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² See Jörg Eigendorf and Olaf Gersemann, The Procrastinators of the Magic Mountain, Die Welt, January 30, 2009, at page 3.Google Scholar

³ See infra Part C, II 1, III Firstly, Fourthly as to this decisive aspect (lack of sufficient information).Google Scholar

⁴ Ulrich Clauss, Courage to Error: Christian Wulff, Die Welt, March 3, 2009.Google Scholar

⁵ Bank Managers Have to Reckon With Large Criminal Liability, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, May 27, 2009, at page 21.Google Scholar

⁶ See infra Part B, I.Google Scholar

⁷ Bank Managers, supra note 5.Google Scholar

⁸ See Volker Krey, German Criminal Law General Part, Textbook in German and English [Volume I: Basics], margin nos. 118, 129, 134–138, 139, 140, 142–144, 146 (2002) (concerning such purposes of punishment).Google Scholar

⁹ See id. margin nos. 127, 128, 144, 146 (relating to deterrence as purpose of punishment).Google Scholar

¹⁰ See, Joachim Jahn, Two Years Probation for Zumwinkel, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, March 5, 2010, at http://www.fazfinance.net/Aktuell/Steuern-und-Recht/Zwei-Jahre-Bewaehrungsstrafe-fuer-Zumwinkel-4498.html (arresting the accused in this way, was rightly criticized by the trial court in the criminal proceedings against Wolfgang Zumwinkel).Google Scholar

¹¹ See infra, Part Three, IV. (regarding an important exception that recently occurred where the public prosecution in charge carried out searches and seizures at the Landesbank Baden-Württemberg December, 7^th 2009).Google Scholar

¹² See infra, Part C, II 4, III Fourthly.Google Scholar

¹³ See supra, Part A, I (in the context of footnote 5).Google Scholar

¹⁴ See Marcus Lutter, Banking Crisis and Board Liability, 30 Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftsrecht 197, 199 (2009).Google Scholar

¹⁵ See German Banks Risk 816 Billion Euros, WirtschaftsWoche, April 25, 2009, at http://www.wiwo.de/unternehmen-maerkte/risiken-deutscher-banken-bei-816-milliarden-euro-395230/.Google Scholar

¹⁶ See Merrill Lynch Study: Billions Tied Up in German Banks, Handelsblatt, October 18, 2009, at http://www.handelsblatt.com/finanzen/aktienanalysen/merrill-lynch-studie-milliarden-wertberichtigungsbedarf-bei-deutschen-banken;2470428.Google Scholar

¹⁷ See supra, note 14 at 198.Google Scholar

¹⁸ See Deutsche Bank Nat'l Trust Co. v. Steele, 2008 WL 111227 (S.D. Ohio 2008). In the meantime, an increasing number of US-Courts have required the original mortgage certificates as basis for enforcing measures.Google Scholar

¹⁹ Emphases added by the author.Google Scholar

²⁰ Volker Krey & Uwe Hellmann, Vermögensdelikte, in Strafrecht Besonderer Teil [Band 2], margin nos. 541, 545 (15^th ed. 2008).Google Scholar

²¹ Emphasis added by the author.Google Scholar

²² See Nikolaus Bosch and Knut Werner Lange, Unternehmerischer Handlungsspielraum des Vorstandes zwischen zivilrechtlicher Verantwortung und strafrechtlicher Sanktion, 64 Juristenzeitung 225, 229 (2009). See also Hopt and Roth, § 93, in Großkommentar zum Aktiengesetz, margin no. 25 (4^th ed., 2009).Google Scholar

²³ See supra Part C, II, 1. The insight that the mentioned first modality of breach of trust requires such Vermögensbetreuungspflicht as well is prevailing legal opinion in case law and among legal scholars. See also Krey/Hellmann, supra note 20, at margin no. 541–543.Google Scholar

²⁴ BVerfG, Neue Zeitschrift für Strafrecht 560 (2009) (affirmative in principle); BGHSt 53, 199 (203, 204) (answering in the negative inter alia).Google Scholar

²⁵ See BGHSt 53, 199 (202, 203). See also Bundesgerischtshof Strafsachen, 3 StR 576/08, from 13 August 2009, margin no. 25, available at http://www.bundesgerichtshof.de.Google Scholar

²⁶ Volker Krey, German Criminal Law General Part, Textbook in German and English [Volume II], margin nos. 331, 336, 337, 346–364 (2003).Google Scholar

²⁷ See id. margin nos. 336, 358.Google Scholar

²⁸ See id. margin nos. 346 et seq., 349, 353, 358 et seq. Google Scholar

²⁹ See id. margin no. 364.Google Scholar

³⁰ See Carolin Wever, Fahrlässigkeit und Vertrauen im Rahmen der arbeitsteiligen Medizin, in Vergleichende Betrachtungen zum materiellen Strafrecht… in Deutschland und im anglo-amerikanischen Rechtskreis 121–139 (2005) (referencing Anglo-American law).Google Scholar

³¹ Supra note 26, at margin no. 359.Google Scholar

³² Lutter, supra note 14, at 198.Google Scholar

³³ See supra, Part C, II, 2.Google Scholar

³⁴ See supra, Part C, II, 3 in connection with footnote 25.Google Scholar

³⁵ See supra, Part A, II.Google Scholar

³⁶ See supra, Part C, III, Firstly.Google Scholar

³⁷ See supra, Part A, II; see also Klaus Lüderssen, Finanzmarktkrise, Risikomanagement und Strafrecht, Strafverteidiger 486, 492 (2009).Google Scholar

³⁸ But see id. at 487 and 494 (dissenting Lüderssen). In his opinion both, the legal and economic aspects were absolutely not clarified and therefore the criminal courts had to contain themselves. However, this standpoint is not convincing as demonstrated above; in addition, it has to be emphasized that in Germany every transaction by banks has to be documented in records.Google Scholar

³⁹ See Strafgesetzbuch (StGB - German Criminal Code) § 56 b subs. 2 no 2. In connection with the obligation (Auflage) to pay a certain sum of money to the treasury.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ See Strafprozessordnung (StPO - German Criminal Procedure Code) § 153. See also Volker Krey, The Public Prosecution's Role in Criminal Proceedings under the Rule of Law, 46 Rechtspolitisches Forum (Legal Policy Forum) 10 (Institut für Rechtspolitik an der Universität Trier ed., 2009).Google Scholar

⁴¹ See Embezzlement Suspicion: Police Comb through CBBW, Süddeutsche Zeitung, December 7, 2009, available at http://www.sueddeutsche.de/finanzen/501/496813/text/.Google Scholar