A traumatic brain injury (TBI) can cause numerous psychiatric complications. Humor and anxious disorders, personality disorders and psychoses are some of those possible problems. The diagnosis of psychosis due to traumatic brain injury (PDTBI), although controversial, has been subject of crescent debate and the idea that a TBI could cause a psychosis is gaining credibility. Diagnosing a PDTBI can be difficult. DSM-5 criteria are rather vague and there are many potential confounding factors due to similarities with other etiological psychosis.

Alert clinicians to the diagnosis of PDTBI, clarify this clinical entity and define features that may allow them to do the differential diagnosis with other etiologic psychotic disorders.

The authors performed a research in PubMed using the keywords psychosis and traumatic brain injury and selected the adequate articles to meet the objectives proposed.

Differential diagnosis of PDTBI should be done with schizophrenia, schizoaffective psychosis, delusional disorder, substance-induced psychosis, psychosis due to other medical condition and with posttraumatic stress disorder. Differentiating PDTBI and schizophrenia can be particularly difficult. Some features have been proposed in the literature as potentially differentiating, namely the presence of negative symptoms (more common in schizophrenia), findings in MRI/CT and EEG.

Establishing PDTBI diagnosis can be difficult. While awaiting new studies, clinicians should, in cases of TBI related psychosis, achieve a meticulous clinical history and mental exam, in order to ensure a correct diagnosis and, therefore, determine an appropriate intervention.

The author has not supplied his/her declaration of competing interest.