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The Republics of the Middle Ages: Essay on the Communal Civilization

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 July 2024

Maria Ungureanu
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Extract

The bourgeoisie—that fundamental reality of our civilization—has not i yet found its historian. Although there are more studies, relatively speaking, on the period following the Revolution, the evolution of the bourgeoisie prior to the eighteenth century is known to us only through fragmentary research, local and limited. The attention of historians is attracted solely to the exceptional cases in which the financial powers happen to play a direct political role—Colbert, Jacques Coeur, Fugger, Bardi, or Buonsignori. The great expansion of the northern cities during the thirteenth century inspired the researches of Henri Pirenne and his disciples; the high point in the development of Italian cities was studied by the Sapori-Luzzatto school, but the sum of this evolution has not been synthesized. There is not a single general history of the bourgeoisie, yet entire libraries are dedicated to feudal society.

Type
Research Article
Information
Diogenes , Volume 6 , Issue 21 , March 1958 , pp. 50 - 67
Copyright
Copyright © 1958 Fédération Internationale des Sociétés de Philosophie / International Federation of Philosophical Societies (FISP)

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References

1. H. Berr, Évolution de l'humanité, XLI (1934-53), vii-viii.

2. Robert Boutruche, "La Circulation monétaire au moyen-âge," Revue historique, July-September, 1949.

3. Guilbert de Nogent, De vita sua (Paris: Édition Bourgin, 1907).

4. Gino Padovan, "Capitale et lavoro nel commercio veneziano," Rivista di storia economica, Vol. XIX, No. I (1941).

5. Cf G. Luzzatto, "Les Activités économiques du patriciatvénitien," Annales d'histoire économique et sociale, 1936.

6. Cited by J. Lestocquoy, Villes de Flandre et d'Italie (Paris, 1952), p. 16.

7. See H. Laurent, "Un grand commerce d'exportation au moyen-âge," Bulletin des Commissions Royales d'Histoire (Belgium), No. 23 (1934), pp. 375 ff.

8. See Cipolla, "In tema di trasporti medievali," Boll. storico Pavese, Vol. V (1944).

9. See Marc Bloch, La Société féodale (Paris, 1940), p. 21.

10. Bertrand de Born, ed. Appel, 10.2 and 35.2, cited by Bloch, op. cit. pp. 21-22.

11. G. Espinas, Une guerre sociale interurbaine (Lille, 1930).

12. See A. Giry, Historie de la Ville de St.-Omer (Paris, 1877), who sees in the guild the origins of the commune.

13. For communal oaths see Ch. Petit Dutaillis, Les Communes françaises (Paris, 1947).

14. See Molmenti, La Storia di Venezia nella vita privata (Bergamo, 1910), pp. 401-10.

15. Cf. Chiapelli, "La formazione storica del commune cittadino," Arch. st. it. (1930).

16. Cf. F. Vercauteren, Étude sur les "civitates" de la Belgique Seconde (Brussels, 1934), pp. 226-27.

17. Jehan Bodel's Saxenlied, ed. F. Menzel, E. Stengel, and A. Heins, (2 vols.; Marburg, 1900), Laisse LI.

18. Dutaillis, op. cit., pp. 45-46.

19. Ibid.

20. Cf. Sapori, "La Cultura del mercante medievale italiano," Studi di storia economica medievale, p. 285.

21. Ibid.

22. Henri Pirenne, "L'Instruction des marchands au moyen-âge," Annales d'histoire économique et sociale, I (1929), 13.

23. See Cartelaire du Moine Guiman, ed. Van Drival (Arras, 1877), p. 51.

24. Cf. E. von Roon-Bassermann, Siennesische Handelsgesellschaften des XII-ten Jahr hunderts (Mannheim and Leipzig, 1912).

25. Cf. E. Chapin, Les Villes de Foires de Champagne (Paris: Champion, 1937).

26. Cf. Marancini, La Costituzione di Venezia (Venice, 1928).

27. Cf. G. Espinas, La Draperie dans la Flandre française au moyen-âge (2 vols.; Besançon and Paris, 1923).

28. Cf. De Poerck, La Draperie médiévale en Flandre et en Artois (Bruges, 1951).

29. Cf. Chansons et dits artésiens, published by A. Jeanroy and H. Guy (Paris and Bordeaux, 1898), XXIV, 97.

30. Cf. Renée Doehaerd, Les Relations commerciales entre gênes, la Belgique et l'Outrémont aux XIIe et XIVe siècle (Brussels and Romc, 1941).

31. V. Congé de Baude Fastoul, Nouveau recueil de contes, dits et fabliaux (Paris, 1842).

32. Cf. H. Pirenne, "Les périodes de l'histoire sociale du capitalisme," Bull. Acad. Belg. 1914.

33. Cf. A. Renaudet, Dante humauiste (Paris, 1952).

34. Cf. Roon-Bassermann, op. cit.

35. Cf. Yves Renouard, "Le Compagnie commerciali fiorentine del Trecento," Arch. St. Ital., I (1938), 52.

36. Cf. H. Van Wervecke, Gaud: Esquisse d'histoire sociale (Brussels, 1946).

37. Cf. G. Bigwood, "Les Financiers d'Arras," Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, Vol. III (1924) and Vol. IV (1925).

38. Ibid., cf. "Le Régime juridique et économique du commerce de l'argent dans la Belgique du moyen-âge," Mem. de l'acad. de Belgique, classe des lettres, 2d ser., Vol. XIV (Brussels, 1921).

39. G. Espinas, Les Origines du droit d'association (Lille, 1942), Vol. I.

40. Ibid., Vol. II: Documents, pp. 17-27, 67, 79, 100.

41. Ibid.

42. Ibid.

43. Cf. J. Lestocquoy, Patriciens du moyen-âge ("Mem. de la Com. des Mon. Hist. du Pas-de-Calais" [Arras, 1945]), pp. 137 ff.: "Pièces justificatives."

44. Cf. G. Espinas, Les Finances de Douai (Paris: Picard, 1902), p. 70.

45. Cf. Rodolico, La Democrazia fiorentina nel suo tramonto (Bologna, 1905).

46. Cf. A. Langfors, Recueil général des jeux partie français (Paris, 1905), Introduction.

47. Ibid., I, 203, "Jeu parti," No. LIV.

48. Cf. for the biography of Jehan Bretel, merchant and clothier from Arras, A. Guesnon, Nouvelles recherches biographiques sur les trouvères artésiens (1900), p. 29.

49. Cf. Chansons et dits artésiens, ed. Jeanroy and Guy, Pièces V, VI, XV, and XVIII (Bordeaux: Feret, 1898).

50. For matters concerning the history of the literature of Arras see my study: Société et littérature bourgeoises d'Arras aux XIIe et XIIIe siècles (Arras, 1955).

51. Ibid., p. 127.

52. Ibid., p. 208.

53. Cf. Renaudet, op. cit.