Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-m9kch Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-07T20:26:35.832Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Economic Pull Factors versus Political Push Factors: A Descriptive Analysis of Multidimensional Relations between Russia and Turkey

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 May 2017

Haldun Çanci
Haldun Çanci*
Affiliation:
Faculty of Business and Economics, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, North Cyprus. Email: haldun.canci@gmail.com
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This article analyses the economic cooperation and political disagreements between Russia and Turkey, focusing on the Putin–Erdogan (2003–2014) period. The analysis depends therefore on economic, socio-cultural, military and political dimensions of the relations between the two neighbouring countries. The article aims to contribute to efforts that try to comprehend the past, present, and future of Russian–Turkish relations. It can be mentioned that Russian–Turkish relations have both positive and negative aspects, and the crucial questions in this respect are: Will the pragmatism stimulated by economic expectations be sufficient to ignore political paradoxes? Are further political relations, such as strategic alliances and/or partnerships, possible between these two countries?

Type
Articles
Information
European Review , Volume 25 , Issue 3 , July 2017 , pp. 463 - 478
Copyright
© Academia Europaea 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References and Notes

1.This article was written between late 2013 and early 2015. Hence, it does not cover subsequent changes.Google Scholar
2. Heper, M. (1985) The State Tradition in Turkey (Walkington: Eothen Press).Google Scholar
3. Heper, M. (1992) The strong state as a problem for the consolidation of democracy: Turkey and Germany compared. Comparative Political Studies, 25(2), pp. 169–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4. Tsygankov, A.P. (2014) The Strong State in Russia: Development and Crisis (New York: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
5. Steen, A. (2003) Political Elites and the New Russia: the Power Basis of Yeltsin’s and Putin’s Regimes (New York: RoutledgeCurzon), p. 51.Google Scholar
6. Musil, P.A. (2011) Authoritarian Party Structures and Democratic Political Setting in Turkey (New York: Palgrave Macmillan).Google Scholar
7. Kryshtanovskaya, O. and White, S. (2003) Putin’s militocracy. Post-Soviet Affairs, 19(4), pp. 289–306.Google Scholar
8. Görener, A.S. and Ucal, M.S. (2011) The personality and leadership style of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan: implications for Turkish foreign policy. Turkish Studies, 12(3), pp. 357–381.Google Scholar
9. Ossinovski, J. (2010) Legitimacy of political power in Putin’s Russia. MSc dissertation, London School of Economics and Political Science, pp. 28–29. Available from: http://www.google.com.tr/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCMQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ut.ee%2FABVKeskus%2Fsisu%2Fpublikatsioonid%2F2010%2Fpdf%2FOssinovski_MA.pdf&ei=dwKMVLuyBcLbavGVgrAE&usg=AFQjCNGNz1S1FBavSRqCNhzBJc6NwD2G3A&sig2=OwisTnQAv6fPv7DRPy5eKA (accessed 13 December 2014).Google Scholar
10. Arklan, U. (2004) Charisma phenomenon in political leadership: a theoretical and practical study sampling R.T. Erdogan. MA dissertation (in Turkish), Seljuk University. Available from: http://www.google.com.tr/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CCUQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdergisosyalbil.selcuk.edu.tr%2Fsusbed%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F512%2F494&ei=HhWMVOyRLM_naunjgbAD&usg=AFQjCNHo7wO7f4WoKa7eLGM-wwogCHqJjQ&sig2=yYvwqLso6qZTlF6FctciFw (accessed 13 December 2014).Google Scholar
11. Ghazali, A.H. (2005) White slavery business is booming in Turkey. Al-Ahram al-Arabi, 2 April, p. 45. Available from: http://www.arabwestreport.info/year-2005/week-14/35-white-slavery-business-booming-turkey (accessed 19 April 2014).Google Scholar
12. Kazim, H. (2014) Interview with an Islamic State recruiter: ‘democracy is for infidels’. Spiegel Online International, 28 October. Available from: http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/islamic-state-interview-with-an-extremist-recruiter-a-999557.html [Accessed 10 January 2015].Google Scholar
13. Friends of Kosovo (2014) Turkey spreading radicalism in Kosovo. Available from: http://friendsofkosovo.com/tag/jihadists/ (accessed 10 January 2015).Google Scholar
14. Kiniklioglu, S. and Morkva, V. (2007) An anatomy of Turkish–Russian relations. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 7(4), pp. 533–553.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15. Dunne, T., Kurki, M. and Smith, S. (2013) International Relations Theories: Discipline and Diversity (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 94–111.Google Scholar
16. Wallander, C.A. (2007) Russian transimperialism and its implications. The Washington Quarterly, 30(2), pp. 107–122.Google Scholar
17. Lukyanov, F. (2010) Russian dilemmas in a multipolar world. Journal of International Affairs, 63(2), pp. 19–32.Google Scholar
18. Waltz, K. (1979) Theory of International Politics (New York: McGraw-Hill).Google Scholar
19. Sezer, D.B. (2007) Turkish-Russian relations: the challenges of reconciling geopolitical competition with economic partnership. Turkish Studies, 1(1), pp. 59–82 p. 61.Google Scholar
20. Kinross, L. (1977) The Ottoman Centuries: the Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire (New York: Morrow Quill Paperbacks).Google Scholar
21. Kurat, A.N. (2011) Turkey and Russia: Turkish-Russian Relations from the End of the 18th Century until the War of Independence (1798–1919) (Ankara: Turkish History Foundation) (in Turkish).Google Scholar
22. Encyclopedia Britannica. Russo-Turkish wars. Available from: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/514064/Russo-Turkish-wars (accessed 19 December 2013).Google Scholar
23. Uzuncarsili, I.H. (2003) The Ottoman History IV, Volume 2, 5th edn (Ankara: Turkish History Foundation) (in Turkish).Google Scholar
24. RiaNovosti (2010) History of Russian-Turkish relations. Available from: http://ria.ru/politics/20100113/204301523.html#ixzz2o2hAo4Bo (accessed 20 December 2013).Google Scholar
25. Bayur, Y.H. (2000) The Foreign Policy of the Turkish State (Ankara: Turkish History Foundation) (in Turkish).Google Scholar
26. Aksin, A. (1991) Ataturk’s Foreign Policy Principles and his Diplomacy (Ankara: Turkish History Foundation) (in Turkish).Google Scholar
27. Gasanli, D. (2008) USSR–Turkey: From Neutrality to the Cold War (1939–1953) (Moscow: Center Propagandi), p. 651.Google Scholar
28. Sahidov, A. (2009) Russia and Turkey: from war to alliance. Eurasian Law Journal, 7(14), pp. 1–2 p.1. Available from: http://www.eurasialaw.ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4004:2013-03-13-06-04-03&catid=322:2013-01-15-08-08-30 (accessed 19 December 2013).Google Scholar
29. Menon, R. and Barkey, H.J. (1993) The transformation of Central Asia: implications for regional and international security. Survival: Global Politics and Strategy, 34(4), pp. 68–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30. Robins, P. (1993) Between sentiment and self-interest: Turkey’s policy toward Azerbaijan and the Central Asian States. Middle East Journal, 47(4), pp. 593–610.Google Scholar
31. Fuller, G.E. (1993) Turkey’s new eastern orientation. In: G.E. Fuller and I.O. Lesser (Eds), Turkey’s New Geopolitics: From the Balkans to Western China (Boulder: Westview Press), pp. 37–98.Google Scholar
32. Cafersoy, N. (2011) Rusya–Turkiye Iliskileri nereye? 1news.com.tr. Available from: http://www.1news.com.tr/yazarlar/20111018100657274.html (accessed 26 December 2013).Google Scholar
33. Gabelnick, T., Hartung, W. and Washburn, J. (1999) Arming Repression: U.S. Arms Sales to Turkey during the Clinton Administration, a Joint Report of the World Policy Institute and the Federation of American Scientists (New York: World Policy Institute). Available from: http://www.fas.org/asmp/library/reports/turkeyrep.htm (accessed 19 December 2013).Google Scholar
34. Kuniholm, B.R. (1980) The Origins of the Cold War in the Near East: Great Power Conflict and Diplomacy in Iran, Turkey, and Greece (New Jersey: Princeton University Press).Google Scholar
35. Germann, C. (2014) The new great game. 8 May. Available from: http://christophgermann.blogspot.com/2014/01/the-new-great-game-round-up-35.html (accessed 19 April 2014).Google Scholar
36. Watson, P.J. (2014) Volgograd bombings:.. . 8 January. Available from: http://www.fourwinds10.net/siterun_data/government/war/terrorism_war/news.php?q=1389194176 (accessed 19 April 2014).Google Scholar
37. RiaNovosti (2004) Turkish nationals make the majority of foreign mercenaries active in Chechnya. Available from: http://en.ria.ru/onlinenews/20040206/39907083.html (accessed 26 December 2013).Google Scholar
38. Ziganshin, M.K. (2006) The Russian-Turkish relations: from bilateral cooperation to multidisciplinary partnership. Vestnik KRSU, 6(10), pp. 3–7 p. 3. Available from: http://arch.kyrlibnet.kg/uploads/Ziganshin%20M.K..pdf (accessed 20 December 2013).Google Scholar
39. The State Department of Statistics of Turkey (2013) Integrated Foreign Economic Information Portal. Available from: http://www.ved.gov.ru/eng/ (accessed 21 December 2013).Google Scholar
40. Panorama.am (2013) Russia, Turkey vow to boost bilateral trade, tourism. Available from: http://www.panorama.am/en/politics/2013/11/23/russia-turkey-talks/ (accessed 21 December 2013).Google Scholar
41. Kasaev, E. (2013) Russia-Turkey: an ongoing dialogue. Free Thought, 3, p. 1. Available from: http://svom.info/entry/348-rossiya-turciya-nepreryvnyj-dialog/ (accessed 2 December 2013).Google Scholar
42. Gazprom Export (2013) Available from: http://www.gazpromexport.com/en/partners/turkey/(accessed 2 December 2013).Google Scholar
43. Baetov, M. (2010) Future between Turkey and Russia: cooperation or competition. East Time. Available from: http://www.easttime.ru/analitic/3/6/765.html (accessed 20 December 2013).Google Scholar
44. RiaNovosti (2010) Intergovernmental relations between Russia and Turkey. Available from: http://ria.ru/spravka/20100507/231684035.html#ixzz2jDUO8mO6 (accessed 12 December 2013).Google Scholar
45. Islam-today.ru (2013) Vladimir Putin in Turkey: ‘we came to the friendly country’. Available from: http://eng.islam-today.ru/islam-in-the-world/islam-in-russia/vladimir-putin-in-turkey-we-came-to-the-friendly-country/ (accessed 22 December 2013).Google Scholar
46. Integrated Foreign Economic Information Portal (2013) Trade and economic cooperation between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Turkey. Available from: http://www.ved.gov.ru/exportcountries/tr/tr_ru_relations/tr_ru_trade/ (accessed 10 December 2013).Google Scholar
47. Global Connection (2013) Experience is a key of success. Available from: http://gcmediagroup.com/img/gc-pravda-april.pdf (accessed 23 November 2013).Google Scholar
48. Toynbee, A.J. (1948) Civilization on Trial (New York: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
49. Huntington, S.P. (1996) The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon and Schuster).Google Scholar
50. The World Bank (2015) Data, GNI per capita, atlas method (current US$). Available from: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD (accessed 12 January 2015).Google Scholar
51. Russian Embassy in Turkey (2009) Russian-Turkish cultural and humanitarian cooperation. Available from: http://www.turkey.mid.ru/hron4_r.html (accessed 24 December 2013).Google Scholar
52. Newsru.com (2007) The Year of Russian culture started in Turkey. Available from: http://www.newsru.com/cinema/16mar2007/turkey.html (accessed 24 December 2013).Google Scholar
53. Antalyatoday.ru (2013) The days of Russian culture took place in Antalya. Available from: http://antalyatoday.ru/news/antalya-3266.html (accessed 24 December 2013).Google Scholar
54. Antalyatoday.ru (2012) Turks choose Russian wives. Available from: http://antalyatoday.ru/news/antalya-2007.html (accessed 10 February 2014).Google Scholar
55. Fish, M.S. (2005) Democracy Derailed in Russia: the Failure of Open Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
56. Balzer, M.M. (Ed.) (2010) Religion and Politics in Russia: A Reader (Part 1) (New York: M.E. Sharpe).Google Scholar
57. Bova, R. (Ed.) (2003) Russia and Western Civilization: Cultural and Historical Encounters (New York: M.E. Sharpe).Google Scholar
58. RiaNovosti (2011) Russia and Turkey come to the finish line in abolishing visas- Putin. Available from: http://ria.ru/world/20110316/354598817.html (accessed 1 November 2013).Google Scholar
59. Russia Beyond the Headlines (2013) More Russian tourists venture abroad. Available from: http://rbth.co.uk/articles/2013/01/03/more_russian_tourists_venture_abroad_21599.html (accessed 13 January 2015).Google Scholar
60. Altid (2014) The number of visitors 2014. (In Turkish.) Available from: http://www.altid.org.tr/tr/Turizm-Istatistikleri/1656-2014-Ziyaretci-Sayilari.html (accessed 13 January 2015).Google Scholar
61. News.mail.ru (2013) Russians in the top of leader position by buying realty in Turkey. Available from: http://news.mail.ru/economics/13745177/ (accessed 23 November 2013).Google Scholar
62. Federal Agency for Tourism (2013) Entrance of foreign country citizens in Russia. Available from: http://www.russiatourism.ru/rubriki/-1124140228/ (accessed 19 December 2013).Google Scholar
63. Hill, F. and Taspinar, O. (2006) Turkey and Russia: axis of the excluded? Survival: Global Politics and Strategy, 48(1), pp. 81–92.Google Scholar
64. Cagaptay, S. (2002) The November 2002 elections and Turkey’s new political era. Middle East Review of International Affairs, 6(4), pp. 42–48.Google Scholar
65. Criss, N.B. (2010) Dismantling Turkey: the will of the people? Turkish Studies, 11(1), pp. 45–58.Google Scholar
66. Sen, M. (2010) Transformation of Turkish Islamism and the rise of the Justice and Development Party. Turkish Studies, 11(1), pp. 59–84.Google Scholar
67. Dawisha, A. and Dawisha, K. (Eds) (1995) The Making of Foreign Policy in Russia and the New States of Eurasia (New York: M.E. Sharpe).Google Scholar