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The Rural Origins of European Culture and the Challenge of the Twenty-first Century
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 February 2024
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When I began to reflect on the ways of how I might begin this article, I remembered that, a little while ago, I had annotated a small book that I had found all the more interesting because it did not have the slightest scholarly pretensions. I had opened it more or less mechanically and found in it a passage, already underlined in pencil by myself, that seemed to me to offer an almost perfect approach for developing what was in my mind: “ … i Veneziani, sopra i pali di larice, hanno edificato chiese e palazzi.” In fact, I could hardly have dreamed up a better metaphor, and in any case a more than adequate one, than that of those larches. They were produced in an Alpine environment and now, sunken into the lagoon, they served as the foundation of one of the most astonishing urban cultures that men ever conceived and built.
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- Copyright © 1994 Fédération Internationale des Sociétés de Philosophie / International Federation of Philosophical Societies (FISP)
References
Notes
1. M. Rigoni Stern, Arboreto Salvatico (Turin, 1991), 5: "The Venetians have built churches and palaces on piles of larch."
2. L. Brunschvig, L'Esprit européen (Neuchâtel, 1947), 7f. Also on this theme: H. G. Gadamer, Das Erbe Europas (Frankfurt, 1989).
3. G. Duby, L'Europe au Moyen Âge (Paris, 1984), 104.
4. Ibid. (My emphasis).
5. G. Roupnel, Histoire de la campagne française (Paris, 1981),13.
6. Ibid., 13f.
7. Quoted in: J. Barrau, "Les Hommes dans la nature," in: Histoire des meurs, Vol. I, Encyclopédie de la Pléiade (Paris, 1990), 35.
8. Ibid., 36.
9. Ibid., 38.
10. Ibid.
11. Hesiod, Works and Days, transl. by C.A. Elton, in: J. Banks, ed., The Works of Hesiod, Callimachus and Theognis (London, 1876), 353f.
12. M. Rebetez Beniston, Perception du temps et du climat: une analyse du climat Suisse romande sur la base de la tradition populaire, Rapport final Fonds National, Projet No. 12-28906.90, 29f.
13. F. Vian, "Les réligions de la Crète minoenne et de la Grèce achéenne," in: Histoire des religions, Vol. I, Encyclopédie de la Pléiade (Paris, 1970), 470.
14. Ibid.
15. Homer, Iliad, transl. by R. Fitzgerald (Garden City, N.J., 1974), 453.
16. F. Vian, op.cit., 472.
17. M. Heidegger, Séjours. Aufenthalte (Paris, 1992), 42ff.: "Once upon a time the Asiatic carried a dark fire to the Greeks whose flames put light into their thought and fiction and gave it measure."
18. J. Barrau, "L'Homme et le Végetal," in: Histoire des meurs, Vol. I, op.cit, 1286.
19. Ibid.
20. R. Bloch, "La Réligion étrusque," in: Histoire des réligions, Vol. I, op.cit., 844ff.
21. Ibid., 855.
22. R. Pujol and G. Carbone, "L'Homme et Animal," in: Histoire des meurs, Vol. I, op.cit., 1310.
23. Il Novelliere. Sette secoli di novelle italiane, Vol. I (Florence, 1973), 15: "The treason of the falcon:" "It so happened that Emperor Frederic went hunting with a fal con, a falcon he loved and valued more than any city. He loosed it to attack a crane, which flew to a great height. The falcon soared even higher and saw below him a young eaglet. He brought it down and held it so tightly that it died. The Emperor ran over thinking his prey to be a crane, but soon saw what it was. Enraged, he called the executioner and ordered that the falcon's head be cut off because it had killed its souvereign."
24. G. Romano, Studi sui paesaggio (Turin, 1991), 19f.
25. E. Gonthier, "L'Homme et le Minéral," in: Histoire des meurs, Vol. I, op.cit., 1391.
26. See J. Goody, The Logic of Writing and the Organization of Society (Cambridge, 1986).
27. Quoted in: R. Foussier, Enfance de l'Europe. Aspects économique et sociaux, Vol. I: L'Homme et son espace (Paris, 1982), 126.
28. See G. Romano, op.cit., for many details.
29. J. Le Goff, La civilisation de l'Occident médiéval (Paris, 1982), 63.
30. Ibid.
31. See S. Moscovici, Histoire humaine de la nature (Paris, 1968).
32. C. Péguy, "Présentations de la Beauce à Notre-Dame de Chartres," in: idem, Oeuvres poétiques complètes (Paris, 1948), 673-87: "And as tomorrow's sun rises, we will be waking up to a lustral dawn, in the shadow of the two arms of your cathedral, happy and unhappy and stiff from walking."
33. G. Duby, op.cit., 107.
34. J. Delumeau, La Peur en Occident (Paris, 1978), 306.
35. Ibid.
36. Ibid.
37. On this topis see J. Ehrard, L'idée de la nature en France a l'aube des lumières (Paris, 1970).
38. Ibid., 150.
39. In: Novalis, Werke in einem Band, ed. by H.-J. Mähl and R. Samuel (Munich, 1981), 218: "Oh, that man, they said, would understand the inner music of nature, and had a sense for outer harmony. But he barely knows that we belong together and the one cannot exist without the other. He cannot leave anything alone; he sepa rates us tyrannically and rummages in nothing but dissonances."
40. Ibid., 206: "The spirit of nature has appeared in its brightest form in poetry."
41. P. Celan, Ausgewählte Gedichte (Frankfurt, 1968), 49.
42. Thus J. Prat in his Preface to the catalogue L'Art en mouvement (Saint-Paul, 1992), 11.
43. Quoted ibid., 12.
44. H. Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (London, 1967), esp. 388ff.
45. M. Bresso, Pensiero economico e ambiente (Turin, 1982), 183: "… that leaves a net revenue of resources is the agricultural sector; in effect it is this net revenue that sustains all those who are employed in other activities."
46. On these various states, see S. Moscovici, op.cit.
47. B. Commoner, The Closing Circle. Confronting the Environmental Crisis (London, 1971).
48. J.E. Schlanger, Les Métaphores de l'organisme (Paris, 1971), 18.
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