Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-8zxtt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-13T04:47:19.480Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Geographical distribution of the dermatophytes: a review

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 May 2009

Christine M. Philpot
Affiliation:
Mycological Reference Laboratory of the Public Health Laboratory Service, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

In these days of rapid transit from continent to continent, and the increasing mobility of people, agents of disease are no longer geographically restricted. Disease contracted half way across the world may become manifest in a country in which the pathogen is not normally found. Thus knowledge of the geographical distribution of pathogens becomes increasingly important when a diagnosis is being made. This is as true of ringworm fungi as of any other group of micro-organisms. In the last 12 years, in the Mycological Reference Laboratory, an increasing number of exotic dermatophytes have been seen, related in part at least to the great increase in the number of non-British residents.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1978

References

REFERENCES

Ajello, L. (1960). Geographical distribution and prevalence of the dermatophytes. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 89, 3038.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ajello, L. (1974). Natural History of the dermatophytes and related fungi. Mycopathologia et mycologia applicata 53, 93110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alam, S. A. & Muazzam, M. (1974). Dermatophytes in Bangladesh. Journal of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene 77, 267–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Alteras, I. & Cojocaru, I. (1970). Evolution of tinea capitis in Roumania after World War II. International Journal of Dermatology 9, 119–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andrieu, S., Zigler, P., Biguet, J., Cochet, G. & Duc, G. (1962). Las Teignes en Republique du Tchad. Prospection pourtant sur plus de 6000 prélevements effectués dans les deux secteurs de Fort-Archambault et de Fort Lamy. Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie exotique 55, 7081.Google Scholar
Ardehali, M. (1973). Dermatophytic agents of tinea unguium in Iran. International Journal of Dermatology 12, 322–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Basset, A. & Basset, M. (1960). Les Teignes du cuir chevelu au Senegal. Enquête préliminaire. Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie exotique 53, 500–4.Google Scholar
Basset, A. & Basset, M. (1961). Les teignes du cuir chevelu et lea épidermomycoses à Dakar. Enquête. Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie exotique 54, 810–6.Google Scholar
Beare, J. M. & Cheeseman, E. A. (1953). The problem of ringworm in Northern Ireland. Ulster Medical Journal (suppl.) 22, 544.Google ScholarPubMed
Bhushanam, P. N., Singh, N. & Patnaik, R. (1972). Tinea capitis in Hyderabad (with an epidemic of tinea capitis in a home for the disabled). Indian Journal of Dermatology and Venereology 38, 56–9.Google Scholar
Blaschke-Hellmessen, R., Haufe, U. & Seebacher, C. (1975). Statischer Bericht über die Dermatophyton-flora au Dermtomykosen in der DDR von 1967 bis 1971. Dermatologieche Monatsschrift 161, 433–49.Google Scholar
Bocobo, F. C., Eadie, G. A. & Miedler, L. F. (1965). Epidemiologic study of tinea capitis caused by Trichophyton tonsurans and Microsporum audouinii. Public Health Reports, Washington 80, 891–8.Google Scholar
Brede, H. D. (1962). Microbiology and dermatology with special reference to some observations on fungus infections in the Cape. South African Medical Journal 36, 1094–5.Google ScholarPubMed
Brede, H. D. (1972). Dermatophytes of Southern Africa. In Essays on Tropical Dermatology (ed. Marshall, J.). Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica 2, 330–8.Google Scholar
Brinkman, A. (1974). Zum Vorkommen von Dermatomykosen in Liberia. Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie 25, 350–59.Google Scholar
Buckley, D. B. & Foley, B. V. (1968). Incidence of dermatological fungal diseases in Cork City and County. Irish Journal of Medical Science 6, 177–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlier, G. I. M. (1963). A seventeen-year survey of the ringworm flora of Birmingham. Journal of Hygiene 61, 291305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carrion, A. L. (1965). Dermatomycoses in Puerto Rico. Archives of Dermatology 91, 431–8.Google Scholar
Clarke, G. H. V. & Walker, J. (1953). Superficial fungus infections in Nigeria. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 56, 117–21.Google ScholarPubMed
Coudert, J., Battesti, M.-R., Despeignes, J. & Ambroise-Thomas, P. (1965). Evolution des teignes dans la région lyonnaise de 1946 à 1965. Bulletin de la Société francaise de Dermatologie et Syphilligraphie 72, 765–7.Google Scholar
Da Fonseca, A. N., Neves, H. & Figueiredo, M. M. (1964). Dermatophytes in Angola. Dermatologia Tropica 3, 162–8.Google Scholar
Dasgupta, L. R., Agarwal, S. C. & Bedi, B. M. S. (1975). Tinea capitis in Pondicherry (South India). Sabouraudia 13, 3840.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dasgupta, S. N. & Shome, S. K. (1959). Studies in medical mycology. I. On the occurrence of mycotic diseases in Lucknow. Mycopathologia et mycologia applicata 10, 177–86.Google Scholar
Desai, S. C. (1966). Epidemicity and clinical features of T. rubrum infections in the Tropics. Dermatologia Internationale 5, 222–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dion, W. M. & Kapica, L. (1975). Isolation of dermatophytes, Candida species and systemic fungi from dermatologic specimens in Montreal 1963 to 1973. Canadian Medical Association Journal 112, 712–6.Google Scholar
Donald, G. F., Brown, G. W. & Shepherd, R. A. W. (1965). The dermatophytic flora of South Australia. A survey of 1819 cases of tinea studied between 1954 and 1964. Australian Journal of Dermatology 8, 7377.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Donald, G. F., Shepherd, R. A. W. & Brown, G. W. (1959). A survey of 581 dermatophytes identified in South Australia during the years 1954–1959. Australian Journal of Dermatology 5, 81–9.Google Scholar
Duncan, J. T. (1945). A survey of fungus diseases in Great Britain. Results from the first eighteen months. British Medical Journal ii, 715.Google Scholar
English, M. P. (1976). Nails and fungi – an interdisciplinary collaboration. The Chiropodist 31, 234–9.Google Scholar
Feinstein, A., Ziprowski, L., Sommer, B. & Harari, Z. (1971). Epidemiology of fungus infections. Harefuah 80, 649–52.Google ScholarPubMed
Findlay, G. H. (1959). Ringworm (tinea) infections in the Transvaal. Medical Proceedings 5 429–33.Google Scholar
Findlay, G. H. (1974). Fungous diseases of the skin in the Transvaal. New findings and profile. Transactions; St Johns Hospital Dermatological Society 60, 6372.Google ScholarPubMed
Fleming, W. A. (1975). Dermatophyte isolations in Northern Ireland 1967–1973. Ulster Medical Journal 44, 44–7.Google ScholarPubMed
Gaisin, A., Holzwanger, J. M. & Leyden, J. I. (1977). Endothrix tinea capitis in Philadelphia. International Journal of Dermatology 16, 188–90.Google Scholar
Georg, L. K. (1952). Trichophyton tonsurans ringworm – a new public health problem. Public Health Reports, Washington 67, 53–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gonzalez-Ochoa, A. & Gonzalez-MendozA, A. (1960). La Micologia Medica en Mexico. Rivision de la bibliografia agarecida durante el periodo de 1946 a 1958. Mycopathologia et mycologia applicata 13, 4871.Google Scholar
Gonzalez-Ochoa, A. & Victoria, C. O. (1974). Frequency of occurrence of principal dermatophytoses and their causative agents observed in Mexico City. International Journal of Dermatology 13, 303–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Green, A. C. & Kaminski, G. W. (1973). Trichophyton rubrum infections in Northern Territory aborigines. Australian Journal of Dermatology 14, 101–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grin, E. I. & Ozegovic, L. (1964). Les données épidémiologiques et thérapeutiques des dermatophyties endémiques en Yougoslavie. Maroc Medicale 43, 2738.Google Scholar
Gugnani, H. C., Mulay, D. N. & Murty, D. K. (1967). Fungus flora of dermtophytosis and Trichophyton simii infection in North India. Indian Journal of Dermatology and Venereology 33, 7382.Google Scholar
Hand, E. A. & Georg, L. K. (1955). Trichophyton tonsurans ringworm. Journal of the Michigan State Medical Society 54, 687690, 727.Google Scholar
Indira, P., Sirsi, M. & Kristnamurthi, N. (1971). A preliminary survey of dermatomycoses in Bangalore. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Science B 74, 174–84.Google Scholar
Johanny, R. (1964). De la pathologie cutanée au Liban. Importance des teignes et de mycoses superficielles. Maroc Médicale 43, 3945.Google Scholar
Juminer, B., Rioux, J. A. & Stefanovic, M. (1964). Enquête sur la dermatophytes de Tunisie. I. Les agents de dermatophytoses humaines. Etude de 15,000 prélevements. Archives de l'Institut Pasteur de Tunis 41, 321–45.Google Scholar
Kachnic, M. (1967). Die Pilzkrankheiten und die Änderungen der Pilzflora in der Ostslowakei im Zeitraum von 1954 bis 1966. Mykosen 10, 577–81.Google Scholar
Kalra, L., Mohapatra, L. N. & Gugnani, H. C. (1964). Etiology of dermatomycoses in Delhi. Indian Journal of Medical Research 52, 533–8.Google Scholar
Khan, K. A. & Anwar, A. A. (1968). Study of 73 cases of tinea capitis and tinea favosa in adults and adolescents. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 51, 474–6.Google Scholar
Klokke, A. H. & Durairaj, P. (1967). The causal agents of superficial mycoses isolated in rural areas of south India. Sabouraudia 5, 153–8.Google Scholar
Londero, A. T. (1962). The geographic distribution and prevalence of dermatophytes in Brazil. Sabouraudia 2, 108–10.Google Scholar
Londero, A. T. (1963). Microsporum infection in Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). Dermatologia Tropica 2, 164–7.Google Scholar
Londero, A. T. (1964). Dermatomycoses in the hinterland of Rio Grande do Sul. Dermatologia Tropica 3, 64–8.Google Scholar
Mackenzie, D. W. R. & Rusk, L. W. (1964). The mycological diagnostic service: a five year survey (1959–1963). Ulster Medical Journal 33, 94100.Google ScholarPubMed
Mahgoub, El S. (1965). Mycotic infections in the Sudan. Ph.D. thesis, University of London.Google Scholar
Marcelou-Kinti, O., Papageorgiou, S., Papavassiliou, I. & Capetanaki, I. (1973). Los Dermatofilos y su ecologia en Grecia. IX Congreso Internacional de Enfermedades Tropicales y Malaria, Atenas, Grecia, pp. 184–91.Google Scholar
Marples, M. J. (1950). The incidence of certain skin diseases in Western Samoa; a preliminary survey. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 44, 319–32.Google Scholar
Marples, M. J. (1959). Some problems in the ecology of the dermatophytes. New Zealand Medical Journal 58, 64–9.Google Scholar
Marples, M. J. (1968). Some observations on the distribution of dermatophytes in Pacific Islands. Bulletin of the Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Takatsuki 72, 711.Google Scholar
Mofty, A. M. El, Jeffries, C. D. & El Komy, H. M. (1968). A survey of the pathogenic fungi of mycotic infections of the scalp in U.A.R. Mycopathologia et mycologia applicata 34, 61–4.Google Scholar
Murray, I. G. (1966). The changing pattern of dermatophyte infections in the British Isles. Monthly Bulletin of the Ministry of Health and the Public Health Laboratory Service 25, 210–14.Google Scholar
Nath, P. & Agarwal, P. K. (1971). Some observations on mycotic infections in Lucknow. Indian Journal of Medical Research 59, 675–82.Google Scholar
Neves, H. (1960). Mycological study of 519 cases of ringworm infections in Portugal. Mycopathologia et mycologia applicata 13, 121–32.Google Scholar
Neves, H. & Do Carmen-Sousa, L. (1960). Medical and veterinary mycology in Portugal for 1949–59. Mycopathologia et mycologia applicata 13, 135–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nsanzumuhire, H. & Masawe, A. E. J. (1974). Dermatological disorders in children in mainland Tanzania. East African Medical Journal 51, 844–9.Google Scholar
Padhye, A. A. & Thirumalachar, M. J. (1968). Dermatophytoses in Poona. India. Observations on incidence, clinical features, environmental factors and causal agents studied during 1958 to 1963 at Sassoon Hospitals, Poona. Mycopathologia et mycologia applicata 40, 325–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Panda, G. K., Mohanty, D., Mohanty, H. C. & Nanda, C. N. (1967). Incidence of dermatomycoses in Burla. Indian Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology 10, 332–6.Google Scholar
Pankajalakshmi, V. V. & Subramanian, S. (1974). Mycoses in Madras (superficial). Indian Journal of Dermatology and Venereology 40, 228–35.Google Scholar
Pattyn, S. R. & Sassen, A. (1960). Etude des dermatophytes au Katanga. Annales de la Société Belge de Medicine Tropicale 40, 541–8.Google Scholar
Yanez, Pena J. (1960). Los dermatophites en Espana y su distribucion geografica. Medicina tropicale pp. 15.Google Scholar
Pinetti, P. (1959). Rivista critica della letteratura micologica medica in Italia tra il 1964. Mycopathologia et mycologia applicata 11, 155169.Google Scholar
Rahim, G. F. (1966). A survey of fungi causing tinea capitis in Iraq. British Journal of Dermatology 78, 213–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ridley, M. F., Wilson, E. & Harrington, M. (1961). The occurrence of dermatophytes in Queensland. Australian Journal of Dermatology 6, 24–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ross, J. B., Butler, R. W., Cross, R. J. & Fardy, P. W. (1971). A retrospective study of dermatophyte infections in Newfoundland for the period 1962–1968. Canadian Medical Journal 104, 492–6.Google Scholar
Saunders, W. (1973). Superficial fungus infections in northern New York State. Cutis 11, 693–4.Google Scholar
Selim, M. M. El-D. & Shazely, M. Al. (1973). Ringworm affection amongst Kuwait school children. Journal of the Kuwait Medical Association 7, 155.Google Scholar
Smith, N. M. B. & Marples, M. J. (1964). Ringworm in the Solomon Islands. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 58, 63–7.Google Scholar
Taylor, R. L., Kotrajaras, R. & Jotisankasa, V. (1968). Occurrence of dermatophytes in Bangkok, Thailand. Sabouraudia 6, 307–11.Google Scholar
Vanbreuseghem, R. (1957). Tinea capitis and African Histoplasmosis in the Belgian Congo. Transactions of the New York Academy of Science 7, 622–34.Google Scholar
Vanbreuseghem, R. (1966a). Les teignes en Republique de Somalie. Bulletin de l'Académie r. de medicine Belgique 6, sér. VII, 247–62.Google Scholar
Vanbreuseghem, R. (1966b). Lea teignes du Maroc et de Republique de Somalie. Annales de la Société belge de Médicine tropicale 46 441–50.Google Scholar
Vanbreuseghem, R. (1968). Nouvelles observations sur les teignes en Republique de Somalie. Annales de la Société belge de Médicine tropicale 48, 513–26.Google Scholar
Vanbreuseghem, R. & De Vroey, C. (1970). Geographic distribution of dermatophytes. International Journal of Dermatology 9, 102–9.Google Scholar
Verhagen, A. R. (1974). Distribution of dermatophytes causing tinea capitis in Africa. Tropical and Geographical Medicine 26, 101–20.Google Scholar
Verhagen, A. R., Maniar, S. H. & Vanbreuseghem, R. (1969). Dermatophytoses in Kenya. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 63, 275–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vilanova, X., Casanovas, M. & Lecha, E. (1959). Resumen esta distico de las micosis superficiales observades en la Clinica Dermatologica Universitaria de Barcelona entre los anos 1947–1957. Actas Dermo-Sifilograficas (Madrid) 50, 321–37.Google Scholar
Walker, J. (1950). The dermatophytoses of Great Britain. Report of a three years' survey. British Journal of Dermatology and Syphilis 62, 239–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, C. N. (1976). Scalp ringworm among black children in South Africa and the occurrence of Trichophyton yaoundei. South African Medical Journal 50, 705–7.Google Scholar
Zaror, L. (1974). Dermatomicosis en el sur de Chile. Revista Médica de Chile 102, 299302.Google Scholar
Ziprkowski, L. & Sommer, B. (1969). Der mykotische flora in Israel. Mykosen 12, 177–81.Google Scholar