Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-wzw2p Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-31T05:30:12.445Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Unusual seawater composition of the Late Cretaceous Tethys imprinted in glauconite of Narmada basin, central India

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 July 2019

Udita Bansal ,
Santanu Banerjee Open the ORCID record for Santanu Banerjee [Opens in a new window] ,
Kanchan Pande  and
Dhiren K. Ruidas
Udita Bansal
Affiliation:
Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
Santanu Banerjee*
Affiliation:
Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
Kanchan Pande
Affiliation:
Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
Dhiren K. Ruidas
Affiliation:
Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
*
Author for correspondence: Santanu Banerjee, Email: santanu@iitb.ac.in
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

A detailed investigation of a glauconite bed within the Late Cretaceous Bryozoan Limestone Formation of the Bagh Group in central India, as well as the study of existing records, reveals the existence of a ‘glauconitic sea’ along the margins of the Palaeo-Tethys Ocean during the Late Cretaceous Epoch. The authigenic green mineral formed abundantly on shallow seafloors unlike in its modern, deep-sea counterpart. We present an integrated petrographical, geochemical and mineralogical investigation of the glauconite within Late Cretaceous transgressive deposits to highlight its unique geochemistry with moderate Fe2O3 and high Al2O3, SiO2, MgO as well as K2O contents. X-ray diffractional parameters identify the ‘evolved to high evolved’ nature of the glauconite while Mössbauer spectroscopic study reveals the dominance of Fe3+ compared to Fe2+ in the atomic structure. The rare earth elements (REE) pattern of glauconite reveals moderate light-REE/heavy-REE (LREE/HREE) fractionation and weak negative Eu anomaly. The Ce anomaly of the glauconite indicates a sub-oxic diagenetic condition. We propose that Late Cretaceous glauconites formed within a shallow marine depositional setting across the Tethyan belt because of enhanced supply of K, Si, Al, Fe, Mg cations through continental weathering under the extant greenhouse climate.

Keywords

glauconiteshallow marineLate CretaceousBagh GroupPalaeo-TethysCe anomalysub-oxic diagenesis
Type
Original Article
Information
Geological Magazine , Volume 157 , Issue 2 , February 2020 , pp. 233 - 247
Copyright
© Cambridge University Press 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Afanasjeva, NI, Zorina, SO, Gubaidullina, AM, Naumkina, NI and Suchkova, GG (2013) Crystal chemistry and genesis of glauconite from “Melovatka” section (Cenomanian, of South-Eastern Russian Plate). Litosfera 2, 65–75.Google Scholar
Ahmad, AHM and Akhtar, K (1990) Clastic environments and facies of the Lower Cretaceous Narmada Basin, India. Cretaceous Research 11, 175–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Akhtar, K and Ahmad, AHM (1991) Single-cycle cratonic quartzarenites produced by tropical weathering: The Nimar sandstone (Lower Cretaceous), Narmada basin, India. Sedimentary Geology 71, 23–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Akhtar, K and Khan, DA (1997) A tidal island model for carbonate sedimentation: Karondia Limestone of Cretaceous Narmada Basin. Journal of the Geological Society of India 50, 481–90.Google Scholar
Al-Dabbas, MA, Jassim, JA and Qaradaghi, AI (2012) Sedimentological and depositional environment studies of the Mauddud Formation, central and southern Iraq. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 5, 297–312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Al-Sheikhly, SS, Tamar-Agha, MY and Mahdi, MM (2015) The facies analysis of the Cenomanian–Turonian succession of Surdash–Shaqlawa area, NE. Iraq. Iraqi Journal of Science 56 1 C, 767–73.Google Scholar
Amireh, BS (1997) Sedimentology and palaeogeography of the regressive transgressive Kurnub Group (Early Cretaceous) of Jordan. Sedimentary Geology 112, 69–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amireh, BS, Jarrar, GH, Henjes-Kunst, F and Schneider, W (1998) K/Ar dating, X-ray diffractometry, optical and scanning electron microscopy of glauconites from the Early Cretaceous Kurnub Group of Jordan. Geological Journal 33, 49–65.3.0.CO;2-Y>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amorosi, A (1995) Glaucony and sequence stratigraphy: a conceptual framework of distribution in siliciclastic sequences. Journal of Sedimentary Research 65, 419–25.Google Scholar
Amorosi, A (1997) Detecting compositional, spatial, and temporal attributes of glaucony: a tool for provenance research. Sedimentary Geology 109, 135–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amorosi, A, (2012) The occurrence of glauconite in the stratigraphic record: distribution patterns and stratigraphic significance. In Linking Diagenesis to Sequence Stratigraphy (eds Morad, S, Ketzer, M and De Ross, LF), pp. 37–54. International Association of Sedimentologists, Special Publication no. 45.Google Scholar
Amorosi, A (2011) The problem of glaucony from the Shannon Sandstone (Campanian Wyoming). Terra Nova 23, 100–7.Google Scholar
Amorosi, A and Centineo, MC (1997) Glaucony from the Eocene of the Isle of Wight (southern UK): implications for basin analysis and sequence stratigraphic interpretation. Journal of the Geological Society of London 154, 887–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amorosi, A, Guidi, R, Mas, R and Falanga, E (2012) Glaucony from the Cretaceous of the Sierra de Guadarrama (Central Spain) and its application in a sequence stratigraphic context. International Journal of Earth Sciences 1, 415–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amouric, M and Parron, C (1985) Structure and growth mechanism of glauconite as seen by high resolution transmission electron microscopy. Clays and Clay Minerals 33, 473–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anan, TI (2014) Facies analysis and sequence stratigraphy of the Cenomanian–Turonian mixed siliciclastic–carbonate sediments in West Sinai, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology 307, 34–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baioumy, HM (2007) Iron–phosphorus relationship in the iron and phosphorite ores of Egypt. Chemie der Erde 67, 229–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baioumy, HM and Boulis, SN (2012a) Glauconites from the Bahariya Oasis: an evidence for Cenomanian marine transgression in Egypt. Journal of African Earth Sciences 70, 1–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baioumy, HM and Boulis, SN (2012b) Non-pelletal glauconites from the Campanian Quessir Formation, Egypt: implication for glauconitization. Sedimentary Geology 249, 1–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baldermann, A, Dietzel, M, Mavromatis, V, Mittermayr, F, Warr, LN and Wemmer, K (2017) The role of Fe on the formation and diagenesis of interstratified glauconite–smectite and illite–smectite: a case study of Upper Cretaceous shallow-water carbonates. Chemical Geology 453, 21–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banerjee, S, Bansal, U, Pande, K and Meena, SS (2016a) Compositional variability of glauconites within the Upper Cretaceous Karai Shale Formation, Cauvery Basin, India: implications for evaluation of stratigraphic condensation. Sedimentary Geology 331, 12–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banerjee, S, Bansal, U and Thorat, A (2016b) A review on palaeogeographic implications and temporal variation in glaucony composition. Journal of Palaeogeography 5, 43–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banerjee, S, Chattoraj, SL, Saraswati, PK, Dasgupta, S and Sarkar, U (2012a)Substrate control on formation and maturation of glauconites in the Middle Eocene Harudi Formation, western Kutch, India. Marine and Petroleum Geology 30, 144–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banerjee, S, Chattoraj, SL, Saraswati, PK, Dasgupta, S, Sarkar, U and Bumby, A (2012b) The origin and maturation of lagoonal glauconites: a case study from the Oligocene Maniyara Fort Formation, western Kutch, India. Geological Journal 47, 357–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banerjee, S, Jeevankumar, S and Eriksson, PG (2008) Mg-rich ferric illite inmarine transgressive and highstand systems tracts: examples from the Paleoproterozoic Semri Group, Central India. Precambrian Research 162, 212–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banerjee, S, Mondal, S, Chakraborty, PP and Meena, SS (2015) Distinctive compositional characteristics and evolutionary trend of Precambrian glaucony: example from Bhalukona Formation, Chhattisgarh basin, India. Precambrian Research 271, 33–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banning, A, Rüde, TR and Dölling, B (2013) Crossing redox boundaries – aquifer redox history and effects on iron mineralogy and arsenic availability. Journal of Hazardous Materials 262, 905–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bansal, U, Banerjee, S, Pande, K, Arora, A and Meena, SS (2017) The distinctive compositional evolution of glauconite in the Cretaceous Ukra Hill Member (Kutch basin, India) and its implications. Marine and Petroleum Geology 82, 97–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bansal, U, Banerjee, S, Ruidas, DK and Pande, K (2018) Origin and geochemical characterization of Maastrichtian glauconites in the Lameta Formation, Central India. Journal of Palaeogeography 7, 99–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bansal, U, Pande, K, Banerjee, S, Nagendra, R and Jagadeesan, KC (2019) The timing of oceanic anoxic events in the Cretaceous succession of Cauvery basin: constraints from 40Ar/39Ar ages of glauconite in the Karai Shale formation. Geological Journal 54, 308–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bau, M and Dulski, P (1996) Distribution of yttrium and rare-earth elements in the Penge and Kuruman Iron-Formations, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa. Precambrian Research 79, 37–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berra, F, Zanchi, A, Mattei, M and Nawab, A (2007) Late Cretaceous transgression on a Cimmerian high (Neka Valley, Eastern Alborz, Iran): a geodynamic event recorded by glauconitic sands. Sedimentary Geology 199, 189–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhattacharya, B and Jha, S (2014) Late Cretaceous diurnal tidal system: a study from Nimar Sandstone, Bagh Group, Narmada Valley, Central India. Current Science 107, 1032–7.Google Scholar
Bose, PK and Das, NG (1986) A Transgressive storm- and fair-weather wave dominated shelf sequence: Cretaceous Nimar Formation, Chakrud, Madhya Pradesh, India. Sedimentary Geology 46, 147–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brčić, V, Glumac, B, Fuček, L, Grizelj, A, Horvat, M, Posilović, H and Mišur, I (2017) The Cenomanian–Turonian boundary in the northwestern part of the Adriatic Carbonate Platform (Ćićarija Mtn., Istria, Croatia): characteristics and implications. Facies 63, 17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caracciolo, L, Le Pera, E, Muto, F and Perri, F (2011) Sandstone petrology and mudstone geochemistry of the Peruc–Korycany Formation (Bohemian Cretaceous Basin, Czech Republic). International Geology Review 53, 1003–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carson, GA and Crowley, SF (1993) The glauconite–phosphate association in hardgrounds: examples from the Cenomanian of Devon, southwest England. Cretaceous Research 14, 69–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Čech, S, Hradecká, L, Svobodová, M and Švábenická, L (2005) Cenomanian and Cenomanian–Turonian boundary in the southern part of the Bohemian Cretaceous Basin, Czech Republic. Bulletin of Geosciences, 80, 321–54.Google Scholar
Chafetz, HS and Reid, A (2000) Syndepositional shallow water precipitation of glauconitic minerals. Sedimentary Geology 136, 29–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chiplonkar, GW and Ghare, MA (1976) Palaeontology of Bagh Beds – Part VII: Ammonoidea. Bulletin of Earth Sciences 4–5, 1–10.Google Scholar
Courbe, C, Velde, B and Meunier, A (1981) Weathering of glauconites: reversal of the glauconitization process in a soil profile in western France. Clay Minerals 16, 231–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Demicco, RV, Lowenstein, TK, Hardie, LA and Spencer, RJ (2005) Model of seawater composition for the Phanerozoic. Geology 33, 877–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dickson, AJ, Saker-Clark, M, Jenkyns, HC, Bottini, C, Erba, E, Russo, F, Gorbanenko, O, Naafs, BD, Pancost, RD, Robinson, SA and Van Den Boorn, SH (2017) A Southern Hemisphere record of global trace-metal drawdown and orbital modulation of organic-matter burial across the Cenomanian–Turonian boundary (Ocean Drilling Program Site 1138, Kerguelen Plateau). Sedimentology 64, 186–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
El Albani, A, Meunier, A and Fürsich, F (2005) Unusual occurrence of glauconite in a shallow lagoonal environment (Lower Cretaceous, northern Aquitaine Basin, SW France). Terra Nova 17, 537–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
El Kadiri, K, Serrano, F, Hlila, R, Liemlahi, H, Chalouan, A, Lopez-Garrido, AC, Guerra-Merch, A, Sanz-De-Galdeano, C, Kerzazi, K and El Mrihi, A (2005) Lithostratigraphy and sedimentology of the latest Cretaceous early Burdigalian Tamezzakht succession (Northern Rif, Morocco): consequences for its sequence stratigraphic interpretation. Facies 50, 477–503.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
El-Azabi, MH and El-Araby, A (2007) Depositional framework and sequence stratigraphic aspects of the Coniacian–Santonian mixed siliciclastic/carbonate Matulla sediments in Nezzazat and Ekma blocks, Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Journal of African Earth Sciences 47, 179–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elderfield, H and Pagett, R (1986) REE in ichthyoliths: variations with redox conditions and depositional environment. Science of the Total Environment 49, 175–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farouk, S (2015) Upper Cretaceous sequence stratigraphy of the Galala Plateaux, western side of the Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Marine and Petroleum Geology 60, 136–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gale, J, Rachmilevitch, S, Reuveni, J and Volokita, M (2001) The high oxygen atmosphere toward the end-Cretaceous; a possible contributing factor to the K/T boundary extinctions and to the emergence of C4 species. Journal of Experimental Botany 52, 801–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gangopadhyay, TK and Bardhan, S (2000) Dimorphism and a new record of Barroisiceras De Grossouvre (Ammonoidea) from the Coniacian of Bagh, Central India. Canadian Journal of Earth Science 37, 1377–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gangopadhyay, TK and Maiti, M (2012) Geological implication of a turreted gastropod and astartid pelecypod bearing horizon in the nodular limestone of Sukar Nala Section near Zirabad of Bagh, Dhar District, M.P., India. Journal of Science and Technology MSU 31, 45–50.Google Scholar
Gangopadhyay, TK and Halder, K (1996) Significance of the first record of nautiloid from the Upper Cretaceous Bagh Group of rocks. Current Science 70, 462–5.Google Scholar
Garrison, RE, Kennedy, WJ and Palmer, TJ (1987) Early lithification and hardgrounds in Upper Albian and Cenomanian Calcarenites, Southwest England. Cretaceous Research 8, 103–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghabeishavi, A, Moghaddam, HV and Taheri, A (2009) Facies distribution and sequence stratigraphy of the Coniacian–Santonian succession of the Bangestan Palaeo-high in the Bangestan Anticline, SW Iran. Facies 55, 243–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glenn, CR and Arthur, MA (1990) Anatomy and origin of a Cretaceous phosphorite–greensand giant, Egypt. Sedimentology 37, 123–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guinot, G (2013) Late Cretaceous elasmobranch palaeoecology in NW Europe. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 388, 23–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haq, BU (2014) Cretaceous eustasy revisited. Global and Planetary Change 113, 44–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harder, H (1980) Syntheses of glauconite at surface temperatures. Clays and Clay Minerals 28, 217–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hardie, LA, (1966) Secular variation in seawater chemistry: an explanation for the coupled secular variation in the mineralogies of marine limestones and potash evaporites over the past 600 M.Y. Geology 24, 279–83.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harding, SC, Nash, BP, Petersen, EU, Ekdale, AA and Dyar, MD (2014) Mineralogy and geochemistry of the Main Glauconite Bed in the middle Eocene of Texas: paleoenvironmental implications for the verdine facies. PLOS ONE 9, e87656. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087656.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harris, WB (1976) Rb/Sr glauconite isochron, Maestrichtian unit of Peedee Formation (Upper Cretaceous), North Carolina. Geology 4, 761–2.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, WB and Bottino, ML (1974) Rb/Sr study of Cretaceous lobate glauconite pellets, North Carolina. Geological Society of America Bulletin 85, 1475–8.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henderson, RA (1998) Eustatic and palaeoenvironmental assessment of the mid cretaceous Bathurst Island group of the money shoals platform, northern Australia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 138, 115–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hesselbo, SP and Huggett, JM (2001) Glaucony in ocean-margin sequence stratigraphy (Oligocene Pliocene, Offshore New Jersey, USA; ODP Leg 174A). Journal of Sedimentary Research 71, 598–606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hogg, CS and Meads, RE (1970) The Mössbauer spectra of several micas and related minerals. Mineralogical Magazine 37, 606–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isaac, MJ, Moore, PR and Joass, YJ (1991) Tahora Formation: the basal facies of a Late Cretaceous transgressive sequence, northeastern New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 34, 227–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaitly, AK and Ajane, R (2013) Comments on Placenticeras mintoi (Vredenburg, 1906) from the Bagh Beds (Late Cretaceous), Central India with special reference to Turonian Nodular Limestone Horizon. Journal of the Geological Society of India 81, 1–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jarrar, G, Amireh, B and Zachmann, D (2000) The major, trace and rare earth element geochemistry of glauconites from the early Cretaceous Kurnub Group of Jordan. Geochemical Journal 34, 207–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khalifa, MA (1983) Origin and occurrence of glauconite in the green sandstone associated with unconformity, Bahariya Oases, Western Desert, Egypt. Journal of African Earth Sciences 1, 321–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kotlicki, A, Szczyrba, J and Wiewiora, A (1981) Mössbauer study of glauconites from Poland. Clay Minerals, 16, 221–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kumar, S, Pathak, DB, Pandey, B, Jaitly, AK and Gautam, JP (2018) The age of the Nodular Limestone Formation (Late Cretaceous), Narmada Basin, central India. Journal of Earth System Science 127, 1–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Legrand, HE (1989) An innovative hydrogeologic setting for disposal of low-level radioactive wastes. Environmental Geology and Water Sciences 13, 233–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Longuépée, H and Cousineau, PA (2006) Constraints on the genesis of ferrian illite and aluminum-rich glauconite: potential impact on sedimentology and isotopic studies. Canadian Mineralogist 44, 967–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martinec, P, Vavro, M, Scucka, J and Maslan, M (2010) Properties and durability assessment of glauconitic sandstone: a case study on Zamel sandstone from the Bohemian Cretaceous Basin (Czech Republic). Engineering Geology 115, 175–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McConchie, DM, Ward, JB, McCann, JH and Lewis, DW (1979) A Mössbauer investigation of glauconite and its geological significance. Clays and Clay Minerals 27, 339–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meunier, A and El Albani, A (2007) The glauconite-Fe–illite-Fe–smectite problem: a critical review. Terra Nova 19, 95–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mishra, UK and Sen, S (2001) Dinosaur bones from Meghalaya. Current Science, 80, 1053–6.Google Scholar
Núñez-Useche, F, Canet, C, Barragán, R and Alfonso, P (2016) Bioevents and redox conditions around the Cenomanian–Turonian anoxic event in Central Mexico. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 449, 205–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Odin, GS and Matter, A (1981) De glauconiarum origine. Sedimentology 28, 611–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Odin, GS, Velde, B and Bonhomme, M (1977) Radiogenic argon in glauconites as a function of mineral recrystallization. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 37, 154–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Odom, EI (1984) Glauconite and celadonite minerals. In Micas Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, vol. 13 (ed. Bailey, SW), pp. 554–72. Washington, DC: Mineralogical Society of America.Google Scholar
Olszewska-Nejbert, D and Świerczewska-Gładysz, E (2013) Facies and sedimentation of Coniacian deposits of the Kraków Swell in the Wielkanoc area (southern Poland). Geological Quarterly 57, 1–16.Google Scholar
Ostwald, J (1990) The biogeochemical origin of the Groote Eylandt manganese oxide pisoliths and ooliths, northern Australia. Ore Geology Review 5, 469–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ozaki, K and Tajika, E (2013) Biogeochemical effects of atmospheric oxygen concentration, phosphorus weathering, and sea-level stand on oceanic redox chemistry: implications for greenhouse climates. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 373, 129–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parrish, JT, Droser, ML and Bottjer, DJ (2001) A Triassic upwelling zone: the Shublik Formation, Arctic Alaska, USA. Journal of Sedimentary Research 71, 272–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parron, C and Amouric, M (1990) Crystallochemical heterogeneity of glauconites and the related problem of glauconite–celadonite distinction. Chemical Geology, 84, 286–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pasquini, C, Lualdi, A and Vercesi, P (2004) Depositional dynamics of glaucony-rich deposits in the Lower Cretaceous of the Nice Arc, Southeast France. Cretaceous Research 25, 179–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prélat, A, Hodgson, DM, Hall, M, Jackson, CAL, Baunack, C and Tveiten, B (2015) Constraining sub-seismic deep-water stratal elements with electrofacies analysis: a case study from the Upper Cretaceous of the Måløy Slope, offshore Norway. Marine and Petroleum Geology 59, 268–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rea, DK, Dehn, J, Driscoll, NW, Farrell, JW, Janecek, TR, Pospichal, RJJ and Resiwati, P (1990) Paleoceanography of the eastern Indian Ocean from ODP Leg 121 drilling on Broken Ridge. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 102, 679–90.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Retzler, A, Wilson, MA and Avni, Y (2013) Chondrichthyans from the Menuha Formation (Late Cretaceous: Santonian Early Campanian) of the Makhtesh Ramon region, southern Israel. Cretaceous Research 40, 81–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rifai, IR and Shaaban, MN (2007) Authigenic dolomite cementation in the Upper Cretaceous Phosphate Formation, Western Desert, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology 202, 702–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robert, M (1973) The experimental transformation of mica toward smectite; relative importance of total charge and tetrahedral substitution. Clays and Clay Minerals 21, 167–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rolf, RM, Kimball, CW and Odom, IE (1977) Mössbauer characteristics of Cambrian glauconite, central U.S.A. Clays and Clay Minerals 25, 131–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rousset, D, Leclerc, S, Clauer, N, Lancelot, J, Cathelineau, M and Aranyossy, JF (2004) Age and origin of Albian glauconites and associated clay minerals inferred from a detailed geochemical analysis. Journal of Sedimentary Research 74, 631–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruidas, DK, Paul, S and Gangopadhyay, TK (2018) A reappraisal of stratigraphy of Bagh Group of rocks in Dhar District, Madhya Pradesh with an outline of origin of nodularity of Nodular Limestone Formation. Journal of the Geological Society of India 92, 19–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salamon, MA (2007) First record of bourgueticrinid crinoids from the Cenomanian of southern Poland. Cretaceous Research 28, 495–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwimmer, DR, Padian, K and Woodhead, AB (1985) First Pterosaur records from Georgia: open marine facies, Eutaw Formation (Santonian). Journal of Paleontology 59, 674–6.Google Scholar
Selby, D (2009) U/Pb zircon geochronology of the Aptian/Albian boundary implies that the GL–O international glauconite standard is anomalously young. Cretaceous Research 30, 1263–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharafi, M, Mahboubi, A, Moussavi-Harami, R, Ashuri, M and Rahimi, B (2013) Sequence stratigraphic significance of sedimentary cycles and shell concentrations in the Aitamir Formation (Albian–Cenomanian), Kopet–Dagh Basin, northeastern Iran. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 67–68, 171–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stephenson, LW (1929) Unconformities in the Upper Cretaceous series of Texas. AAPG Bulletin 13, 323–34.Google Scholar
Tandon, SK (2000) Spatio-temporal patterns of environmental changes in Late Cretaceous sequences of Central India. In Cretaceous Environments of Asia (eds Okada, H and Mateer, NJ) pp. 225–41. Developments in Palaeontology and Stratigraphy, vol. 17. Amsterdam: Elsevier.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tang, D, Shi, X, Ma, J, Jiang, G, Zhou, X and Shi, Q (2017) Formation of shallow-water glaucony in weakly oxygenated Precambrian ocean: an example from the Mesoproterozoic Tieling Formation in North China. Precambrian Research 294, 214–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tewari, VC, Lokho, K, Kumar, K and Siddaiah, NS (2010) Late Cretaceous Paleogene basin architecture and evolution of the Shillong shelf sedimentation, Meghalaya, northeast India. Journal of the Indian Geological Congress 2, 61–73.Google Scholar
Thompson, GR and Hower, J (1975) The mineralogy of glauconite. Clays and Clay Minerals 23, 289–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Timofeeff, MN, Lowenstein, TK, Da Silva, MAM and Harris, NB (2006) Secular variation in the major-ion chemistry of seawater: evidence from fluid inclusions in Cretaceous halites. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 70, 1977–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Varol, B, Özgüner, AM, Koşun, E, Imamğolu, Ş, Daniş, M and Karakullukçu, T (2000) Depositional environments and sequence stratigraphy of glauconites of western Black Sea region. Mineral Research and Exploration Bulletin 122, 1–21.Google Scholar
Walker, RG and Bergman, KM (1993) Shannon Sandstone in Wyoming: a shelf-ridge complex reinterpreted as lowstand shoreface deposits. Journal of Sedimentary Research 63, 839–51.Google Scholar
Westermann, S, Caron, M, Fiet, N, Fleitmann, D, Matera, V, Adatte, T and Föllmi, KB (2010) Evidence for oxic conditions during oceanic anoxic event 2 in the northern Tethyan pelagic realm. Cretaceous Research 31, 500–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilmsen, M, Niebuhr, B and Hiss, M (2005) The Cenomanian of northern Germany: facies analysis of a transgressive biosedimentary system. Facies 51, 242–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Witts, JD, Bowman, VC, Wignall, PB, Crame, JA, Francis, JE and Newton, RJ (2015) Evolution and extinction of Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous) cephalopods from the López de Bertodano Formation, Seymour Island, Antarctica. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 418, 193–212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, J, Schrader, H and Holser, W (1987) Paleoredox variations in ancient oceans recorded by rare earth elements in fossil apatite. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 51, 631–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yilmaz, IO, Altiner, D, Tekin, UK and Ocakoglu, F (2012) The first record of the “mid-Barremian” Oceanic Anoxic Event and the late Hauterivian platform drowning of the Bilecik platform, Sakarya Zone, western Turkey. Cretaceous Research 38, 16–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yilmaz, IO, Cook, TD, Hosgor, I, Wagreich, M, Rebman, K and Murray, AM (2018) The upper Coniacian to upper Santonian drowned Arabian carbonate platform, the Mardin-Mazidag area, SE Turkey: sedimentological, stratigraphic, and ichthyofaunal records. Cretaceous Research 84, 153–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zalat, AA, Zaid, SM, Gadallah, MH and Abdel–Aziz, ZA (2012) Sandstones reservoir quality of the Matulla Formation, Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 6, 511–29.Google Scholar
Žítt, J, Vodrážka, R, Hradecká, L, Svobodová, M, Šťastný, M and Švábenická, L (2015) Depositional and palaeoenvironmental variation of lower Turonian nearshore facies in the Bohemian Cretaceous Basin, Czech Republic. Cretaceous Research 56, 293–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar