^{page 407 note *} Vide “Contributions to the Flora of Otago, New Zealand:” Transactions of Botanical Society of Edinburgh, vol. viii. p. 250Google Scholar: and “List of Lichens collected in Otago, New Zealand,” ibid. p. 349.

^{page 408 note *} I use the term Fungology in preference to Mycology (referring to that department of botanical science which treats of Fungi), because, though less euphonious or elegant, it is also less open to misunderstanding; the term Mycology being equally applicable and applied to that department of anatomical science which treats of the muscular system in man and animals. I am borne out, in the preference of the term Fungology, by the recent and high authority of Berkeley (“Outlines of British Fungology,” 1860, p. 2).

^{page 408 note †} Since my “Observations” were committed to the printer, a paper by Dr Nylander, entitled “Lichenes Novæ Zelandiæ, quos ibi legit anno 1861 Dr Lauder Lindsay,” has been published in the Journal of the Linnean Society: Botany, vol. ix. p. 244, which contains the specific diagnoses of the majority of the Lichens referred to in the following and aforesaid “Observations.” Fortunately the paper has been issued in time to enable me to insert references thereto at their proper places in the present text.

^{page 408 note ‡} Letter, dated August 3, 1864.

^{page 408 note §} Letter, dated August 22, 1865.

^{page 409 note *} Especially “Goai” (Sophora tetraptera, Aiton). P. perforata is equally abundant some times also on living trees in Saddlehill Bush, and other remnants of the primitive forest.

^{page 409 note †} “Monograph of the genus Abrothallus,” with two coloured plates.—Quart. Journal of Microscopical Science. January 1857.

^{page 409 note ‡} “Memoir on the Spermogones and Pycnides of the Higher Lichens.”—Trans. Royal Society Edinburgh, vol. xxii. p. 211 (Plate II. figs. 4, 5).Google Scholar

^{page 410 note *} The microscopical analyses were made with a Nachet's microscope: objective ocular, No. 3—magnifying 425 diam.-linear; and the measurements here given are in decimal fractions of the English inch.

^{page 410 note †} “Monograph of Abrothallus,” p. 80; “Memoir on Spermogones,” p. 232–3.

^{page 411 note *} Vide “List of Otago Lichens,” pp. 356–8.

^{page 416 note *} “Contributions to the Lichenographia of New Zealand, being an account, with figures, of some new species of Graphideæ and allied Lichens.” By Dr Knight of Auckland, New Zealand, and W. Mitten, of Hurst-Pierpoint, Sussex (the eminent Muscologist).—Trans. Linnean Soc., London, vol. xxiii, p. 101, plate xii.Google Scholar

^{page 420 note *} “Mem. Spermogones,” p. 202, Plate X. figs. 6–11.

^{page 420 note †} I am not satisfied that there is any essential distinction (anatomical, morphological, or functional) between Cyphellœ and Pseudo-cyphellœ. Though the former are typically urceolate and smooth, they become pulverulent and shallow; and pass thus, by imperceptible gradations, into the latter. (Vide “History of British Lichens,” 1856, pp. 42–336.)

^{page 423 note *} “Mem. Spermogones,” p. 194, Plate X. figs. 16–19.

^{page 423 note †} The reaction of this tincture with the hymenial “gelatine” (so-called, but which is really that modification of starch designated by chemists Lichenine), is too variable and uncertain to constitute a safe or good character for distinguishing Lichens from Fungi. Though this gelatine, and the thecæ specially, in the great majority of Lichens, give a reaction with tincture of iodine, which varies in colour, from beautiful Prussian blue, to an obscure port-wine red, of every intensity of shade, there is, in a minority of cases, no distinct coloration; while, on the other hand, the blue coloration, formerly supposed peculiar to Lichens, occurs, Mr Currey informs me (MSS. 1859), among indubitable Fungi. In other parts of this Paper I have shown that in the same species of Abrothallus, in which there is generally no coloration by iodine, it nevertheless sometimes occurs in foreign specimens.

^{page 425 note *} Letter, March 22, 1865.

^{page 425 note †} Letter, November 6, 1865.

^{page 428 note *} The name originally bestowed by Currey was the very appropriate one, armeniaca (apricot-coloured); but, in the meantime, the same designation has been conferred by Tulasne, (Selecta Fungorum Carpologia, vol. iii. p. 75, plate x.)Google Scholar on a French and very different species; and it appears easier and preferable to render the name of the Otago plant more distinctive, rather than to raise trivial questions of priority of nomenclature.

^{page 431 note *} Excellent coloured plates of this and other British species—including the deformities they produce—may be found in an admirable popular “Introduction to the Study of Microscopic Fungi,” by M. C. Cooke. London, 1865.

^{page 431 note †} Journal of Botany, vol. ii. p. 33, with a plate.Google Scholar

^{page 431 note ‡} Of Dr Hooker, vol. ii.—Cryptogamia, 1853.

^{page 431 note §} It is of interest to note that the British Æ. Epilobii, DC., occurs on the under (rarely upper) side of the leaves of Epilobium montanum, L.; E. hirsutum, L.; and E. palustre, L. (British species of Æcidium, COOKE'S “Introduction,” p. 190.)

^{page 432 note *} Similar thickening and involution of the edges of the leaves on which they grow are sometimes caused by British species, e.g., Æ. Asperiifolii, Pers., and Æ. Euphorbiœ, Pers. (Cooke, “Introd.,” p. 191–2.)

^{page 433 note *} In all three cases of the parasite on Clematis, Epilobium, and Microseris, the Fungus was determined to be a true Æcidium (as the genus is at present established), by the presence of its characteristic spores. “Æcidia” says Mr Currey, in reference to some difficulties that occurred to me in my microscopical examination, “never bear thecœ…‥ In the early state of Æcidium, the perithecia produce minute spermatia; but neither in that state, nor in the more advanced condition, have asci (thecæ) ever been observed…‥ The spores are always produced in chains; and when they fall apart, after the opening of the cups, they produce the yellow dust (or white) with which the cups are filled.”—Letter, March 22, 1865.

^{page 434 note *} On Arthonia melaspermella, Nyl.—Journal of Linnean Society, vol. ix. (Botany), p. 268.Google Scholar

^{page 435 note *} The same genera are classed as “Pseudo-Lichenes” by Krempelhuber (“Die Lichenen-Flora Bayerns,” 1859, p. 275); and by Anzi, Celidium and Abrothallus are included among “Genera inter Lichenes et Fungos incedentia;” while Microthelia is placed among the Verrucariœ (“Catalogus Lichenum quos in Provincia Sondriensi et circa Novum-Comum collegit” Martin Anzi, 1860; Como: Introduction, xvi.)

^{page 436 note *} In the Society's “Proceedings,” vol. v. p. 528, I have classed them provisionally as Sphœriœ, to which they have a more or less resemblance, and to which some at least may hereafter really prove to be referable. Nos. 4, 5, 7, and 8 are now described as Microtheliœ; No. 6 as a Phymatopsis; and No. 9 as a Celidium.

^{page 437 note *} “Beitrag zur Flechten-systematik,” 1862, p. 147.Google Scholar

^{page 437 note †} The most recent arrangement of tne Verrucariœ is by Prof. Garovaglio of Pavia (“Tentamen Dispositionis Methodicæ Lichenum in Longobardio nascentium,” with Plates and Dried Specimens, 1865), who includes in the comprehensive genus Verrucaria, no less than 35 Massalongina genera, and among these Microthelia, Körb., and its allies, Thelidium, Mass.; Tichothecium, Flot.; and Thrombium, Wallr.

^{page 437 note ‡} “Manual of British Lichens,” 1861, p. 306.Google Scholar

^{page 439 note *} Mr Currey proposed for it the name Sphœria lichenicola (in letter, January 28, 1861). But this was unsuitable or inadmissible, not only because many other Sphæriæ are equally lichenicolous—parasites on the thallus or apothecia of Lichens; but the term itself had been previously applied by Sommerfelt, and other of the earlier Lichenologists and Fungologists, inter alia, to various species of Sphœria (S. epicymatia, Wallr.), and Microthelia (M. propinqua, Körb., and M. pygmœa, Körb. Syst. Lich. Germ. 374).

^{page 440 note *} Described in the Section on Lichens, p. 409.

^{page 441 note *} Compare also the species of the genus Microthelia, Körb., and certain species of the genus Thelidium, Mass, as described by Mudd (Manual, pp. 306 and 298); as well as certain species of the genera Tichothecium, Fw., and Endococcus, Nyl.)

^{page 442 note *} Monograph of Abrothallus, p. 7.

^{page 442 note †} Mém. Lich. p. 113.

^{page 442 note ‡} He also alters the name—both specific and generic—recording it as Habrothallus parasiticus, Prod. 55.

^{page 443 note *} In A. oxysporus, Tul., as described by myself (“Monograph Abrothallus,” p. 33). Tulasne (Mém. 113) described the spermogones as unknown in the genus.

^{page 443 note †} Which are described and figured in my “Mem. Spermog.” p. 121, plate i. figs. 1–8.

^{page 446 note *} Contrast with tlie genera Phymatopsis and Celidium this genus Phacopsis, Tul. “Mém. Lich” p. 124 (name from Φμχὸς, a nævus or lentigo, a skin-wart); and especially the species P. vulpina, Tul. (p. 126), Linds. “Mem. Spermog.” plate iv. fig. 22, p. 125; Hepp exs. 474. Than this species no Lichen could more resemble, in its external aspect and habit of growth, a Fungus; but no Lichen gives, at the same time, a more distinct and beautiful blue or violet colour (varying in shade, and sometimes very pale) with iodine (thecæ and sometimes hymenium). While in Phymatopsis (Abrothallus) and Celidium the apothecia or groups of perithecia are essentially brown (though frequently of a dark blackish-brown), in Phacopsis they are essentially black ab initio.

^{page 447 note *} “Shoe-sole-shaped”—“Schuhsohlenförmig” (Körb. Syst. Lich. Germ. 373), a graphic and appropriate term in reference to spores, which are 2-locular, with one division (upper) broader and shorter, and the other (lower) narrower and longer (as in Abrothallus Smithii, Tul. Linds. Monog. Abroth. plate iv. fig. 12).

^{page 449 note *} Nylander, Prod. 52.

^{page 449 note †} Stizenberger, 163.

^{page 449 note ‡} Ib. 163.

^{page 450 note *} Lindsay, Mem. Spermog. p. 198, plate x. figs. 26–7.

^{page 450 note †} Compare Sphœria homostegia, Nyl.

^{page 452 note *} Yet apparently undescribed.

^{page 453 note *} From the colours being printed, and not done by hand, the truts in many cases at least, are more approximative than exact copies from Nature.