Hostname: page-component-7bb8b95d7b-qxsvm Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-09-16T02:18:08.308Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Drive Towards Nanotechnology Standardization: Shifting Roles in Governance and Key Challenges

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Evisa Kica*
Affiliation:
University of Twente, Institute for Innovation and Governance Studies, The Netherlands. Email:

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Reports
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Jonathan Tucker, “Standards Will Help Ensure Order in Nano-Enabled Industries”, Keithley Instruments, Inc., 22 June 2009, at p. 1.

2 Nel, Andre, Xia, Tian, Mädler, Lutz and Li, Ning, “Toxic Potential of Materials at the Nanolevel”, 311 Science (2006), pp. 622 et sqq., at p. 623CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

3 Marchant, Gary and Sylvester, Douglas, “Transnational Models for Regulation of Nanotechnology”, Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics (2006), pp. 714 et sqq., at p. 715CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

4 Forsberg, Ellen-Marie, “The Role of ISO in the Governance of Nanotechnology”, WRI Work Research Institute of Norway (2010), pp. 176.Google Scholar

5 Chaudhry, Qasim, Blackburn, James, Floyd, Charles et al., Final Report: A Scoping Study to Identify Gaps in Environmental Regulation for the Products and Applications of Nanotechnologies (London: Defra, 2006)Google Scholar.

6 Clarence Davies, “Managing the Effects of Nanotechnology”, 2 January 2006, available on the Internet at <http://www.nanotechproject.org/process/assets/files/2708/30_pen2_mngeffects.pdf> (last accessed on 13 April 2012).

7 International Risk Governance Council , “Appropriate Risk Governance Strategies for Nanotechnology: Applications in Food and Cosmetics”, April 2009, available on the internet at http://www.irgc.org/IMG/pdf/irgc_nanotechnologies_food_and_cosmetics_policy_brief.pdf (last accessed on 13 April 2012).

8 Bowman, Diana and Hodge, Grame, “A Small Matter of Regulation: An International Review of Nanotechnology Regulation”, VIII The Columbia Science and Technology Law Review (2007), pp. 2 et sqq., at p. 12Google Scholar.

9 Murashov, Vladimir and Howard, John, Nanotechnology Standards, (New York: Springer Science Business Media 2011), at p 1 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

10 Elvio Mantovani, Andrea Porcari, Mark Morrison et al., “Developments in Nanotechnologies Regulation and Standards”, June 2010, available on the Internet at <http://www.observatorynano.eu/project/filesystem/files/ObservatoryNano_Nanotechnologies_RegulationAndStandards_2010.pdf> (last accessed on 13April 2012).

11 Hodge, Graeme, Bowman, Diana and Ludlow, Karinne. New Global Frontiers in Regulation (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2007), at p. 13 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

12 Abbott, Kenneth, Marchant, Gary and Sylvester, Douglas, “Transnational Regulation of Nanotechnology: Reality or Romanticism?”, in Hodge, Graeme, Bowman, Diana and Maynard, Andrew (eds.), International Handbook of Regulating Nanotechnologies (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2010), pp. 525 et sqq., at p. 528Google Scholar.

13 Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council and the European Economic and Social Committee, “A Strategic Vision for European Standards: Moving Forward to Enhance and Accelerate the Sustainable Growth of the European Economy by 2020”. COM(2011)311, pp. 1–20.

14 European Commission Enterprise and Industry Directorate. Mandate Addressed to CEN, CENELEC and ETSI for Standardization Activities Regarding Nanotechnologies and Nanomaterials. M/461(2010), pp. 1–7.

15 Abbott, Marchant and Sylvester, “Transnational Regulation of Nanotechnology”, supra note 12, at p. 529.

16 Mantovani, Porcari, Morrison et al., “Developments in Nanotechnologies Regulation and Standards”, supra note 9, at p. 100.

17 Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council and the European Economic and Social Committee European Commission, “A Strategic Vision for European Standards”, supra note 13, pp. 1–20.

18 Forsberg, Ellen-Marie, “Standardisation in the Field of Nanotechnology: Some Issues of Legitimacy”, Science and Engineering Ethics (2011), pp. 121 Google ScholarPubMed.

19 Peter Hatto, “International Standardization for Nanotechnologies”, presentation held at the Michigan State University, 7 February 2005.

20 Petter Hatto and Stuart MacLachlan, “Standardising nanotechnologies”, Materials World Magazine, 1 December 2005.

21 Thoreau, François, “One to Rule Them All? The Standardisation of Nanotechnologies”, 2 European Journal of Risk Regulation (2011), pp. 414 et sqq., at p. 418CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

22 Suchman, Marc, “Managing Legitimacy: Strategic and Institutional Approaches”, Academy of Management Review, pp. 571 et sqq., at p. 574Google Scholar.

23 Hurd, Ian, “Legitimacy and Authority in International Politics”, International Organization (2003), pp. 379 et sqq., at p. 387Google Scholar.

24 Black, Julia, “Legitimacy and the Competition for Regulatory Share”, Law, Society and Economy Working Papers (2009), pp. 1 et sqq., at p. 9Google Scholar.

25 Wheatley, Steven, “Democratic governance beyond the state: The legitimacy of non-state actors as standard setters”, in Peters, Anne, Koechlin, Lucky, Förster, Till et al. (eds.), Non-State Actors as Standard Setters (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), at p. 224 Google Scholar.

26 Thomas Risse, “Transnational governance and legitimacy”, 17 February 2004, available on the Internet at <http://userpage.fuberlin.de/~atasp/texte/tn_governance_benz.pdf> (last accessed on 13 April 2012).

27 Nicolas Hachez and Jan Wouters, “Scrutinizing the Democratic Legitimacy of Private Standards: The example of Global G.A.P”, Working paper Leuven Centre for Global Governance Studies (2010), pp. 1–20.

28 Forsberg, “The Role of ISO in the Governance of Nanotechnology” supra note 4, at p. 6.

29 Bernstein, Steven, “Legitimacy in Global Environmental Governance”, 1 Journal of International Law & International Relations (2004), pp. 139 et sqq., at p. 148Google Scholar.

30 Hallström, Kristina, “The use of democratic values in ISO 26000 process on social responsibility”, in Sundström, Göran, Soneryd, Linda and Furusten, Staffan (eds.), Organizing Democracy: The Construction of Agency in Practice, (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2010), pp. 4864 Google Scholar.

31 Fritz Scharpf, “Problem-Solving Effectiveness and Democratic Accountability in the EU”, Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies, Working Paper (2003).

32 Risse, Thomas and Kleine, Mareike, “Assessing the Legitimacy of the EU's Treaty Revision Methods”, 45 Journal of Common Market Studies (2007), pp. 6980 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

33 Miles, John, “Metrology and Standards for Nanotechnology”, in Hodge, Graeme, Bowman, Diana and Ludlow, Karinne (eds.), New Global Frontiers in Regulation. (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2007), at p. 345 Google Scholar.

34 ISO/IEC Directives Part 1, Procedures for the Technical Work 2011, available on the Internet at <http://www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs/iec/isoiecdir-1%7Bed8.0%7Den.pdf> (last accessed on 13 April 2012).

35 Forsberg, “Standardisation in the Field of Nanotechnology”, supra note 18, at p. 8.

36 Aurélie Delemarle and Harold Throne-Holst, “The Role of Standardisation in the Shaping of a Vision for Nanotechnology”, presentation held at the University of Twente, “Tentative Governance in Emerging Science and Technology”, 28 October 2010.

37 Kristina Hallström, “The use of democratic values in ISO 26000 process on social responsibility”, supra note 30.

38 ISO/TC229 has also established external liaison with the IEC TC113 of Nanotechnology standardisation for electrical and electronics products and systems; the OECD Working Party on Manufactured Nanomaterials (WPMN); the EU Joint Research Centre; the Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum (APEC) and with the Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards (VAMAS). See: Hodge, Bowman and Ludlow, New Global Frontiers in Regulation, supra note 11, at p. 353.

39 Delemarle and Throne-Holst, “The Role of Standardisation in the Shaping of a Vision for Nanotechnology”, supra note 36.

40 Nanotechnology Industries Association “Regulators stress need for development of standards for nanomaterials based on consensus”, NIA Newsletter, 12 January 2012.

41 OECD, “Nanotechnologies at the OECD”, presentation held in Senegal “Sixth Session of the Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety”, 15 September 2008.

42 Rob Visser, “A Sustainable development for Nanotechnologies: an OECD perspective”, in Hodge, Bowman and Ludlow, New Global Frontiers in Regulation, supra note 11, at p. 321.

43 ETC Group, “Nanogeopolitics 2009: The Second Survey”, July 2009, available on the Internet at <http://www.lawbc.com/other_pdfs/00048599.PDF> (last accessed on 13 April 2012).

44 Forsberg, “The Role of ISO in the Governance of Nanotechnology”, supra note 4.

45 Meaning that the standardisation authorities function in accordance to the Minister's directions and specifications for standardisation processes and practices.

46 Schepel, Harm and Falke, Josef, Legal aspects of standardisation in the Member States of the EC and EFTA: Volume 1 Comparative Report. (Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2000)Google Scholar.

47 Ibid, at p. 123.

48 Danna Kissinger, “A journey through COPOLCO's first 25 years”, 32 ISO Bulletin, August 2003, pp. 32–36.

49 Farquhar, Bruce, Everhardus, Elizabeth and Ogilvie, Ken, “Comparative Study of Consumer Groups and Environmental NGOs Engaged in International Standards Work”, 7 Pollution Probe (2006), pp. 148 Google Scholar.

50 Gottlobe Fabisch, “The Need for Consumer Representation in Standardisation”, TUTB Newsletter, 25 June 2004, at p. 50.

51 Forsberg, “Standardisation in the Field of Nanotechnology”, supra note 18.

52 European Environmental Citizens’ Organisation for Standardisation,“ECOS on Standards for Nanotechnologies-Ideas and Demands of the Environmental Community as Input Into EC Standardisation Mandate M/409”, January 2008, available on the Internet at <http://www.ecostandard.org/wp-content/uploads/2008-01_ecos_on_mandate_nanotech_final.pdf> (last accessed on 13 April 2012).

53 Murashov and Howard, Nanotechnology Standards, supra note 10, at p. 254.

54 ISO/TC229 Nanotechnologies, “TC229 Published Standards”, available on the Internet <http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_tc_browse.htm?commid=381983&published=on> (last accessed on 13 April 2012).

55 ISO/IEC Directives Part 1, “Procedures for the Technical Work 2011”, supra note 34, at p. 33.

56 Paula Gould, “Nanomaterials Face Control Measures”, Nanotoday, May 2006, at p. 38.

57 According to Rip and Kulve, the technology selectors within the field of nanotechnology are: the professional comparative selectors (i.e. regulatory agencies), the amateur comparative selectors (i.e. consumers, environmental groups) and technology enactors (i.e. spokespeople for consumers, through which citizens can react and oppose). See Rip, Arie and Kulve, Haico te: “Constructive technology assessment and socio-technical scenarios”, in Fisher, Eric, Selin, Cynthia, Wetmore, Jameson (eds.), The Yearbook of Nanotechnology in Society (New York, NY: Springer Science, 2008), at p. 52 Google Scholar.

58 Hallström, “The use of democratic values in ISO 26000 process on social responsibility”, supra note 30, at p. 53.