Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T04:40:43.537Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Bird Control at Airports

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 August 2009

Joanna Burger
Affiliation:
Professor, Department of Biology and Center for Coastal and Environmental Studies, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA.

Extract

Birds are a serious threat to aircraft, particularly near airports. For civil aircraft about 75% of all bird-strikes occur near airports. Gulls and small flocking-birds provide the greatest threat to aircraft near airports. Birds are attracted to airports because they become habituated to the noise and traffic, and are attracted by the presence of areas for roosting, loafing, and feeding. Serious bird-strikes can be reduced around airports by reducing the number of birds, by making the birds get out of the way of airplanes, by having planes avoid birds, by adding physical protection to the airplanes, and by switching to new types of aircraft which are safer with respect to bird-strikes. The first two solutions involve bird control, while the last three involve modification of aircraft or aircraft routes. Airport personnel are usually involved only in controlling bird numbers or in dispersing them from the airport.

Type
Main Papers
Copyright
Copyright © Foundation for Environmental Conservation 1983

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Austin, T.S. (1977). Analysis of military birdstrikes—1975. Pp. 6985 in Proceedings of the Third World Conference on Bird Hazards to Aircraft (organized by the Bird Strike Committee Europe), Paris, France: [not available for checking].Google Scholar
Blokpoel, H. (1976). Bird Hazards to Aircraft. Books Canada, Buffalo, New York, USA: xiii + 236 pp., 34 figs, 4 tables & 11 apps.Google Scholar
Blokpoel, H. (1980). Gull Problems at Ontario Airports: No Magic Solutions. (Paper presented at the First North American Workshop on Airport Bird-strike Reduction and Control.) Canadian Interdepartmental Committee on Bird Hazards to Aircraft, Ottawa, Canada: 30 pp. (mimeogr.).Google Scholar
Blokpoel, H. & Desfosses, P.P. (1970). Radar Observations of Local Bird Movement near Calgary, Alberta. Associate Committee on Bird Hazards to Aircraft, National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada: Field Note Number 53, 22 pp. (mimeogr.).Google Scholar
Boudreau, G.W. (1968). Alarm sounds and responses of birds and their application in controlling problem species. Living Bird, 7, pp. 2746.Google Scholar
Brough, T. (1968). Recent developments in bird scaring on airfields. Pp. 2938 in The Problems of Birds as Pests (Ed. Murton, R.K. & Wright, E.N.). Academic Press, New York, NY, USA: xiv + 254 pp., illustr.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bushnel, R.G. & Giban, J. (1968). Prospective considerations concerning bio-acoustics in relation to bird scaring techniques. Pp. 1728 in The Problems of Birds as Pests (Ed. Murton, R.K. & Wright, E.N.). Academic Press, New York, NY, USA: xiv + 254 pp., illustr.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carr-Lewty, R.A. (1943). Reactions of birds to aircraft. British Birds, 36, pp. 151–2.Google Scholar
Doughty, R.W. (1976). Competition for airspace: Bird-strikes and aircraft operations. Traffic Quarterly, 30, pp. 449–67.Google Scholar
Drury, W.H. Jr (1965). Clash of Coastal Nesters. Massachusetts Audubon Society, Lincoln, Massachusetts, USA: 6 pp. (mimeogr.).Google Scholar
Drury, W.H. Jr, & Nisbet, I.C.T. (1969). Strategy of management of a natural population: the Herring Gull in New England. Pp. 441–54 in Proceedings of the World Conference on Bird Hazards to Aircraft. Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada: [not available for checking].Google Scholar
Faulkner, C.E. (1963). Bird control at Boston's Logan Airport. Pest Control, 31, pp. 2630.Google Scholar
Fisher, H.I. (1966). Airplane-Albatross collisions on Midway Atoll. Condor, 68, pp. 229–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forsythe, D.M. (1976). Avian biology related to solid-waste disposal techniques and the bird-aircraft strike hazard. Pp. 7792 in Proceedings of Bird Hazards to Aircraft Training Seminar and Workshop (Ed. Gauthreaux, S.A. jr,). Federal Aviation Administration, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA: [not available for checking].Google Scholar
Forsythe, D.M. (1980). Attractiveness of Shredded Garbage to Gulls and Other Avian Species Potentially Hazardous to Aircraft. Air Force Engineering and Service Center (AF ESC TR 80–02), Springfield, Virginia, USA: 97 pp., 26 figs & 19 tables (mimeogr.).Google Scholar
Goodhue, L.D. & Baumgartner, F.M. (1965). The Avitrol method of bird control, Pest Control, 33, pp. 16–7, 47–8.Google Scholar
Gunn, W.W.H. & Solman, V.E.F. (1971). Pp. 1522 in Studies of Bird Hazards to Aircraft (Ed. Solman, V.E.F.). Canadian Wildlife Service, Ottawa, Report Series Number 14: 105 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Hild, J. (1978). How to make an airport unattractive to birds. Airport Forum, 17, pp. 4956.Google Scholar
Jong, A.O. De (1970). Their airspace or ours? Shell Aviation News, Number 390, pp. 27.Google Scholar
Kadlec, J.A. (1968). Bird Reactions and Scaring Devices. FAA Advisory Circular AC 150/5200–9, Washington, DC, USA: 8 pp. (mimeogr.).Google Scholar
Kuhring, M.S. (1963 a). Tests on Herring Gulls at Nopean Dump. Associate Committee on Bird Hazards to Aircraft, National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada: Field Note Number 2, 3 pp. (mimeogr.).Google Scholar
Kuhring, M.S. (1963 b). Tests on Seagulls at Rockcliffe Air Station, Ottawa. Associate Committee on Bird Hazards to Aircraft, National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada: Field Note Number 3, 3 pp. (mimeogr.).Google Scholar
Langley, M. (1970). The birdstrike problem. Science Journal, 6, pp. 5560.Google Scholar
Lindberg, N.O. & Dahl, T. (1977). Evaluation of an inquiry to pilots concerning their knowledge of the bird-strike problem and experiences of strikes. Pp. 372–8 in Proceedings of the Third World Conference on Bird Hazards to Aircraft (organized by the Bird Strike Committee Europe), Paris, France: [not available for checking].Google Scholar
Mattingly, A. (1976). Reducing the bird-strike hazard. Airport Forum, 4, pp. 1328.Google Scholar
Meyer, G.E. & Boulter, M.J. (1973). Bird control at the airport. Astronautics and Aeronautics, 11, pp. 55–7.Google Scholar
Murton, R.K. (1971). Man and Birds. Collins, London, England, UK: xx + 364 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Murton, R.K. & Wright, E.N. (1968). Discussion. Pp. 3950 in The Problems of Birds as Pests (Ed. Murton, R.K. & Wright, E.N.). Academic Press, New York, NY, USA: xiv + 254 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Parsons, J. (1969). Discussion in gulls as pests. Ibis, 111, p. 447.Google Scholar
Richardson, W.J. & Gunn, W.W.H. (1971). Radar observations of bird movements in east-central Alberta. Pp. 3568 in Studies of Bird Hazards to Aircraft (Ed. Solman, V. E. F.). Canadian Wildlife Service, Ottawa, Report Series Number 14: 105 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Rogachev, A.I. & Trunov, O.K. (1977). Some statistical data on birds' strike to aircraft and helicopters over the territory of the Soviet Union. Pp. 104–16 in Proceedings of the Third World Conference on Bird Hazards to Aircraft (organized by the Bird Strike Committee Europe), Paris, France: [not available for checking].Google Scholar
Solman, V. E. F. (1965). Use of Falcons for Airport Bird Control. Associate Committee on Bird Hazards to Aircraft, National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada: Field Note No. 33, 4 pp. (mimeogr.).Google Scholar
Solman, V.E.F. (1966). The ecological control of bird hazards to aircraft. Pp. 3856 in Proceedings of the Third Bird Control Seminar, Bowling Green University, Bowling Green, Ohio, USA: [not available for checking].Google Scholar
Solman, V.E.F. (1969). Airport design and management to reduce bird hazards. Proceedings of the World Conference on Bird Hazards to Aircraft (2–5 09 1969.) Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada: 8 pp. (preprint).Google Scholar
Solman, V.E.F. (1971 a). How We Reduce Bird Hazards to Aircraft. Tenth National Conference on Environmental Effects on Aircraft and Propulsion Systems, Trenton, New Jersey, USA: 11pp. (mimeogr.).Google Scholar
Solman, V.E.F. (Ed.) (1971 b). Bird control and air safety. Pp. 814 in Studies of Bird Hazards to Aircraft. Canadian Wildlife Service, Ottawa, Report Series, Number 14: 105 pp., 28 figs & 34 tables.Google Scholar
Solman, V.E.F. (1973 a). Influence of Garbage Dumps Near Airports on the Bird Hazard to Aircraft Problem. Paper presented at the National Conference on Urban Engineering Terrain Problems, Montreal, Canada (May 1973), 8 pp. (mimeogr.).Google Scholar
Solman, V.E.F. (1973 b). Birds and Aircraft. Biological Conservation, 5, pp. 7986, illustr.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solman, V.E.F. (1973 c). Bird-strikes and Air Safety. (Paper 4th Seminar, Society of Air Safety Investigators, Toronto.) Associate Committee on Bird Hazards to Aircraft, National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada: Field Note Number 66, 12 pp. (mimeogr.).Google Scholar
Solman, V. E. F. (1974). Birds and the Aerospace Industry. First Canadian World Conference on Aerospace and the Community of Man, 5–8 08 1974. Vancouver, Canada: 15 pp. (mimeogr.).Google Scholar
Solman, V.E.F. (1977). Airport Bird Hazard Control. (30th Annual International Air Safety Seminar, 19–22 09 1977.) Flight Safety Foundation, Ottawa, Canada: 9 pp. (mimeogr.).Google Scholar
Solman, V.E.F. (1978). Gulls and aircraft. Environmental Conservation, 5, pp. 277–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solman, V.E.F. (1981). Birds and aviation. Environmental Conservation, 8, pp. 4551, 2 figs.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stables, E.R. & New, N.D. (1968). Birds and aircraft: The problems. Pp. 316 in The Problems of Birds as Pests (Ed. Murton, R.K. & Wright, E.N.). Academic Press, New York, NY, USA: xiv + 254 pp., illustr.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tanner, J.A. (1966). Effect of microwave radiation on birds. Nature (London), 200, p. 636.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tets, G.F. Van (1969 a). Quantitative and qualitative changes in habitat and avifauna at Sydney airport. CSIRO Wildlife Res., 14, pp. 117–28.Google Scholar
Tets, G.F. Van (1969 b). Diurnal movement patterns of the Silver Gull, Larus novaehollandiae Stephens, at Sydney airport. CSIRO Wildlife Res., 14, pp. 111–6.Google Scholar
Tets, F.F. Van, Vestjens, W.J.M. & Slater, E. (1969). Orange runway lighting as a method for reducing bird-strike damage to aircraft. CSIRO Wildlife Res., 14, pp. 129–51.Google Scholar
Thiessen, G.L. & Shaw, E.A.G. (1957). Acoustic irritation threshold of Ring-billed Gulls. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 29, pp. 1307–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, G.J. (1969). Research on gull management. Ibis, 111, p. 446.Google Scholar
Thomas, G.J. (1972). A review of gull damage and management methods at nature reserves. Biological Conservation, 4, pp. 117–27, illustr.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thorpe, J. (1977). Analysis of bird-strikes reported by European airlines 1972–1975. Pp. 1651 in Proceedings of the Third World Conference on Bird Hazards to Aircraft (organized by the Bird Strike Committee Europe), Paris, France [not available for checking].Google Scholar
Wright, E.N. (1968). Modification of the habitat as a means of bird control. Pp. 97105 in The Problems of Birds as Pests (Ed. Murton, R.K. & Wright, E.N.). Academic Press, New York, NY, USA: xiv + 254 pp., illustr.CrossRefGoogle Scholar