Hostname: page-component-5c6d5d7d68-pkt8n Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-08-14T17:31:08.926Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Caledonian and related events in Scotland

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 November 2011

B. J. Bluck
B. J. Bluck
Affiliation:
B. J. Bluck, Division of Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

ABSTRACT

The Scottish Caledonides, sited near the triple-junction between Laurentia, Amazonia and Baltica, is divided into at least five discrete blocks, each with a history incompatible with that of the block now lying adjacent to it. With the exception of the Hebridian margin, with its extensional Torridonian basins and Cambrian passive margin sequence, all blocks have undergone terrane-scale movements. The Moine, Central Highland Division and the bulk (if not all) of the Grampian Group have shared a common regional metamorphism, involving thickening and uplift, at c. 800 Ma and c. 450–480 Ma. This is incompatible with their being in the extensional regime that appears to characterise much of Neoproterozoic Laurentia. They, along with the polymetamorphic Dalradian block, now replace a region of passive margin and an unknown width of attendant Iapetus oceanic crust. These metamorphic blocks are grossly out-of-place.

The Midland Valley is a severely contracted block of ancient crust, once fringed by extensive oceanic basins to the N and S. An Ordovician–Devonian arc was founded on this older craton, and supplied sediment to basins on either side of it. This arc, during its Lower Palaeozoic life, matured, finally to yield relatively quartz-rich sediment, but was re-activated during the Devonian. An arc, similar to that of the Midland Valley, also supplied sediment to the Southern Uplands. Metamorphic debris in the Southern Uplands had a provenance in either this arc-basement or in a basement somewhere along the orogen. No metamorphic detritus in the Highland Border Complex has yet been demonstrated to have a Dalradian source.

Much of Scotland was assembled in a strike-slip regime. Evidence for strike-slip tectonics can be seen from the Late Proterozoic through to the Devonian. In periods of transtension, basins opened to accumulate sediment; in periods of transpression, those sediments were compressed and uplifted to yield sediments to successor basins. In the Neoproterozoic, during the phase of transpression, the basins were buried and metamorphosed, but during the Palaeozoic the basins were at a much higher level and escaped metamorphism.

A substantial volume of the Neoproterozoic–Palaeozoic sediment that accumulated in Scotland was derived from two orogens, both of which were sited some distance away. During the Neoproterozoic, the Grenville orogen was the main source, and in later (Devonian) time sediment accumulated in Scotland from the major, Late Palaeozoic continent–continent collision of Greenland–Scandinavia. These two external sources were augmented by a substantial contribution of sediment supplied from the Midland Valley arc or its lateral equivalent and by mild uplifts within the Scottish basements.

Keywords

large river systemsophiolitespolymetamorphismprovenancestrike-slipterranes
Type
Research Article
Information
Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of The Royal Society of Edinburgh , Volume 91 , Issue 3-4: The Southern Uplands Terrane: Tectonics and Biostratigraphy within the Caledonian Orogen , 2000 , pp. 375 - 404
Copyright
Copyright © Royal Society of Edinburgh 2000

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anderson, M. W., Barker, A. J., Bennett, D. G. & Dallmeyer, R. D. 1992. A tectonic model for Scandian terrane accretion in the Northern Scandinavian Caledonides. Journal of the Geological Society, London 149, 727–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, T. B. & Oliver, G. J. H. 1996. Xenoliths of Iapetus suture mylonites in County Down Lamprophyres, Northern Ireland. Journal of the Geological Society, London 153, 403–407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderton, R. 1980. Distinctive pebbles as indicators of Dalradian provenance. Scottish Journal of Geology 16, 407–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderton, R. 1985. Sedimentation and tectonics in the Scottish Dalradian. Scottish Journal of Geology 21, 143–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armstrong, H. A. & Owen, A. W. 2000, Plate Tectonics and the Caledonian orogeny. Teaching Earth Science 25, 6–15.Google Scholar
Armstrong, H. A., Owen, A. W., Scrutton, C. T., Clarkson, E. N. K. & Taylor, C. M. 1996. Evolution of the Northern Belt, Southern Uplands; implications for the Southern Uplands controversy. Journal of the Geological Society, London 153, 197–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Badley, M. E. 1976. Stratigraphy, structure and metamorphism of Dalradian rocks of the Maimturk Mountains, Connemara, Ireland. Journal of the Geological Society, London 132, 509–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bamford, J. A., Nunn, K., Prodehl, C. & Jacob, B. 1977. LISPB Upper crustal structure of northern Britain. Journal of the Geological Society, London 133, 481–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barr, D., Roberts, A. M., Highton, A. J., Parson, L. M. & Harris, A. L. 1985. Structural setting and geochronological significance of the West Highland Granitic Gneiss, a deformed early granite within Proterozoic Moine rocks of N.W. Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society, London 142, 663–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bergstrom, S. M. & Orchard, M. J. 1985. Conodonts of the Cambrian and Ordovician systems from the British Isles. In Higgind, A. C. & Austin, R. L. (eds) A stratigraphic index of conodonts, 32–67. Chichester: Ellis Horwood.Google Scholar
Bingen, B., Demaiffe, D. & van Breemen, O. 1998. The 616 Ma Old Egursund basaltic dike swarm, SW Norway, and late Neo-proterozoic opening of the Iapetus ocean. Journal of Geology 106, 565–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bluck, B. J. 1983. The role of the Midland Valley of Scotland in the Caledonian orogeny. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 74, 199–36.Google Scholar
Bluck, B. J. 1984. Pre-Carboniferous history of the Midland Valley of Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 75, 275–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bluck, B. J. 1995. W.Q. Kennedy, the Great Glen fault and strike-slip motion. In Le Bas, M.J. (ed.) Milestones in Geology, Geological Society, London Memoir 16, 57–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bluck, B. J. 2000. Old Red Sandstone basins and alluvial systems of Midland Scotland. In Friend, P.F. & Williams, B.J. (eds) New perspectives on the Old Red Sandstone, Geological Society, London Special Publication 180, 417–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bluck, B. J., Halliday, A. N., Aftalion, M. & Maclntyre, R. M. 1980. Age and origin of the Ballantrae Complex and its significance to the Caledonian orogeny and Ordovician time scale. Geology 8, 492–5.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bluck, B. J., Ingham, J. K.Curry, G. B. & Williams, A. 1984 Stratigraphy and setting of the Highland Border Complex. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 75, 124–33.Google Scholar
Bluck, B. J., Haughton, P. D. W., House, M. R., Selwood, E. B. & Tun-bridge, I. P. 1988. In McMillan, N.J., Embry, A.F. & Glass, D.J. (eds) Devonian of the world, Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 14, 305–24.Google Scholar
Bluck, B.J., Elders, C. & Kelley, S. 1990. Discussion on detrital mineral ages from the Southern Uplands using 40Ar–39Ar laser probe. Journal of the Geological Society, London 147, 882–4.Google Scholar
Bluck, B. J., Dempster, T. J. & Rogers, G. 1997. Allochthonous metamorphic blocks on the Hebridean passive margin, Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society, London 154, 921–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bluck, B.J., Stone, P. & Oliver, G.J.H. (in press). Ballantrae Complex and the Southern upland terrane. In Trewin, N. (ed.) The Geology of Scotland.Google Scholar
Bluck, B. J. & Ingham, J. K. 1997. In The Highland Border controversy: a discussion of “New evidence that the Lower Cambrian Leny Limestone at Callander, Perthshire, belongs to the Dalradian Supergroup, and a reassessment of the ‘exotic’ status of the Highland Border Complex”. Geological Magazine 134, 563–70.Google Scholar
Bowes, D. R. 1968. The absolute time-scale and the sub-divisions of the Precambrian rocks in Scotland. Geologiska Foreningensi i Stock holm Forhandlinger 90, 175–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brewer, J.A., Mathews, D. H., Warner, M. R., Hall, J., Smythe, D. K. & Whittington, R. J. 1983. BIRPS deep reflection studies of the British Caledonides. Nature 305, 206–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, R. W. H. & Coward, M. P. 1984. Geological constraints, structural evolution and deep geology of the Northwest Scottish Caledonides. Tectonics 3, 347–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Canning, J. C., Henney, P. J., Morrison, M. A., Van Carlsteren, P. W. C., Gascarth, J. W. & Swarbrick, A. 1998. The Great Glen fault, a major lithospheric boundary. Journal of the Geological Society, London 155, 425–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarkson, E. N. K., Harper, D. A. T., Owen, A. W. & Taylor, C. M. 1994. Ordovician faunas in mass-flow deposits, southern Scotland. Terra Nova 4, 245–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cliff, R. A. & Rex, D. C. 1989. Evidence for a ‘Grenville’ event in the Lewisian of the northern Outer Hebridies. Journal of the Geological Society, London 146, 921–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colton, G. W. 1970. The Appalachian basin—its depositional sequences and their geologic relationships. In Fisher, G. W., Pettijohn, F. J., Reed, J. C. Jr. & Weaver, K. N. (eds) Studies in Appalachian geology; central and southern, 5–47. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Craig, G. Y. & Walton, E. K. 1959. Sequence and structure in the Silurian rocks of Kirkudbrightshire. Geological Magazine 96, 209–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daly, J. S., Aitcheson, S. J., Cliff, R. A., Gayer, R. A. & Rice, A. N. 1991. Geochronological evidence for discordant plutons for a late Proterozoic orogeny in the Caledonides of Finmark, northern Norway. Journal of the Geological Society, London 148, 29–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davidek, K., Landing, E., Bowring, S. A., Westrop, S. R., Rushton, A. W. A., Fortey, R. A. & Adrian, J. M. 1998. New uppermost Cambrian U–Pb date from Avalonian Wales and age of the Cambrian–Ordovician boundary. Geological Magazine 135, 305–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davidson, K. A. S., Sola, M., Powell, D. W. & Hall, J. 1984. Geophysical model for the Midland Valley of Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 75, 175–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dempster, T. J. 1985. Uplift patterns and orogenic evolution in the Scottish Dalradian. Journal of the Geological Society, London 143, 741–3.Google Scholar
Dempster, T. J., Hudson, N. F. C. & Rogers, G. 1995. Metamorphism and cooling in the NE Dalradian. Journal of the Geological Society, London 152, 383–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dempster, T. J. & Bluck, B. J. 1989. The age and origin of boulders in the Highland Border Complex: constraints on terrane movement. Journal of the Geological Society, London 146, 377–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dempster, T. J. & Bluck, B. J. 1991a. Xenoliths in the lamprophyre dykes, Lomondside: constraints on the nature of the crust beneath the southern Dalradian. Scottish Journal of Geology 111, 157–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dempster, T. J. & Bluck, B. J. 1991b. The age and tectonic significance of the Bute amphibolite, Highland Border Complex, Scotland. Geological Magazine 128, 77–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dempster, T. J. & Bluck, B. J. 1995. Regional metamorphism in transform zones during supercontinent breakup: Late Proterozoic events of the Scottish Highlands. Geology 23, 891–914.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denith, M., Trench, A. & Bluck, B. J. 1992. Geophysical constraints on the nature of the Highland Boundary Fault zone in western Scotland. Geological Magazine 129, 411–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dewey, J. D. & Mange, M. 1999. Petrography of Ordovician and Silurian sediments in the western Irish Caledonides: tracers of a short-lived Ordovician continent–arc collision orogeny and the evolution of the Laurentian–Appalachian–Caledonian margin. In MacNiociall, C. & Ryan, P. D. (eds) Continental Tectonics, Geological Society, London, Special Publication 164, 55–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dewey, J. D. & Pankhurst, R. J. 1970. The evolution of the Scottish Caledonides in relation to their isotopic age pattern. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 68, 361–89.Google Scholar
Duller, P. R. & Floyd, J. D. 1995. Turbidite geochemistry and provenance studies in the Southern Uplands of Scotland. Geological Magazine 132, 557–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elders, C. F. 1987. The provenance of granite boulders in the conglomerates of the northern and central belts of the Southern Uplands of Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society, London 144, 853–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fegi, M. S.El 1989. Petrography and Geochemistry of Lower Palaeozoic Sandstone Sequence, Girvan (Ph.D. Thesis, University of Glasgow).Google Scholar
Elliott, D. & Johnson, M. R. W. 1980. The structural evolution of the northwest part of the Moine thrust belt. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 71, 69–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, J. A., Stone, P. & Floyd, J. D. 1991. Isotopic characteristics of Ordovician greywacke provenance in the Southern Uplands of Scotland. In Morton, A. C., Todd, S. P. & Haughton, P.D.W. (eds) Developments in sedimentary provenance, Geological Society, London, Special Publication 57, 161–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, J. A., Fitches, W. R. & Muir, R. J. 1998. Laurentian clasts from a Neoproterozoic Tillite from Scotland. Journal of Geology 106, 361–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, J. A. & Soper, N. J. 1996. Discussion on metamorphism and cooling of the NE Dalradian and U–Pb and Rb–Sr chronology of magmatism and metamorphism in the Dalradian of Conne-mara, western Ireland. Journal of the Geological Society, London 154, 357–60.Google Scholar
Fettes, D. J., Graham, C. M., Harte, B. & Plant, J. A. 1986. Lineaments and basement domains: an alternative view of Dalradian evolution. Journal of the Geological Society, London 143, 741–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flinn, D. 1992. The history of the Walls Boundary Fault, Shetland: northward continuation of the Great Glen Fault from Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society, London 149, 721–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Floyd, J. D. 1982. Stratigraphy of a flysch succession: the Ordovician of W Nithsdale, SW Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 73, 1–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Floyd, J. D. 1994. The derivation and definition of the ‘Southern Upland Fault’: a review of the Midland Valley–Southern Uplands terrane boundary. Scottish Journal of Geology 30, 51–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Floyd, J. D. 2001. The Southern Uplands Terrane: a stratigraphical review. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 91 (for 2000), 349–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Floyd, J. D. & Phillips, E. R. 1999. Xenoliths of Southern Uplands ‘basement?’ in a lamprophyre dyke, Central belt, Glenluce, SW Scotland. Scottish Journal of Geology 35, 57–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freeman, S., Butler, R. W. H., Cliff, R. A. & Rex, D. C. 1998. Direct dating of mylonite evolution: a multi-disciplinary geochronological study from the Moine Thrust Zone, NW Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 155, 745–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friedrich, A. M., Bowring, S. A., Martin, M. W. & Hodges, K. V. 1999. Short-lived continental magmatic arc at Connemara, western Irish Caledonides: implications for the age of the Grampian Orogeny. Geology 27, 27–30.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friend, C. R. L., Kinny, P. D., Rogers, G., Strachan, R. A. & Paterson, B. A. 1997. U–Pb zircon geochronological evidence for Neoproterozoic events in the Glenfinnan Group (Moine Supergroup): the formation of the Ardgour Gneiss, north-west Scotland. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 128, 101–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friend, C. R. L., Jones, K. A. & Burns, I. M. 2000. New high-pressure granulite event in the Moine Supergroup, northern Scotland: implications for Taconic (early Caledonian) crustal evolution. Geology 28, 543–6.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
George, T. N. 1960. The evolution of the Midland Valley of Scotland. Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow 34, 32–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giletti, B. J., Moorbath, S. & Lambert, R. St J. 1961. A geochronological study of the metamorphic complexes of the Scottish Highlands. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 117, 233–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gower, P. J. 1977. The Dalradian rocks of the west coast of Tayvallich peninsula. Scottish Journal of Geology 13, 125–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gradstein, F. M. & Ogg, J. 1996. A Phanerozoic time-scale. Episodes 19, 3–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, J.Powell, D. W., Warner, M. R., EI-Isa, Z. M. H, Adesanya, O. & Bluck, B. J. 1983. Seismological evidence for shallow crystalline basement in the Southern Uplands of Scotland. Nature 305, 418–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, J., Brewer, J. A., Mathews, D. H. & Warner, M. R. 1984. Crustal structure across the Caledonides from the WINCH seismic reflection profiles: influences on the evolution of the Midland Valley of Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 75, 97–109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halliday, A. N., Aftalion, M., Parson, I., Dickin, A. P. & Johnson, M. R. W. 1987. Syn-orogenic alkaline magmatism and its relationship to the Moine thrust zone and the thermal state of the litho-sphere in NW Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society, London 144, 611–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halliday, A. N., Graham, C. M., Aftalion, M. & Dymoke, P. 1989. The depositional age of the Dalradian Supergroup: U–Pb and Sn–Nd isotopic studies of the Tayvallich Volcanics, Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society, London 146, 3–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halliday, A. N., Dickin, A. P., Hunter, R. H., Davies, G. R., Dempster, T. J., Hamilton, J. P. & Upton, B. G. J. 1993. Formation and composition of the lower continental crust: Evidence from Scottish xenolith suites. Journal of Geophysical Research 98, 581–607.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamilton, P. J., Bluck, B. J. & Halliday, A. N. 1984. Sm–Nd ages from the Ballantrae Complex, S. W. Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 75, 183–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, A. L., Baldwin, C. T., Bradbury, H. J., Johnson, H. D. & Smith, R. A. 1978. Ensialic basin sedimentation: The Dalradian Supergroup. In Bowes, D. R. & Leake, B. E.Crustal evolution in northwest Britain and adjacent regions, Geological Journal Special Issue 10, 115–38.Google Scholar
Harris, A. L., Haselock, P. J., Kennedy, M. J. & Mendum, J. R. 1994. The Dalradian Supergroup in Scotland, Shetland and Ireland. In Gibbons, W. & Harris, A. L. A. (eds) A revised correlation of Pre-cambrian rocks of the British Isles, Geological Society, London, Special Report 22, 33–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harte, B., Both, J. E.Dempster, T. J., Mendum, J. R. & Watts, D. 1984. Aspects of the post-depositional evolution of the Dalradian & Highland Border rocks in the southern Highlands of Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 75, 151–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haughton, P. D. W. 1988. A cryptic Caledonian flysch terrane in Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society, London 145, 685–703.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haughton, P. D. W., Rogers, G. & Halliday, A. N. 1990. Provenance of Lower Old Red Sandstone conglomerates, SE Kincardineshire: evidence for the timing of Caledonian terrane accretion in central Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society, London 147, 105–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haughton, P. D. W. & Bluck, B. J. 1988. Diverse alluvial sequences from the Lower Old Red Sandstone of the Strathmore region, Scotland—Implications for the relationship between Late Caledonian tectonics and sedimentation. In McMillan, N. J., Embry, A. F. & Glass, D. J. (eds) Devonian of the world, Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 14, 269–93.Google Scholar
Haughton, P. D. W. & Farrow, C. F. 1989. Compositional variations in Lower Old Red Sandstone detrital garnets from the Midland Valley of Scotland and the Anglo-Welsh basin. Geological Magazine 126, 373–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haughton, P. D. W. & Halliday, A. N. 1991. Significance of a late Caledonian Igneous complex revealed by clasts in Lower Old Red Sandstone conglomerates, central Scotland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 103, 241–57.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heinz, W. & Loeschke, J. 1988. Volcanic clasts in Silurian conglomerates of the Midland Valley (Hagshaw Hills Inlier) Scotland and their meaning for Caledonian plate tectonics. Geologische Rundschau 77, 453–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henderson, W. G. & Roberson, A. H. F. 1982. The Highland Border rocks and their relation to marginal basin development in the Scottish Caledonides. Journal of the Geological Society, London 139, 443–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hibbard, J. P. & Samson, S. D. 1995. Orogenesis exotic to the Iapetan cycle in the southern Appalachians. In Hibbart, J. P., van Staal, C. R. & Cawood, P. A. (eds) Current perspectives in the Appalachian–Caledonian Orogen, Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 41, 191–205.Google Scholar
Highton, A. J., Hyslop, E. K. & Noble, S. J. 1999. U–Pb geochronology of migmatization in the Northern Central Highlands: evidence for pre-Caledonian (neoproterozoic) tectonometamorphism in the Grampian block, Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society, London 156, 1195–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holdsworth, R. E., Strachan, R. A. & Harris, A. L. 1994. Precambrian rocks in Northern Scotland east of the Moine Thrust: the Moine Supergroup. In Gibbons, W. & Harris, A. L. A. (eds) A revised correlation of Precambrian rocks of the British Isles, Geological Society, London, Special Report 22, 23–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huff, W. D., Davis, D., Bergstrom, S. M., Krekeler, M. P. S., Kolata, D. R. & Cingolani, C. 1998. A biostratigraphically well-constrained K–Bentonite U–Pb age of the Lowermost Darwillian Stage (Middle Ordovician) from the Argentine Precordillera. Episodes 20, 29–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutcheson, A.R. & Oliver, G.J.H. 1998. Garnet provenance studies, juxtaposition of laurentian marginal terranes and timing of the Grampian Orogeny in Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society, London 155, 541–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutton, D. H. W., Aftalion, M. & Halliday, A. N. 1985. An Ordovician ophiolite in County Tyrone, Ireland. Nature 315, 210–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutton, D. H. W. & Daly, S. 2000. Evidence for a pre Caledonian orogeny in Ireland and Scotland. The Geological Society of London, Geoscience 2000 (Abstracts), 45.Google Scholar
Hutton, D. H. W. & McErlean, M. 1991. Silurian and Early Devonian sinistral deformation of the Ratigan granite, Scotland: constraints on the age of Caledonian movements on the Great Glen fault system. Journal of the Geological Society, London 148, 1–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ince, D. M. 1984. Sedimentation and tectonism in the middle Ordovician of the Girvan district, SW Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 75, 225–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ingham, J. K. 1978. Geology of a continental margin 2: middle and late Ordovician transgression, Girvan. In Bowes, D. R. & Leake, B. E. (eds) Crustal evolution in northwestern Britain and adjacent regions. Geological Journal Special Issue 10, 163–76.Google Scholar
Jacques, J. M. & Reavy, R. J. 1994. Caledonian plutonism and major lineaments in SW Scottish Highlands. Journal of the Geological Society, London 151, 955–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, M. W. & Harris, A. L. 1967. Dalradian–Arenig relations in parts of the Highland Border, Scotland and their significance in the chronology of the Caledonian orogeny. Scottish Journal of Geology 3, 1–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kamo, S. L., Gower, C. E. & Krogh, T. 1989. Birthdate for the Iapetus ocean? A precise U–Pb zircon and baddeleyite age for the Long Range dykes, southeastern Labrador. Geology 17, 602–605.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karlstrom, K. E., Haran, S. S., Williams, M. L., McLelland, J., Giess-man, J. W. & Ahall, K. I. 1999. Refining Rodinia: Geologic evidence for the Australia–Western U.S. connection in the Proterozoic. GSA Today 9, 1–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelley, S. & Bluck, B. J. 1989. Detrital mineral ages from the Southern Uplands using 40Ar–39Ar laser probe. Journal of the Geological Society, London 146, 401–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelley, S. & Bluck, B.J. 1992. Laser 40Ar–39Ar ages for individual detrital muscovites in the Southern Uplands of Scotland, U.K. Chemical Geology (Isotope Geoscience Section) 101, 143–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelley, S. P. & Powell, D. 1985. Relationships between marginal thrusting and the movement on major internal shear zones in the northern Highland Caledonides, Scotland. Journal of Structural Geology 7, 161–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelling, G. 1962. The petrology and sedimentation of the Upper Ordovician rocks in the Rhinns of Galoway, South-West Scotland. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 65, 107–37.Google Scholar
Kelling, G., Davies, P., Holyroyd, J. 1987. Style, scale and significance of sand bodies in the Northern and central belts, southwest Southern Uplands. Journal of the Geological Society, London 144, 787–805.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelling, G. & Holroyd, J. 1978. Clast size, shape and composition in some ancient and modern fan gravels. In Stanley, D. J. & Kelling, G. (eds) Sedimentation in submarine canyons, fans and trenches. Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania: Dowden, Hutcheson and Ross.Google Scholar
Kemp, A. E. S. 1987. Evolution of Silurian depositional systems in the Southern Uplands, Scotland. In Leggett, J. K. & Zuffa, G. G. (eds) Marine Clastic Sedimentology, 124–55. London: Graham & Trotman.Google Scholar
Kennedy, W. Q. 1946. The Great Glen Fault. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 102, 41–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kinny, P. D., Friend, C. R. L., Strachan, R. A., Watt, G. R. & Burns, I. M. 1999. U–Pb geochronology of regional migmatites in east Sutherland, Scotland: evidence for crustal melting during the Caledonian Orogeny. Journal of the Geological Society, London 156, 1143–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kline, S. W. 1994. Late Proterozoic extensional deformation of the Blue Ridge basement Virginia: supporting evidence from simple field relations. Journal of Geology 102, 349–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laird, J. 1988. Arenig to Wenlock metamorphism in the Appalachians. In Harris, A. L. & Fettes, D. J. (eds). The Caledonian–Appalachian orogen, Geological Society, London, Special Publication 38, 311–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leggett, J. K., McKerrow, W. S. & Eales, M. H. 1979. The Southern Uplands: A lower Palaeozoic accretionary prism. Journal of the Geological Society, London 136, 755–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Long, L. E. & Lambert, R. St. J. 1963. Rb–Sr isotope ages from the Moine Series. In Johnstone, M.R.W. & Stewart, F.H. (eds) The British Caledonides 217–39. Edinburgh and London: Oliver & Boyd.Google Scholar
Longman, C. D., Bluck, B. J. & van Breemen, O. 1979. Ordovician conglomerates and the evolution of the Midland Valley. Nature 280, 578–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McBride, J. H. 1994. Investigating the crustal structure of a strike-slip ‘step-over’ zone along the Great Glen fault. Tectonics 13, 1150–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGiven, A. 1967. Sedimentation and provenance of the post Valentian conglomerates up to and including the basal conglomerates of the Lower old red sandstone in the southern part of the Midland Valley of Scotland (Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Glasgow).Google Scholar
McKerrow, W. S., Leggett, J. K. & Eales, M. H. 1977. Imbricate thrust model for the Southern Uplands of Scotland. Nature 267, 237–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKie, T. 1989. Barrier Island to tidal shelf transition in the early Cambrian Eribol Sandstone. Scottish Journal of Geology 25, 273–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKie, T. 1990. Tidal and storm influenced sedimentation from a Cambrian transgressive passive margin sequence. Journal of the Geological Society, London 147, 185–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Millar, I. L. 1999. Proterozoic extensional basic magmatism associated with the west Highland Granite gneiss in the Moine Supergroup of NW Scotland, Journal of the Geological Society, London 156, 1153–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Molyneux, S. G. 1998. An Upper Dalradian microfossil reassessed. Journal of the Geological Society, London 155, 453–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moorbath, S. 1969. Evidence for the age of deposition of the Torridonian sediments of north-west Scotland. Scottish Journal of Geology 5, 154–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moorbath, S., Stewart, A. D., Lawson, D. E. & Williams, G. E. 1967. Geochronological studies of the Torridonian sediments of northwest Scotland. Scottish Journal of Geology 3, 389–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, I. & Kokelaar, P. 1998. Tectonically controlled piecemeal caldera collapse: a case study of Glencoe volcano, Scotland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 110, 1448–66.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moorhouse, S. J., Moorhouse, V. E. & Holdsworth, R. E. 1988. Excursion 12. North Sutherland. In Allison, I., May, F. & Strachan, R. A. (eds) An Excursion Guide to the Moine Geology of the Scottish Highlands, 216–48. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press.Google Scholar
Morris, J. H. 1987. The Northern belt of the Longford–Down Inlier, Ireland and Southern Uplands, Scotland: an Ordovician back-arc basin. Journal of the Geological Society, London 144, 773–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morton, D. J. 1979. Paleogeographical evolution of the Lower Old Red Sandstone basin in the western Midland Valley. Scottish Journal of Geology 15, 97–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muir, R. J., Fitches, W. R.Maltman, A. J. & Bentley, M. R. 1994. Pre-cambrian rocks of the southern Inner Hebrides–Malin Sea region: Colonsay, West Islay, Inishtrahull and Iona. In Gibbons, W. & Harris, A. L. (eds) A revised correlation of Precambrian rocks in the British Isles, Geological Society, London, Special Report 22 63–4.Google Scholar
Nicholson, P. G. 1992. Sedimentation of the fluvial ‘Torridonian’ Apple-cross formation, NW Scotland (Ph.D. Thesis, University of Glasgow).Google Scholar
Nicholson, P. G. 1993. A basin reappraisal of the Proterozoic Torridon Group, northwest Scotland. In Frostick, L. & Steel, R. (eds) Tectonic controls and signatures in sedimentary successions, International Association of Sedimentologists, Special Publication 20, 183–202.Google Scholar
Oliver, G. J. H. 2000. Reconstructions of the Grampian episode in Scotland: its place in the Caledonian Orogeny. Tectonophysics, in press.Google Scholar
Oliver, G. J. H., Chen, F., Buchwald, R. & Heger, E. 2000. Fast tecto-nothermal metamorphism and exhumation in the type area of the Barrovian and Buchan zones. Geology 28, 459–62.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Owen, A. W. & Clarkson, E. N. K. 1992. Trilobites from the Kilbucho and Wallace's caste and the location of the northern belt of the Southern Uplands during the late Ordovician. Scottish Journal of Geology 28, 3–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Park, R. G., Cliff, R. A.Fettes, D. J. & Stewart, A. D. 1994. Precambrian rocks in NW Scotland west of the Moine Thrust: the Lewisian Complex and the Torridonian. In Gibbons, W. & Harris, A. L. (eds) A revised correlation of Precambrian rocks in the British Isles, Geological Society, London, Special Report 22, 6–22.Google Scholar
Peach, B. N. & Home, J. 1899. The Silurian rocks of Britain Volume 1: Scotland. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom. Glasgow: HMSO.Google Scholar
Phillips, E. R., Barnes, R. P., Merriman, R. J. & Floyd, J. D. 1995. The tectonic significance of Ordovician basic rocks in the Southern Uplands, southwest Scotland. Geological Magazine 132, 549–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, E. R., Smith, R. A. & Carroll, S. 1998. Strike-slip, terrane accretion and the Pre-Carboniferous evolution of the Midland Valley of Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 88, 209–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, E. R., Highton, A. J., Hyslop, E. K. & Smith, M. 1999. The timing and P–T conditions of regional metamorphism in the Central Highlands, Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society, London 156, 1183–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piasecki, M. A. J. & van Breemen, O. 1983. Field and isotopic evidence for a c. 750 Ma tectonothermal event in the Moine rocks in the Central Highland region of the Scottish Caledonides. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 73, 119–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pidgeon, R. T. & Compston, W. 1992. A SHRIMP ion microprobe study of inherited and magmatic zircons from four Scottish Caledonian granites. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 83, 473–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Potts, G. J., Hunter, R. H., Harris, A. L. & Fraser, F. M. 1995. Late-orogenic extensional tectonics at the NW margin of the Caledonides in Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society, London 152, 907–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Powell, D., Brook, M. & Baird, A. W. 1983. Structural dating of a precambrian pegmatite in Moine rocks of northern Scotland and its bearing on the status of the ‘Morarian’ orogeny. Journal of the Geological Society, London 152, 907–10.Google Scholar
Prave, A. R. 1999. The Neoproterozoic Supergroup of Scotland: an alternative hypothesis. Geological Magazine 136, 609–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rainbird, R. H., Heaman, L. M. & Young, G. M. 1992. Sampling Laurentia: Detrtal zircon geochronology offers evidence for an extensive Neoproterozoic river system originating from the Grenville Orogen. Geology 20, 351–4.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rainbird, R. H., McNicoll, V. J., Theriualt, R. J., Heaman, L. M., Abbott, J. G., Long, D. G. F. & Throkelson, D. J. 1997. Pan-continental river system draining Grenville Orogen recorded by U–Pb and Sm–Nd geochronology of Neoproterozoic Quartz-arenites and mudrocks, Northwest Canada. Journal of Geology 105, 1–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ratcliffe, N. M., Hames, W. E. & Stanley, R. S. 1998. Interpretation of ages of arc magmatism, metamorphism and collisional tectonics in the Taconic Orogen of Western Newfoundland. American Journal of Science 298, 791–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robertson, S. 1994. Timing of Barrovian metamorphism and ‘Older Granite’ emplacement in relation to Dalradian deformation. Journal of the Geological Society, London 151, 5–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rock, N. M. S., McDonald, R., Walker, B. H., May, F., Peacock, J. D. & Scott, P. 1985. Intrusive metabasic belts within the Moine assemblage west of Loch Ness. Journal of the Geological Society, London 142, 643–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rock, N. M. S. & Rundle, C. C. 1971. Lower Devonian age for the ‘Great (basal) Conglomerate’ Scottish Borders. Scottish Journal of Geology 22, 285–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rogers, G., Dempster, T. J., Bluck, B. J. & Tanner, P. W. G. 1989. A high precision U–Pb age for the Ben Vuirich Granite: implications for the evolution of the Scottish Dalradian. Journal of the Geological Society, London 146, 789–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rogers, G., Krough, T. E., Bluck, B. J. & Kwok, Y. Y. 1990. Provenance ages of the Torridonian Sandstone of NW Scotland using single grain U–Pb zircon analysis. Geological Society of Australia Abstracts 27, 84.Google Scholar
Rogers, G., Hyslop, E. K., Strachan, R. A., Paterson, B. A. & Holds-worth, R. E. 1998. The structural setting and U–Pb geochronology of Knoydartian pegmatites in W Inverness-shire: evidence for Neoproterozoic tectonothermal events in the Moine of NW Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society, London 155, 685–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rogers, G. & Dunning, G. R. 1991. Geochronology of appinitic and related granitic magmatism in the Western Highlands of Scotland: Constraints on the timing of transcurrent fault movement. Journal of the Geological Society, London 148, 17–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rogers, G. & Pankhurst, R. J. 1995. Unravelling dates through the ages; geochronology of the Scottish metamorphic complexes. In Bas, M. J. leMilestones in Geology, Geological Society, London, Memoir 16, 37–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rushton, A. W. A. & Tripp, R. P. 1979. A fossiliferous Lower Canadian (Tremadoc) boulder from the Benan Conglomerate of the Girvan district. Scottish Journal of Geology 15, 321–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanders, I. S. 1994. The northeast Ox Mountains inlier, Ireland. In Gibbons, W. & Harris, A. L. (eds). A revised correlation of Precambrian rocks in the British Isles, Geological Society, London, Special Report 22, 63–4.Google Scholar
Sanders, I. S., van Calsteren, P. W. G. & Hawksworth, C. J. 1984. A Grenville Sm–Nd age for the Glenelg eclogite in north-west Scotland. Nature 312, 439–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanders, I. S., & Morris, J. H. 1978. Evidence for Caledonian subduction from greywacke detritus in the Longford–Down Inlier. Journal of Earth Science Royal Dublin Society 1, 53–62.Google Scholar
Scharer, U., Krogh, T. E. & Gower, C. F. 1986. Age and evolution of the Grenville Province in eastern Labrador from U–Pb systematics in accessory minerals. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 94, 438–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwab, F., Nystuen, J. P. & Gunderson, L. 1988. Pre-Arenig evolution of the Appalachian–Caledonide orogen: sedimentation and stratigraphy. In Harris, A. L. & Fettes, D. J. (eds) The Caledonian-Appalachian orogen, Geological Society of London Special Publications 38, 75–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smellie, J. L. & Stone, P. 1992. Geochemical control on the evolutionary history of the Ballantrae Complex, S.W. Scotland from comparisons with recent analogues. In Parson, L. M., Murton, B. J., Browning, P. (eds) Ophiolites and their Modern Oceanic Analogues. Geological Society, London, Special Publication 60, 171–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, M., Robertson, S. & Rollin, K. E. 1999. Rift basin architecture and stratigraphical implications for basement-cover relationships in the Neoproterozoic Grampian Group of the Scottish Caledonides. Journal of the Geological Society, London 156, 1163–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, R. A. 1995. The Siluro–Devonian evolution of the Southern Margin of the Midland Valley of Scotland. Geological Magazine 132, 503–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, R. L., Stearn, J. E. F. & Piper, J. D. A. 1983. Paleomagnetic studies of the Torridonian sediments, NW Scotland. Scottish Journal of Geology 19, 29–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snyder, D. 1990. The Moine Thrust in the BIRPS data set. Journal of the Geological Society, London 147, 81–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soper, N. J. 1994. Neoproterozoic sedimentation on the northeast margin of Laurentia and the opening of Iapetus. Geological Magazine 131, 291–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soper, N. J., Harris, A. L. & Strachan, R. A. 1998. Tectonostratigraphy of the Moine Supergroup: a synthesis. Journal of the Geological Society, London 155, 13–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soper, N. J., Ryan, P. D. & Dewey, J. D. 1999. Age of the Grampian orogeny in Scotland and Ireland. Journal of the Geological Society, London 156, 1231–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soper, N. J. & England, R. W. 1995. Vendian ad Riphean rifting in NW Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society, London 152, 11–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soper, N. J. & Harris, A. L. 1997. Proterozoic orogeny questioned: A view from Scottish Highland Field Workshops, 1995–1996. Scottish Journal of Geology 33, 187–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spenser, A. M. 1971. Late Pre-Cambrian glacication in Scotland, Memoir of the Geological Society of London 6.Google Scholar
Stewart, A. D. 1982. Late Proterozoic rifting in NW Scotland: the genesis of the ‘Torridonian’. Journal of the Geological Society, London 139, 413–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stewart, A. D. & Donnellan, N. C. B. 1992. Geochemistry and provenance of red sandstones in the Upper Proterozoic Torridon Group in Scotland. Scottish Journal of Geology 28, 143–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stewart, M., Strachan, R. A. & Holdsworth, R. E. 1999. Structure and early kinematic history of the Great Glen Fault Zone, Scotland. Tectonics 18, 329–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stoker, M. S. 1982. Old Red Sandstone sedimentation and deformation in the Great Glen Fault Zone, NW of Loch Linnhe. Scottish Journal of Geology 18, 147–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stone, P. 1984. Constraints on genetic models for the Ballantrae Complex, SW Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 75, 189–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stone, P., Floyd, J. D.Barnes, R. P. & Lintern, B. C. 1987. A sequential back-arc foreland basin duplex model for the Southern Uplands of Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society, London 144, 753–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stone, P., Evans, I. A., Hutcheson, A. R. & Oliver, G. J. H. 1999. Discussion on garnet provenance studies, juxtaposition of Laurentian marginal terranes and timing of the Grampian Orogeny in Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society, London 156, 205–207.Google Scholar
Stone, P. & Evans, J. A. 1995. Nd-isotope study of provenance patterns across the British sector of the Iapetus Suture. Geological Magazine 132, 571–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stuart, F. M., Bluck, B. J. & Pringle, M. 2000. 40Ar/39Ar ages of individual detrital muscovites from clastic sediments from the Carboniferous of the British Isles: provenance and persistence of an orogenic highland. Tectonics 20, 255–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swett, K. & Smit, D. E. 1972. Cambro–Ordovician shelf sedimentation of western Newfoundland, northwest Scotland and central east Greenland. 24th International Geological Congress, 33–41.Google Scholar
Syba, E. 1989. The sedimentation and provenance of the Lower Old Red Sandstone Greywacke Conglomerate, southern Midland Valley, Scotland (Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Glasgow).Google Scholar
Tanner, P. W. G. 1995. New evidence that the Lower Cambrian Leny Limestone at Callander, Perthshire, belongs to the Dalradian Supergroup, and a reassessment of the ‘exotic’ status of the Highland Border Complex. Geological Magazine 132, 473–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tanner, P. W. G. 1996. Significance of the early fabric in the contact metamorphic aureole of the 590 Ma Ben Vuirich Granite, Perthshire, Scotland. Geological Magazine 133, 683–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tanner, P. W. G. 1997. In The Highland Border controversy: a discussion of “New evidence that the Lower Cambrian Leny Limestone at Callander, Perthshire, belongs to the Dalradian Supergroup, and a reassessment of the ‘exotic’ status of the Highland Border Complex” Geological Magazine 134, 563–70.Google Scholar
Tanner, P. W. G. & Bluck, B. J. 1999. Current controversies in the Caledonides. Journal of the Geological Society, London 156, 1137–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tanner, P. W. G. & Pringle, M. S. 1999. Testing for evidence of a terrane boundary within the Neoproterozoic (Dalradian) to Cambrian siliceous turbidites at Callander, Perthshire, Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society, London 156, 1205–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tavarnelli, E. & Holdsworth, R. E. 1999. How long do structures take to form in transpression zones? A cautionary tale from California. Geology 27, 1063–6.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thirlwall, M. F. 1988. Geochronology of British Caledonian magmatism in northern Britain. Journal of the Geological Society, London 145, 121–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thirlwall, M. F. & Bluck, B. J. 1984. Sr–Nd isotope and geochemical evidence that the Ballantrae “Ophiolite” is polygenetic. In Gass, I. G., Lippard, S. J. & Shelton, A. W. (eds) Ophiolites and ocean lithosphere. Geological Society of London Special Publication 13, 215–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, W. A. 1991. The Appalachian–Ouatichita rifted margin of southeastern North America. Geological Society of America Bulletin 103, 415–31.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tollo, R. P. & Hutson, F. E. 1996. 700 Ma rifting event in the Blue Ridge province of Virginia: A unique time constraint of the pre-Iapetan rifting of Laurentia. Geology 24, 59–62.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Torsvik, T. H., Smethurst, M. A., Meert, J. G., Voo, Van der., McKerrow, W. S., Brasier, M. D., Sturt, B. A. & Walderhaug, H.J. 1996. Continental break-up and collision in the Neoproterozoic and Paleaozoic—A tale of Baltica and Laurentia. Earth Science Reviews 40, 229–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trench, A. & Haughton, P. D. W. 1988. Paleomagnetic study of the ‘Linrathen porphyry’ Highland Border region, Central Scotland: terrane linkage of the Grampian and Midland valley blocks in late Silurian time? Geophysical Journal 93, 554.Google Scholar
Tucker, R. D., Bradley, D. C., Straeten, C. A. Ver, Harris, A. G., Ebert, J. R. & McCutcheon, S. R. 1998. New U–Pb Zircon ages and the division and duration of Devonian time. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 158, 175–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tucker, R. D. & McKerrow, W. S. 1995. Early Palaeozoic chronology: a review in light of new U–Pb zircon ages from Newfoundland and Britain. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 32, 368–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turnbull, M. J. M., Whitehouse, M. J. & Moorbath, S. 1996. New isotopic age determinations for the Torridonian, NW Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society, London 153, 955–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Upton, B. G. J., Aspen, P. & Hunter, R. H. 1984. Xenoliths and their implication for the deep geology of the Midland Valley of Scotland and adjacent regions. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 75, 65–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Breemen, O., Pidgeon, R.T. & Johnson, M. R. W. 1974. Precambrian and Palaeozoic pegmatites in the Moine of northern Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society, London 130, 493–507.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Breemen, O., Aftalion, M. & Johnson, M. R. W. 1979. Age of the Loch Borolan Complex, Assynt and late movements of the Moine thrust. Journal of the Geological Society, London 136, 489–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Breemen, O., Aftalion, M., Pankhurst, R. J. & Richardson, S. W. 1979. Age of the Glen Dessary syenite, Inverness-shire: diachronous Palaeozoic metamorphism across the Great Glen. Scottish Journal of Geology 15, 49–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vance, D., Strachan, R. A. & Jones, K.A. 1998. Extensional versus compressional setting for metamorphism, garnet chronometry and pressure-temperature-time histories in the Moine Supergroup, northwest Scotland. Geology 26, 927–30.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van de Kamp, P. C. & Leake, B. E. 1997. Mineralogy, geochemistry, provenance and sodium metasomatism of Torridonian rift basin clastic rocks, NW Scotland. Scottish Journal of Geology 33, 105–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Staal, C. R., Dewey, J. F., MacNiocaill, C. & McKerrow, W. S. 1998. The Cambrian–Silurian tectonic evolution of the northern Appalachians and British Caledonides: history of a complex, west and southwest Pacific-type segment of Iapetus. In Blundell, D. J. & Scott, A. C. (eds) Lyell, the past is the key to the present, Geological Society, London, Special Publication 143, 199–242.Google Scholar
Whyte, F. 1964. The Heads of Ayr vent. Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow 25, 72–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, A. 1962. The Barr and Ardmillan series (Caradoc) of the Girvan District, south-west Ayrshire, with a description of the Brachiopoda. Memoirs of the Geological Society of London 3, 1–265.Google Scholar
Williams, E. 1969a. Characteristics and origin of a Precambrian pediment. Journal of Geology 11, 183–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, G. E. 1969b. Petrography and origin of pebbles from ‘Torridonian’ strata (Late Precambrian), NW Scotland. In Kay, M. (ed.) North Atlantic: Geology and Continental Drift, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 12, 609–29.Google Scholar
Winchester, J. A. 1976. Different Moinian amphibolite suites in Northern Ross-shire. Scottish Journal of Geology 13, 187–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winchester, J. A. 1988. Later Proterozoic environments and tectonic evolution in the northern Atlantic lands. In Winchester, J. A. (ed.) Later Proterozoic stratigraphy of the North Atlantic regions, 253–70. Glasgow: Blackie.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wingate, M. T. D. & Giddings, J. W. 2000. Age and paleomagnetism of the Mundine Well dyke swarm: implications for the Australia–Laurentia connection at 755 Ma. Precambrian Research 100, 335–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wortman, G. L., Samson, S. D. & Hibbard, J. P. 2000. Precise U–Pb Zircon constraints on the earliest magmatic history of the Carolina Terrane. Journal of Geology 108, 321–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wright, D. T. & Knight, I. 1995. A revised chronostratigraphy of the Lower Durness group. Scottish Journal of Geology 31, 11–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, G. M. 1999. Some aspects of the geochemistry, provenance and palaeoclimatology of the Torridonian of NW Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society, London 156, 1096–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar