1 If the two business entities are, for example, either part of the same group of companies or affiliated companies, the dispute is rather solved by internal mechanisms, for instance by a mere decision of the management board.Google Scholar

2 These are just some of the thinkable constellations that might constitute an “international dispute”.Google Scholar

3 It goes without saying that at the same time the number of international disputes between consumers and business actors increases too. In fact, the number of c2b-disputes may have increased even faster. The European Commission has been pursuing for at least six years a political approach in which costumers play the role of the “motor of integration”. Therefore, the Commission tries to tear down walls that it considers to be the reasons why consumers refrain from purchasing goods and services in Member States different from their own, even if they might asses the offer as the economically preferable one. The Commission, thus, aims at creating confidence of the consumers in the facts that the same contractual rights and the same ability to enforce those rights exist no matter where in the European Union the contractual partner resides. Cf. Daniel Saam, Kollektive Rechtsbehelfe zur Durchsetzung von Schadensersatzansprüchen im europäischen Wettbewerbs- und Verbraucherschutzrecht (Collective redress for the enforcement of compensation claims in European competition and consumer protection law) 122–124 (2011).Google Scholar

4 See Calliess, Gralf-Peter & Hoffmann, Hermann, Judicial Services for Global Commerce – Made in Germany?, 10 Germ. L. J. 115 (2009), available at: http://germanlawjournal.com/index.php?pageID=11&artID=1080 (last accessed: 27 June 2013).Google Scholar

5 The International Court of Arbitration was already founded in 1923 and is based in Paris. For further information, see International Chamber of Commerce, Arbitration (n.d.), available at: http://www.iccwbo.org/products-and-services/arbitration-and-adr/arbitration/ (last accessed: 27 June 2013).Google Scholar

6 Callies, Gralf-Peter & Hoffmann, Hermann, Effektive Justizdienstleistung für den globalen Handel (Effective judicial service for the global trade), Zeitschrift für Rechtspolitik (ZRP) 1, 4 (2009).Google Scholar

7 Duve, Christian & Keller, Moritz, Privatisierung der Justiz – bleibt die Rechtsfortbildung auf der Strecke? (Privatization of justice - is the development of the law on the track?), SchiedsVZ (German Arb. J.) 169 (2005); Perschbacher, Rex & Bassett, Debora Lyn, The End of Law, 84 Bost. Univ. L. Rev. 1–62 (2004), available at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=621146 (last accessed: 27 June 2013).Google Scholar

8 Cf. Konrad Hesse, Grundzüge des Verfassungsrechts der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 85 (20^th ed., 1995).Google Scholar

9 Cf. Hermann Hoffmann & Andreas Maurer, Entstaatlichung der Justiz (Denationalization of Justice), 31 Zeitschrift für Rechtssoziologie 279 (2010).Google Scholar

10 Hermann Hoffmann, Kammern Für Internationale Handelssachen – Eine Juristisch – ökonomische Untersuchung Zu Effektiven Justizdienstleistungen Im Aubenhandel 15 (2011).Google Scholar

11 Galanter, Marc, The Vanishing Trial: An Examination of Trials and Related Matters in Federal and State Courts, 1 J. of Emp. Leg. Stud. 459 (2004).Google Scholar

12 Hoffmann, , supra note 10, at 28–56.Google Scholar

13 In Germany the laws of civil procedure basically consist of the Zivilprozessordnung – ZPO (Code of Civil Procedure) and the Gerichtsverfassungsgesetz – GVG (Judicature Act).Google Scholar

14 Hoffmann, , supra note 10, at 39.Google Scholar

15 See Collaborative Research Center 597 (CRC 597), available at: http://www.sfb597.uni-bremen.de/?SPRACHE=en (last accessed: 27 June 2013).Google Scholar

16 Hoffmann, , supra note 10, at 38–39.Google Scholar

17 Id. at 40.Google Scholar

18 Id. at 40–41.Google Scholar

19 Id. at 43.Google Scholar

20 Id. at 54.Google Scholar

21 For the 2^nd edition of the German brochure see Federal Chamber of Notaries (BNotk) et al., Law Made in Germany (2^nd ed. 2012), available at: http://www.lawmadeingermany.de/Law-Made_in_Germany.pdf (last accessed: 27 June 2013). See also The Law Society of England and Wales, England and Wales: The Jurisdiction of Choice—Dispute Resolution (n.d.), available at: https://www.haitz-rechtsanwaelte.de/de/newsarchiv/data/aktuelles__4_2.pdf (last accessed: 27 June 2013).Google Scholar

22 Id. at 58.Google Scholar

23 Id. at 114.Google Scholar

24 Council Regulation No 44/2001 of Dec. 22, 2000 on Jurisdiction and the Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters, 2001 O.J. (L12), available at: http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2001:012:0001:0023:EN:PDF (last accessed: 27 June 2013).Google Scholar

25 Hague Convention on Choice of Court Agreements, June 30, 2005, available at: http://www.hcch.net/upload/conventions/txt37en.pdf (last accessed: 27 June 2013).Google Scholar

26 The Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, Sept. 30, 1970. [1970] 3 U.S.T 2517, T.I.A.S. No. 6997, 330 U.N.T.S 3 (effective Dec. 29, 1970), available at: http://www.uncitral.org/pdf/english/texts/arbitration/NY-conv/XXII_1_e.pdf (last accessed: 27 June 2013).Google Scholar

27 Hoffmann, , supra note 10, at 104.Google Scholar

28 Id. at 97.Google Scholar

29 The first sentence of Section 1045 paragraph 1 of Germany's Code of Civil Procedure (Zivilprozessordnung) states: “The parties may agree on the language(s) to be used in the arbitration proceedings.”Google Scholar

30 Hoffmann, , supra note 10, at 109.Google Scholar

31 Id. at 114.Google Scholar

32 Id. at 115.Google Scholar

33 Id. at 143–157.Google Scholar

34 Hoffmann, , supra note 10, at 156.Google Scholar

35 Damann, Jens & Hansmann, Henry, A Global Market for Judicial Services 1, 54 (University of Texas School of Law, Law & Economics Research Paper Series, Paper No. 98, Mar. 2007), available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=976115 (last accessed: 27 June 2013).Google Scholar

36 Hoffmann, , supra note 10, at 126–127.Google Scholar

37 Id. at 159–174.Google Scholar

38 In fact, due to the Mediationsgesetz (statute of mediation) effective within all German courts, so-called Güterichter (meditative judge) offer to resolve a dispute by way of measures of ADR. See Mediationsgestez (MediationsG) v. 21.07.2012, BGBI. I S. 1577.Google Scholar

39 Hoffmann, supra note 10, at 160–161.Google Scholar

40 Id. at 161.Google Scholar

41 Id. at 159.Google Scholar

42 Id. at 173.Google Scholar

43 Entwurf eines Gesetzes zur Einführung von Kammern für internationale Handelssachen (Draft law on the introduction of chambers for international commercial matters, KfiHG), 16 June 2010, BT-Drucks 17/2163, available at: http://dipbt.bundestag.de/dip21/btd/17/021/1702163.pdf (last accessed: 27 June 2013).Google Scholar

44 Hoffmann, supra note 10, at 175.Google Scholar

45 See KfiHG, 27.01.10, BR-Drucks. 42/10, available at: http://dipbt.bundestag.de/dip21/brd/2010/0042-10.pdf last accessed: 27 June 2013).Google Scholar

46 Hoffmann, , supra note 10, at 213.Google Scholar

47 The current standing of the legislative process is described by Christoph Kern, English as Court Language in Continental Courts, 5 Erasmus L. Rev. 187, 199, 200 (2012); see also Stefan Huber, Prozessführung auf Englisch vor Spezialkammern für internationale Handelssachen (Litigation in English before special chambers for international commercial matters), in Europäische und internationale Dimension des Rechts – Festschrift für Daphne-Ariane Simotta (European and International dimensions of law – publications in honor of Daphne—Ariane Simotta) 245 Thomas Garber et. al., eds., 2012).Google Scholar

48 For further information, see Ja zu englischsprachigen Gerichtsverhandlungen (Yes to English court hearings), Deutscher Bundestag (2011), available at: http://www.bundestag.de/dokumente/textarchiv/2011/36400205_kw45_pa_recht/index.html (last accessed: 27 June 2013).Google Scholar

49 Calliess, & Hoffmann, , Effektive Justizdienstleistungen für den globalen Handel, supra note 6; Calliess & Hoffmann, Judicial Services for Global Commerce, supra note 4, at 115; Hermann Hoffmann, Rechtsfortbildung im internationalen Wirtschaftsrecht, Deutsche Richterzeitung 2009, at 329; Gralf-Peter Calliess & Hermann Hoffmann, Kammern für internationale Handelssachen—folgt die Justiz der Anwaltschaft auf dem Weg in die Globalisierung (Chambers for international commercial matters, the judiciary follows the legal profession on the way to globalization), 6 Mitteilungen der Bundsrechtasanwaltskammer (BRAK-Mitt) 241, 247 (2010), available at: http://194.8.213.231/script/app.cgi?siteid=brak-mitteilungen (last accessed: 27 June 2013); Hoffmann, Hermann, Pro: Englisch als Gerichtssprache (Pro: English as official language in court), 3 ZRP 103 (2010).Google Scholar

50 See Kern, supra note 47, at 198.Google Scholar

51 This refers to Sec. 185 of the German Judiciary Act (Gerichtsverfassungsgesetz), which states in its Paragraphs (1) and (2): “(1) If persons are participating in the hearing who do not have a command of the German language, an interpreter shall be called in. No additional record shall be made in the foreign language; however, testimony and declarations given in the foreign language should also be included in the record or appended thereto in the foreign language if and to the extent that the judge deems this necessary in view of the importance of the case. Where appropriate, a translation to be certified by the interpreter should be annexed to the record. (2) An interpreter may be dispensed with if all the persons involved have a command of the foreign language.” An English version of the Act is available at: http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_gvg/englisch_gvg.html#p0833 (last accessed: 27 June 2013).Google Scholar

52 See Kern, supra note 47, at 199.Google Scholar

53 Hoffmann, , supra note 10, at 126–128.Google Scholar

54 Id. at 135.Google Scholar

55 Id. at 140.Google Scholar