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Kinds of individuals defined by patterns of variables

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 July 2018

Jerome Kagan
Jerome Kagan*
Affiliation:
Harvard University
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Jerome Kagan, Department of Psychology, Harvard University, 33 Kirkland Street, Cambridge, MA 02138; E-mail: jk@wjh.harvard.edu.
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Abstract

This paper argues that investigators should consider replacing the popular practice of comparing individuals varying in gender, social class, and/or ethnicity on one or more continuous measures with a search for kinds of individuals defined by patterns of properties that include not only their values on outcome measures but also their gender, social class, and ethnicity. Investigators who believe that a particular predictor contributes to an outcome independent of the gender, class, or ethnicity of the participants often implement statistical procedures that promise to remove the contributions of the above categories. These analyses lead to misleading conclusions when the controlled category is correlated with the dependent measures. The final sections summarize the properties of genders, classes, and ethnic groups that make distinctive contributions to many psychological outcomes. The paper ends by noting that a society's ethical beliefs constitute a defensible basis for ignoring the biological properties associated with these categories in order to allow members of these groups access to whatever educational or occupational goals they desire.

Type
Regular Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 30 , Issue 4 , October 2018 , pp. 1197 - 1209
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2018 

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Footnotes

I thank Lars Bergman, Nathan Fox, Marshall Haith, Ronald Kessler, Helena Kraemer, Eric Loken, Robert McCall, Nora Newcombe, John Richards, and Hal Stern for helpful comments.

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