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Inclusion and exclusion

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 July 2009

Robert E. Goodin
Robert E. Goodin
Affiliation:
The Australian National University(Canberra).
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Abstract

Many familiar political projects—among them, demands for participation, for citizenship and for free movement and open borders—have been recently subsumed within a larger crusade against ‘social exclusion’. But each of these political projects seems better understood, and better pursued, in its own original terms. Furthermore, inclusionist appeals logically backfire: explicitly they are expansionist, urging the stretching of boundaries of membership so as to include those who were previously excluded; but every inclusion implies an exclusion (there can be no ‘inside’ without an ‘outside’); so indusionist appeals are implicitly consenting to a closed community, albeit one with a rather broader catchment. We ought to be striving instead for different kinds of communities, ones less internally inclusive and less externally exclusive. This amounts to a call for multiple overlapping jurisdictions, with many places where one can seek social support and many places where one might lodge a demand or file an appeal.

Bien des projets politiques populaires, parmi lesquels des demandes de participation, de nationalisation, de liberté de circulation pour des candidats à l'immigration, sont présentes maintenant sous la banière très large d'une croisade contre l'exclusion sociale. Cependant, chacun de ces projets à une meilleure logique si on le considère pour soi-même. De plus, les appels à la globalisation entraînent logiquement des chocs en retour : ils font appel à l'ouverture et ils font pression pour l'élargissement des conditions d'appartenance à une communauté nationale, mais chaque inclusion implique une exclusion (il n'y a pas d'« intérieur » sans « exterieur »); ainsi les appels à l'inclusion font référence essentiellement à une communauté close, quelqu'élargi que soit son rayon. Nous devons plutôt chercher à définir des formes nouvelles de communautés qui seraient mieux possessives à l'intérieur et mieux exclusives vis-à-vis de l'extérieur. Des recouvrements d'appartenances devraient rendre possible des soutiens sociaux divers et offrir des possibilités variées d'accueil pour une demande ou un recours.

Zahlreiche politische Projekte, darunter Anfragen zur Beteiligung, zur Einbürgerung, zum freien Personenverkehr von Auswanderern, werden heute unter dem Banner «Kampf gegen die Armut» präsentiert. Es wäre jedoch logischer jedes Projekt einzeln zu betrachten, zumal die Aufrufe zur Globalisierung logischerweise eine Gegenbewegung auslösen. Sie setzen eine Öffnung voraus und zwingen zur Aufweichung der nationalen Zugehörigkeitskriterien. Jede Einschließung bedeutet aber auch Ausgrenzung (es gibt kein «Innen» ohne ein «Außen»). Deshalb berufen sich die Forderungen zur Einbürgerung hauptsächlich auf eine geschlossene Gesellschaft, wie großzügig deren Interpretation auch sein mag. Unsere Aufgabe sollte vielmehr sein, nach neuen Formen der Gemeinschaft zu suchen, die nach innen prägender und nach außen ausgrenzender wären. Zugehörigkeitsüberschneidungen dürften verschiedene soziale Hilfsformen ermöglichen und ein vielfaches an Empfangsformen bezüglich einer Anfrage oder einer Berufung schaffen.

Type
Exclus et prolétaires
Information
European Journal of Sociology / Archives Européennes de Sociologie , Volume 37 , Issue 2 , November 1996 , pp. 343 - 371
Copyright
Copyright © Archives Européenes de Sociology 1996

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