. 1987. “Mama's Baby, Papa's Maybe: An American Grammar Book.” Culture and Countermemory: The ‘American’ Connection 17 (2): 6481.Google Scholar
Stack, Liam. 2018. “H&M Apologizes for ‘Monkey’ Image Featuring Black Child.” New York Times, January 8. October 1, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/08/business/hm-monkey.html.Google Scholar
Thelwell, Chinua. 2020. Exporting Jim Crow: Blackface Minstrelsy in South Africa and Beyond. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turner, Patricia A. 1994. Ceramic Uncles and Celluloid Mammies: Black Images and Their Influence on Culture. New York: Anchor Books.Google Scholar
Ullman West, Martha. 2007. “Orientalism in Ballet.” Chronicle of Higher Education 54 (16): B12.Google Scholar
Washington, Harriet. 2008. Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present. New York: Anchor Books.Google Scholar
Washington Post. 1913. “Mystic Shrine Outing: Large Crowd Attends Benefit for Christmas Baskets.” July 30. ProQuest Historical Newspaper: The Washington Post (1877–1922).Google Scholar
Wilderson, Frank B. III. 2010. Red, White & Black: Cinema and the Structure of U.S. Antagonisms. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winship, Lyndsey. 2019. “Blackface and Fu Manchu Moustaches: Does Ballet Have a Race Problem?” Guardian, November 20. Accessed October 1, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2019/nov/20/fu-manchu-moustaches-blackface-does-ballet-have-a-race-problem.Google Scholar
Wu, Ellen D. 2014. The Color of Success: Asian Americans and the Origins of the Model Minority. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, Harvey. 2010. Embodying Black Experience: Stillness, Critical Memory, and the Black Body. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yoshihara, Mari. 2003. Embracing the East: White Women and American Orientalism. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar