Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-wxhwt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-10T22:24:32.330Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Blacksmith's Taboos From the Man of Iron To the Man of Blood

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 July 2024

Extract

The status of the blacksmith in tribal societies poses one of the most puzzling problems of anthropology. By a strange paradox, this noted craftsman, whose bold and meritorious services are indispensable to his community, has been relegated to a position outside the pale of society, almost as an “untouchable.” Regarded as the possessor of great magical powers, held at the same time in veneration and contempt, entrusted with duties unrelated to his craft or to his inferior social status, that make of him performer of circumcision rites, healer, exorcist, peace-maker, arbiter, counsellor, or head of a cult, his figure in what may be called the “blacksmith complex,” presents a mass of contradictions. These contradictions are to be met with wherever, as in the case of barbarian societies and archaic civilisations, iron ore is smelted and iron is worked, even though it is in black Africa that the enigmatic character of the blacksmith is most clearly delineated.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © 1968 Fédération Internationale des Sociétés de Philosophie / International Federation of Philosophical Societies (FISP)

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 A.C. Hollis, The Masai, their Language and Folk-lore, Oxford, 1905, p. 331.

2 W. Cline, Mining and Metallurgy in Negro Africa, General Series in An thropology, 5, Menassa, 1937, p. 114.

3 A.C. Hollis, The Nandi, their Language and Folk-lore, Oxford, 1909, pp. 36-37.

4 Tautain, "Notes sur les castes chez les Mandingues et en particulier chez les Banmanas," Revue d'Ethnographie, III (1884), p. 344; P. Soleillet, Voyage au Ségou, Paris 1887, p. 152.

5 W.F.P. Burton, Luba Religion and Magic in Custom and Belief, Tervuren, 1961, p. 119.

6 V.R. and L. Makarius, L'Origine de l'Exogamie et du Totémisme, Paris, 1961, p. 52.

7 P. Clément, "Le Forgeron en Afrique Noire," Revue de Géographie Hu maine et d'Ethnographie, No. 2, April-June 1948, pp. 35-38, p. 41, note (Under lined by us).

8 A.T. Bryant, The Zulu People, Pietermaritzburg 1949, p. 389.

9 W.B. Hambly, "Occupational Ritual in the Ovimbundu," American An. thropologist (AA), XXXVI (1934), pp. 164-5.

10 E. Echard, "Notes sur les forgerons de l'Ader," Journal de la Société des Africanistes (JSA), XXXV (1965), fasc. II, p. 362.

11 A.G.O. Hodgson, "Notes on the Achewa and Angoni of the Dowa District of the Nyasaland Protectorate," Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (JAI), LXIII (1933), p. 119.

12 M. Granet, Danses et Légendes de la Chine Ancienne, Paris 1926, vol. II, pp. 500-502. See also M. Eliade, Forgerons et Alchimistes, Paris, 1956, pp. 68-70.

13 V. Gordon Childe, What happened in History, London, 1964, p. 78.

14 B. Seikhou, "Les forgerons au Fouta Djallon," L'Education Africaine, 24e année, No. 90-91, April-Sept. 1935, pp. 157-158.

15 L'Homme et le Sacré, Paris, 1939, 3rd edition, pp. 38-39; p. 52 f; p. 130.

16 L.A. White, The Pueblo of Santo Domingo, New Mexico (Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association, No. 43, 1935, pp. 181-2).

17 J. Jetté, "On the Superstitions of the Ten'a Indians," Anthropos, VI (1911), p. 257.

18 R. Briffault, The Mothers, London, 1927, vol. II, p. 535 (quoting Czaplicka).

19 W. Sieroszewski, "Du Chamanisme d'après les croyances des Yakoutes," Revue d'histoire des religions, XLVI (1902), p. 319.

20 W. Jochelson, "The Yakut," (Anthrop. Pap. AMNH 33, 1931), p. 106.

21 S.L. Cummins, "Sub-tribes of the Bahr-el-Ghazal Dinkas," JAI, XXXIV (1904), p. 159.

22 M. Griaule, "Le travail en Abyssinie," Revue Internationale du Travail, vol. XXIII, Feb. 2nd, 1931, p. 11.

23 B. Gutmann, "Der Schmied und seine Kunst im animistischen Denken," in Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 1912, pp. 81-93, p. 85.

24 Cline, op. cit., p. 117.

25 Denise Paulme, L'Organisation sociale des Dogon, Paris, 1940, p. 158 & pp. 534-5.

26 For the relation of curse with blood, V.R. & L. Makarius, op. cit., p. 63 ff.

27 Cline, op. cit., p. 138.

28 Gutmann, loc. cit.

29 Seikhou, op. cit., p. 153.

30 Id. p. 152.

31 Jochelson, op. cit., p. 172.

32 In M. Mauss, Sociologie et Anthropologie, Paris 1964, p. 21.

33 Herodotus, Tales, book II.

34 Evelyne Lot-Falck, "Les Chamanisme en Sibérie," Revue Internationale, Aug. 1946, p. 96.

35 W. Crooke, An Introduction to the Popular Religion of Northern India, London 1896, Vol. II, p. 12.

36 Crooke, op. cit. Vol. I, pp. 24-25; W.L. Hildburgh, "Notes on Sinhalese Magic," JAI, XXXVIII (1908), pp. 151-2.

37 E. Lot-Falck, Les Rites de chasse chez les peuples sibériens, Paris 1953, p. 96.

38 M. Eliade, op. cit., p. 99.

39 For the taboos on the use of iron, V.J. Cazeneuve, Les Rites et la con dition humaine, Paris 1958, p. 64.

40 Gutmann, op. cit., p. 93.

41 M. Griaule, Masques Dogon, Paris 1938, p. 53.

42 Burton, op. cit., p. 119.

43 Monica Wilson, Rituals of Kinship among the Nyakyusa, Oxford 1957, p. 104.

44 M. Wilson, Communal Rituals of the Nyakyusa, London 1959, p. 153.

45 Annie Masson-Detourbet, "Croyances relatives à l'organisation politique du royaume Laguané," JSA, XXIII (1953), p. 25 note 4.

46 H. Labouret, Les Mandingues et leur langue, Paris 1934, p. 106.

47 H. Labouret, Paysans d'Afrique Occidentale, Paris 1941, p. 132 (under. lined by us).

48 A. Musil, The Manners and Customs of the Rwala Bedouins, New York 1928, pp. 281-2.

49 Gutmann, op. cit., pp. 90-91.

50 W.G. Summer & A.G. Keller, The Science of Society, New Haven 1927, vol. IV, p. 41, quoting Rohlfs.

51 Tautain, Notes sur les Castes, p. 345.

52 M.L. Archinard, "La Fabrication du Fer au Soudan," Revue d'Ethnographie, III (1884), p. 255.

53 H. Labouret, "Sacrifices humains en Afrique Occidentale," JSA, 11, 1941, p. 196.

54 D. Paulme, op. cit., p. 185.

55 P. Guebhard, Notes contributives à l'étude de la religion, des mœurs et des coutumes des Bobo du cercle de Khoyru, Paris 1925, p. 134; and J. Cremer, Matériaux d'Ethnographie et de Linguistique soudanaise, III, Paris 1924, p. 128, quoted by Paulme in Id.

56 R. Thurnwald, L'Economie primitive, Paris 1937, p. 182.

57 Cline, op. cit., pp. 114-115.

58 Musil, op. cit., pp. 281-2.

59 Gutmann, op. cit., p. 85.

60 G. Lindblom, The Akamba, Uppsala 1919-20, p. 529.

61 Cline, op. cit., p. 117.

62 B. Seikhou, op. cit., p. 123.

63 G. Schwab, Tribes of the Liberian Hinterland, Anthr. Pap. of the Peabody Museum, vol. XXXI, 1947, p. 142.

64 Id., pp. 141-2.

65 Id., p. 144.

66 Cfr. Caillois, op. cit., p. 41-2.

67 B. Gutmann, op. cit., p. 90. Cf. with the thesis of R. & L. Makarius, deriving the motivation of the prohibition of incest from the fear of feminine blood. Op. cit., p. 64 ff.

68 Gutmann, id.

69 Gutmann, id.

70 Cf. Makarius, op. cit., pp. 62-63.

71 A. Moeller, Les grandes lignes des migrations des Bantous, Bruxelles 1936, p. 451.

72 D. Paulme, op. cit., p. 188.

73 Musil, op. cit., p. 281-2.

74 P.E.N. Doumbia, "Etude du clan des Forgerons," Bulletin du Comité d'Etudes Historiques et Scientifiques de l'A.O.F., 1936, pp. 362-375. For the inter dependence created by the alimentary community, v. Makarius, op. cit., p. 91 f.

75 Cf. A. Illuminati, "Mamurius Veturius," Studi e materiali di storia delle religioni (SMSR), 32, fasc. 1, Rome, pp. 73-74.

76 Op. cit., p. 8.

77 Op. cit., p. 29. For the various interpretations of the powers of iron, V. J. Cazeneuve, op. cit., pp. 64 and 199.