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Selling Printed Cottons in Mid-Nineteenth-Century India: John Matheson of Glasgow and Scottish Turkey Red

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 March 2019

STANA NENADIC
STANA NENADIC*
Affiliation:
Stana Nenadic is a professor of Social and Cultural History at the University of Edinburgh and is the director of the Pasold Research Fund, which supports the history of textiles, fashion, and dress. The research detailed in this article was funded in part by the Royal Society of Edinburgh, whose support is gratefully acknowledged. Thanks also to Dr. Sally Tuckett, who first identified the Bombay Pattern Book. University of Edinburgh, School of History, Classics and Archaeology, Old Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, 0131 556 2378. E-mail: s.nenadic@ed.ac.uk
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Abstract

This article on cotton sales in India considers the market information that was gathered mid-nineteenth century by commission agents in Bombay and by personal observations of Glasgow Turkey red entrepreneur John Matheson. The article includes an account of the rise and demise of Turkey red cotton printing in Scotland; and explores the variety of piece sizes, patterns, colors, and packaging that was necessary for sales in India. It also reveals seasonal changes in demand and an appetite for novelty patterns. What did Matheson, his contemporaries, and his agents understand about their Indian markets and consider their limited ability to shape consumer taste? The article concludes that despite the existence of much relevant information conveyed from India, there was a blindness to the realities of India’s complex textile industry and dress cultures, which had implications for product development in Britain.

Type
Article
Information
Enterprise & Society , Volume 20 , Issue 2 , June 2019 , pp. 328 - 365
Copyright
Copyright © The Author 2019. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Business History Conference. All rights reserved. 

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References

Bibliography of Works Cited

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Chenciner, Robert. Madder Red: A History of Luxury and Trade, Plant Dyes and Pigments in World Commerce and Art. Richmond, UK: Curzon, 2000.Google Scholar
Cooke, Anthony. The Rise and Fall of the Scottish Cotton Industry, 1778–1914: “The Secret Spring.” Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Crill, Rosemary. Chintz: Indian Textiles for the West . London: V&A Publishing, 2008.Google Scholar
Farnie, D. A. The English Cotton Industry and the World Market 1815–1896. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979.Google Scholar
Llorca-Jana, Manuel. The British Textile Trade in South America in the Nineteenth Century . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lemire, Beverly. Fashion’s Favourite: The Cotton Trade and the Consumer in Britain, 1660–1800. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Linton, E. Lynn. The Girl of the Period and Other Social Essays . London: Richard Bentley & Sons, 1883.Google Scholar
Markovits, Claude. Merchants, Traders, Entrepreneurs: Indian Business in the Colonial Era. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave, 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matheson, John. England to Delhi: A Narrative of Indian Travel. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1870.Google Scholar
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Mukharji, T. N. A Visit to Europe. London: Edward Stanford, 1889.Google Scholar
Munro, J. Forbes. Maritime Enterprise and Empire: Sir William Mackinnon and His Business. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell and Brewer, 2003.Google Scholar
Nenadic, Stana, and Tuckett, Sally. Colouring the Nation: The Turkey Red Printed Cotton Industry in Scotland c.1840–1940. Edinburgh: National Museums Scotland Publications, 2013.Google Scholar
Potter, Edmund. Calico Printing as an Art Manufacture: A Lecture Read Before the Society of Arts, April 22 1852. London: John Chapman, 1852.Google Scholar
Riello, Giorgio, and Parthasarathi, Prasannan, eds. The Spinning World: A Global History of Cotton Textiles, 1200–1850. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Rose, Mary B. Firms, Networks and Business Values: The British and American Cotton Industries since 1750. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandberg, Lars G. A Study in Entrepreneurship, Technology and International Trade. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1974.Google Scholar
Tarlo, Emma. Clothing Matters: Dress and Identity in India. London: Viking, 1996.Google Scholar
Trivedi, Lisa. Clothing Gandhi’s Nation: Home Spun and Modern India. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Wacha, D. E. A Financial Chapter in the History of Bombay City. Bombay: A. J. Combridge & Co., 1910.Google Scholar
Watson, John Forbes. The Textile Manufactures and the Costumes of the People of India. London: India Office, 1866.Google Scholar
Webster, Anthony. The Twilight of the East India Company: The Evolution of Anglo-Asian Commerce and Politics, 1790–1860. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell and Brewer, 2009.Google Scholar
Ahlawat, Deepkia. “Empire of Glass: F. & C. Osler in India, 1840–1930.” Journal of Design History 21, no. 2 (2008): 155–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aldous, Michael. “Rehabilitating the Intermediary: Brokers and Auctioneers in the Nineteenth-Century Anglo-Indian Trade.” Business History 59, no. 4 (2017): 525–533.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broadberry, Stephen, and Gupta, Bishnupriya. “Lancashire, India and Shifting Competitive Advantage in Cotton Textiles, 1700–1850: The Neglected Role of Factor Prices.” Economic History Review 62, no. 2 (2009): 279–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, J. C. “Imperfect Competition and Anglo-German Trade Rivalry: Markets for Cotton Textiles Before 1914.” Journal of Economic History 455, no. 3 (1995): 494–527.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapman, S. D. “British Agency Houses in the Far East in the Nineteenth Century.” Textile History 9, no. 2 (1988): 239–254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapman, S. D. “The Commercial Sector.” In The Lancashire Cotton Industry: A History Since 1700, edited by Rose, Mary B., 63–93. Preston, UK: Lancashire County Books, 1996.Google Scholar
Chapman, S. D. “Quantity Versus Quality in the British Industrial Revolution: The Case of Printed Textiles.” Northern History 21 (1985): 175–192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Church, Roy. “New Perspectives on the History of Products, Firms, Marketing, and Consumers in Britain and the United States Since the Mid-Nineteenth Century.” Economic History Review 52, no. 3 (1999): 405–435.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clayton, David. “‘Buy British’: The Collective Marketing of Cotton Textiles, 1956–1962.” Textile History 41, no. 2 (2010): 217–235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clough, Monica. “Muir Family, 1849–1992.” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Cohn, , Bernard, S. “Cloth, Clothes and Colonialism: India in the Nineteenth Century.” In Cloth and the Human Experience, edited by Weiner, Annette B. and Schneider, Jane, 303–354. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Publications, 1989.Google Scholar
Driver, Felix, and Ashmore, Sonia. “The Mobile Museum: Collecting and Circulating Indian Textiles in Victorian Britain.” Victorian Studies 52, no. 3 (2010): 353–384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engel, Alexander. “Colouring Markets: The Industrial Transformation of the Dyestuff Business Revisited.” Business History 54, no. 1 (2012): 10–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Furedy, Christine. “Development of Modern Elite Retailing in Calcutta, 1880–1920.” Indian Economic and Social History Review 26, no. 4 (1979): 377–394.Google Scholar
Greysmith, David. “Patterns, Piracy and Protection in the Textile Printing Industry.” Textile History 14, no. 2 (1983): 165–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hazareesingh, Sandip. “Chasing Commodities over the Surface of the Globe: Shipping, Port Development and the Making of Networks Between Glasgow and Bombay, c.1850–1880.” Commodities of Empire Working Paper No. 1. The Ferguson Centre for African and Asian Studies, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK, 2007.Google Scholar
Hazareesingh, Sandip. “Interconnected Synchronicities: The Production of Bombay and Glasgow as Modern Global Ports, c.1850-1880.” Journal of Global History 4, no. 1 (2009): 7–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Higgins, David, and Tweedale, Geoffrey. “The Trade Marks Question and the Lancashire Cotton Textile Industry, 1870–1914.” Textile History 27, no. 2 (1996): 207–228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howe, Anthony. “The Business Community.” In The Lancashire Cotton Industry. A History Since 1700, edited by Rose, Mary B., 94–120. Preston, UK: Lancashire County Books, 1996.Google Scholar
Jackson, Gordon, and Munn, Charles. “Trade, Commerce and Finance.” In Glasgow: Volume II: 1830–1912, edited Fraser, W. Hamish and Maver, Irene, 52–95. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Lubinski, Christina. “Global Trade and Indian Politics: The German Dye Business in India Before 1947.” Business History Review 89, no. 2 (2015): 503–530.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lyons, Agnes M. M. “The Textile Fabrics of India and Huddersfield Cloth Industry.” Textile History 27, no. 2 (1996): 172–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, Lesley. “Innovation and Industrial Espionage in Eighteenth-Century France: An Investigation of the Selling of Silks Through Samples.” Journal of Design History 12, no. 3 (1999): 271–292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, Victoria. “A Market Place in Miniature: Norwich Pattern Books as Cultural Agency.” Textiles as Cultural Expressions: Proceedings of the 11th Biennial Symposium of the Textile Society of America, September 24–27, 2008, Honolulu, Hawaii. http:/digitalcommons.unl.edu./tsaconf/222.Google Scholar
Nenadic, Stana. “Designers in the Nineteenth-Century Scottish Fancy Textile Industry: Education, Employment and Exhibition.” Journal of Design History 27, no. 2 (2014): 115–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nenadic, Stana. “Exhibiting India in Nineteenth-Century Scotland and the Impact on Commerce, Industry and Popular Culture.” Journal of Scottish Historical Studies 34, no. 1 (2014): 67–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Papillon, P. J. “Method of Dyeing Cotton Yarn a Fixed Turkey Red.” Repertory of Arts, Manufactures and Agriculture 4 (1806): 105–109.Google Scholar
Smith, Roger. “The Swiss Connection: International Networks in Some Eighteenth-Century Luxury Trades.” Journal of Design History 17, no. 2 (2004): 123–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ray, Rajat. “Asian Capital in the Age of European Domination: The Rise of the Bazaar, 1800-1914.” Modern Asian Studies 29, no. 3 (1995): 449–554.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ray, R. K. “Bazaar: ‘Pulsating Heart’ of the Indian Economy.” In The Oxford India Anthology of Business History, edited by Kudaisya, M. M., 3–48. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Roy, Tirthankar. “Out of Tradition: Master Artisans and Economic Change in Colonial India.” Journal of Asian Studies 66, no. 4 (2007): 963–991.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roy, Tirthankar. “Trading Firms in Colonial India.” Business History Review 88, no. 1 (2014): 9–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sykas, Philip. “Abundant Images and Scant Text: Reading Textile Pattern Books.” In Textile and Text, edited by Hayward, Maria and Kramer, Elizabeth, 23–29. London: Archetype Publications, 2007.Google Scholar
Tarrant, Naomi. “The Turkey Red Dyeing Industry in the Vale of Leven.” In Scottish Textile History , edited by Butt, John and Ponting, Kenneth, 36–38. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 1987.Google Scholar
Tadajewsky, Mark, and Brian Jones, D. G.. “Historical Research in Marketing Theory and Practice: A Review Essay.” Journal of Marketing Management 30, no. 11–12 (2014): 1239–1291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tara, Nadeem Omar. “From ‘Primitive’ Artisans to ‘Modern’ Craftsmen: Colonialism, Culture and Art Education in Late Nineteenth-Century Punjab.” South Asian Studies 27, no. 2 (2011): 199–219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Twomey, M. J. “Employment in Nineteenth-Century Indian Textiles.” Explorations in Economic History 20 (1983): 37–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Varman, Rohit, and Hari Sreekumar, . “Locating the Past in Its Silence: History and Marketing Theory in India.” Journal of Historical Research in Marketing 7, no. 2 (2015): 272–279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wada, , Iwamoto, Yoshiko. “Kimono Mode and Marketing: Popular Textiles for Women in Early Twentieth Century Japan.” Research Journal of Textiles and Apparel: Hong Kong 15, no. 1 (2011): 108–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webster, Anthony. “The Strategies and Limits of Gentlemanly Capitalism: The London East India Agency Houses, Provincial Commercial Interests, and the Evolution of British Economic Policy in South and South East Asia, 1800-50.” Economic History Review 59, no. 4 (2006): 743–764.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zangger, Andreas P. “Chops and Trademarks: Asian Trading Ports and Textile Branding, 1840–1920.” Enterprise & Society 14, no. 4 (2014): 759–790.Google Scholar
Aberdeen JournalGoogle Scholar
Building NewsGoogle Scholar
Bombay Calendar and AlmanacGoogle Scholar
Glasgow HeraldGoogle Scholar
Glasgow Post Office DirectoryGoogle Scholar
London GazetteGoogle Scholar
Strait TimesGoogle Scholar
Times of IndiaGoogle Scholar
London Metropolitan Archives, London.Google Scholar
Manchester County Record Officer, Manchester, UK.Google Scholar
National Museums Scotland.Google Scholar
University of Cambridge Library, Cambridge.Google Scholar
University of Edinburgh, , Centre for Research Collections, Edinburgh.Google Scholar
University of Oxford Bodleian Libraries.Google Scholar
Bremner, David. The Industries of Scotland: Their Rise, Progress and Present Condition. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1869.Google Scholar
Chenciner, Robert. Madder Red: A History of Luxury and Trade, Plant Dyes and Pigments in World Commerce and Art. Richmond, UK: Curzon, 2000.Google Scholar
Cooke, Anthony. The Rise and Fall of the Scottish Cotton Industry, 1778–1914: “The Secret Spring.” Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Crill, Rosemary. Chintz: Indian Textiles for the West . London: V&A Publishing, 2008.Google Scholar
Farnie, D. A. The English Cotton Industry and the World Market 1815–1896. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979.Google Scholar
Llorca-Jana, Manuel. The British Textile Trade in South America in the Nineteenth Century . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lemire, Beverly. Fashion’s Favourite: The Cotton Trade and the Consumer in Britain, 1660–1800. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Linton, E. Lynn. The Girl of the Period and Other Social Essays . London: Richard Bentley & Sons, 1883.Google Scholar
Markovits, Claude. Merchants, Traders, Entrepreneurs: Indian Business in the Colonial Era. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave, 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matheson, John. England to Delhi: A Narrative of Indian Travel. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1870.Google Scholar
Memoirs and Portraits of One Hundred Glasgow Men Who Have Died During the Last Thirty Years, and in Their Lives Did Much to Make the City What It is Now. Glasgow: James Maclehose and Sons, 1886.Google Scholar
Mukharji, T. N. A Visit to Europe. London: Edward Stanford, 1889.Google Scholar
Munro, J. Forbes. Maritime Enterprise and Empire: Sir William Mackinnon and His Business. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell and Brewer, 2003.Google Scholar
Nenadic, Stana, and Tuckett, Sally. Colouring the Nation: The Turkey Red Printed Cotton Industry in Scotland c.1840–1940. Edinburgh: National Museums Scotland Publications, 2013.Google Scholar
Potter, Edmund. Calico Printing as an Art Manufacture: A Lecture Read Before the Society of Arts, April 22 1852. London: John Chapman, 1852.Google Scholar
Riello, Giorgio, and Parthasarathi, Prasannan, eds. The Spinning World: A Global History of Cotton Textiles, 1200–1850. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Rose, Mary B. Firms, Networks and Business Values: The British and American Cotton Industries since 1750. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandberg, Lars G. A Study in Entrepreneurship, Technology and International Trade. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1974.Google Scholar
Tarlo, Emma. Clothing Matters: Dress and Identity in India. London: Viking, 1996.Google Scholar
Trivedi, Lisa. Clothing Gandhi’s Nation: Home Spun and Modern India. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Wacha, D. E. A Financial Chapter in the History of Bombay City. Bombay: A. J. Combridge & Co., 1910.Google Scholar
Watson, John Forbes. The Textile Manufactures and the Costumes of the People of India. London: India Office, 1866.Google Scholar
Webster, Anthony. The Twilight of the East India Company: The Evolution of Anglo-Asian Commerce and Politics, 1790–1860. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell and Brewer, 2009.Google Scholar
Ahlawat, Deepkia. “Empire of Glass: F. & C. Osler in India, 1840–1930.” Journal of Design History 21, no. 2 (2008): 155–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aldous, Michael. “Rehabilitating the Intermediary: Brokers and Auctioneers in the Nineteenth-Century Anglo-Indian Trade.” Business History 59, no. 4 (2017): 525–533.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broadberry, Stephen, and Gupta, Bishnupriya. “Lancashire, India and Shifting Competitive Advantage in Cotton Textiles, 1700–1850: The Neglected Role of Factor Prices.” Economic History Review 62, no. 2 (2009): 279–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, J. C. “Imperfect Competition and Anglo-German Trade Rivalry: Markets for Cotton Textiles Before 1914.” Journal of Economic History 455, no. 3 (1995): 494–527.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapman, S. D. “British Agency Houses in the Far East in the Nineteenth Century.” Textile History 9, no. 2 (1988): 239–254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapman, S. D. “The Commercial Sector.” In The Lancashire Cotton Industry: A History Since 1700, edited by Rose, Mary B., 63–93. Preston, UK: Lancashire County Books, 1996.Google Scholar
Chapman, S. D. “Quantity Versus Quality in the British Industrial Revolution: The Case of Printed Textiles.” Northern History 21 (1985): 175–192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Church, Roy. “New Perspectives on the History of Products, Firms, Marketing, and Consumers in Britain and the United States Since the Mid-Nineteenth Century.” Economic History Review 52, no. 3 (1999): 405–435.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clayton, David. “‘Buy British’: The Collective Marketing of Cotton Textiles, 1956–1962.” Textile History 41, no. 2 (2010): 217–235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clough, Monica. “Muir Family, 1849–1992.” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Cohn, , Bernard, S. “Cloth, Clothes and Colonialism: India in the Nineteenth Century.” In Cloth and the Human Experience, edited by Weiner, Annette B. and Schneider, Jane, 303–354. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Publications, 1989.Google Scholar
Driver, Felix, and Ashmore, Sonia. “The Mobile Museum: Collecting and Circulating Indian Textiles in Victorian Britain.” Victorian Studies 52, no. 3 (2010): 353–384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engel, Alexander. “Colouring Markets: The Industrial Transformation of the Dyestuff Business Revisited.” Business History 54, no. 1 (2012): 10–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Furedy, Christine. “Development of Modern Elite Retailing in Calcutta, 1880–1920.” Indian Economic and Social History Review 26, no. 4 (1979): 377–394.Google Scholar
Greysmith, David. “Patterns, Piracy and Protection in the Textile Printing Industry.” Textile History 14, no. 2 (1983): 165–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hazareesingh, Sandip. “Chasing Commodities over the Surface of the Globe: Shipping, Port Development and the Making of Networks Between Glasgow and Bombay, c.1850–1880.” Commodities of Empire Working Paper No. 1. The Ferguson Centre for African and Asian Studies, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK, 2007.Google Scholar
Hazareesingh, Sandip. “Interconnected Synchronicities: The Production of Bombay and Glasgow as Modern Global Ports, c.1850-1880.” Journal of Global History 4, no. 1 (2009): 7–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Higgins, David, and Tweedale, Geoffrey. “The Trade Marks Question and the Lancashire Cotton Textile Industry, 1870–1914.” Textile History 27, no. 2 (1996): 207–228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howe, Anthony. “The Business Community.” In The Lancashire Cotton Industry. A History Since 1700, edited by Rose, Mary B., 94–120. Preston, UK: Lancashire County Books, 1996.Google Scholar
Jackson, Gordon, and Munn, Charles. “Trade, Commerce and Finance.” In Glasgow: Volume II: 1830–1912, edited Fraser, W. Hamish and Maver, Irene, 52–95. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Lubinski, Christina. “Global Trade and Indian Politics: The German Dye Business in India Before 1947.” Business History Review 89, no. 2 (2015): 503–530.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lyons, Agnes M. M. “The Textile Fabrics of India and Huddersfield Cloth Industry.” Textile History 27, no. 2 (1996): 172–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, Lesley. “Innovation and Industrial Espionage in Eighteenth-Century France: An Investigation of the Selling of Silks Through Samples.” Journal of Design History 12, no. 3 (1999): 271–292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, Victoria. “A Market Place in Miniature: Norwich Pattern Books as Cultural Agency.” Textiles as Cultural Expressions: Proceedings of the 11th Biennial Symposium of the Textile Society of America, September 24–27, 2008, Honolulu, Hawaii. http:/digitalcommons.unl.edu./tsaconf/222.Google Scholar
Nenadic, Stana. “Designers in the Nineteenth-Century Scottish Fancy Textile Industry: Education, Employment and Exhibition.” Journal of Design History 27, no. 2 (2014): 115–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nenadic, Stana. “Exhibiting India in Nineteenth-Century Scotland and the Impact on Commerce, Industry and Popular Culture.” Journal of Scottish Historical Studies 34, no. 1 (2014): 67–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Papillon, P. J. “Method of Dyeing Cotton Yarn a Fixed Turkey Red.” Repertory of Arts, Manufactures and Agriculture 4 (1806): 105–109.Google Scholar
Smith, Roger. “The Swiss Connection: International Networks in Some Eighteenth-Century Luxury Trades.” Journal of Design History 17, no. 2 (2004): 123–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ray, Rajat. “Asian Capital in the Age of European Domination: The Rise of the Bazaar, 1800-1914.” Modern Asian Studies 29, no. 3 (1995): 449–554.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ray, R. K. “Bazaar: ‘Pulsating Heart’ of the Indian Economy.” In The Oxford India Anthology of Business History, edited by Kudaisya, M. M., 3–48. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Roy, Tirthankar. “Out of Tradition: Master Artisans and Economic Change in Colonial India.” Journal of Asian Studies 66, no. 4 (2007): 963–991.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roy, Tirthankar. “Trading Firms in Colonial India.” Business History Review 88, no. 1 (2014): 9–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sykas, Philip. “Abundant Images and Scant Text: Reading Textile Pattern Books.” In Textile and Text, edited by Hayward, Maria and Kramer, Elizabeth, 23–29. London: Archetype Publications, 2007.Google Scholar
Tarrant, Naomi. “The Turkey Red Dyeing Industry in the Vale of Leven.” In Scottish Textile History , edited by Butt, John and Ponting, Kenneth, 36–38. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 1987.Google Scholar
Tadajewsky, Mark, and Brian Jones, D. G.. “Historical Research in Marketing Theory and Practice: A Review Essay.” Journal of Marketing Management 30, no. 11–12 (2014): 1239–1291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tara, Nadeem Omar. “From ‘Primitive’ Artisans to ‘Modern’ Craftsmen: Colonialism, Culture and Art Education in Late Nineteenth-Century Punjab.” South Asian Studies 27, no. 2 (2011): 199–219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Twomey, M. J. “Employment in Nineteenth-Century Indian Textiles.” Explorations in Economic History 20 (1983): 37–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Varman, Rohit, and Hari Sreekumar, . “Locating the Past in Its Silence: History and Marketing Theory in India.” Journal of Historical Research in Marketing 7, no. 2 (2015): 272–279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wada, , Iwamoto, Yoshiko. “Kimono Mode and Marketing: Popular Textiles for Women in Early Twentieth Century Japan.” Research Journal of Textiles and Apparel: Hong Kong 15, no. 1 (2011): 108–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webster, Anthony. “The Strategies and Limits of Gentlemanly Capitalism: The London East India Agency Houses, Provincial Commercial Interests, and the Evolution of British Economic Policy in South and South East Asia, 1800-50.” Economic History Review 59, no. 4 (2006): 743–764.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zangger, Andreas P. “Chops and Trademarks: Asian Trading Ports and Textile Branding, 1840–1920.” Enterprise & Society 14, no. 4 (2014): 759–790.Google Scholar
Aberdeen JournalGoogle Scholar
Building NewsGoogle Scholar
Bombay Calendar and AlmanacGoogle Scholar
Glasgow HeraldGoogle Scholar
Glasgow Post Office DirectoryGoogle Scholar
London GazetteGoogle Scholar
Strait TimesGoogle Scholar
Times of IndiaGoogle Scholar
London Metropolitan Archives, London.Google Scholar
Manchester County Record Officer, Manchester, UK.Google Scholar
National Museums Scotland.Google Scholar
University of Cambridge Library, Cambridge.Google Scholar
University of Edinburgh, , Centre for Research Collections, Edinburgh.Google Scholar
University of Oxford Bodleian Libraries.Google Scholar