Hostname: page-component-5c6d5d7d68-wpx84 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-08-26T07:19:45.051Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

In the Force Field of the Law: On Affect and Connectivity in the Casework of Forensic Architecture

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 March 2019

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Law needs a force; without its force, it would be nothing. This article proposes a conceptualization of the force of law as affective by examining the political aesthetics of “Forensic Architecture,” a project based at Goldsmiths, University of London. The novelty of Forensic Architecture's analytical approach arises, on the one hand, from its use of technologies of power that are otherwise employed by states and their military forces—thus reversing the direction of the surveillant gaze towards a disobedient practice of seeing and sensing. On the other hand, the notion of a “force field” operates as a particular critique of European border policy. The force of law appears to merge into, and at the same time emerge out of, a complex arrangement of technological devices, legal regulations, and human actions. This essay re-traces the political aesthetics of the “left-to-die-boat” case, where a boat filled with migrants was left without any assistance despite the legal regulation that obliges obliging seafarers to rescue anyone in distress in the Mediterranean Sea. Forensic Architecture's case-work unsettles human-centered “norms of representation” typically used in critical writings on the European Union (EU) border regime; instead, the law is demonstrated to be enfolded within an affective force field that operates with “touch” and “connectivity” and that allows us to see and sense the law in a newly pluralistic manner.

Type
Law's Visuality, Theatricality, and Affectivity
Copyright
Copyright © 2017 by German Law Journal, Inc. 

References

1 See generally Derrida, Jacques, The Force of Law, 11 Cardozo L. Rev. 919 (1990).Google Scholar

2 Id. at 927.Google Scholar

3 See Andreas Fischer-Lescano, Rechtskraft (2013) [hereinafter Fischer-Lescano, Rechtskraft]; see also Andreas Fischer-Lescano, Radikale Rechtskritik, 47 Kritische Justiz [KJ] 171 (2014) [hereinafter Fischer-Lescano, Radikale Rechtskritik].Google Scholar

4 Fischer-Lescano, Rechtskraft, supra note 3, at 15.Google Scholar

5 Id. at 17 (emphasis added). Author's translation.Google Scholar

6 Stanley Fish, The Law Wishes to Have a Formal Existence, in The Stanley Fish Reader 165 (H. Aram Veeser ed., 1999).Google Scholar

7 See Deleuze, Gilles, Foucault (1988).Google Scholar

8 See Krasmann, Susanne, Über die Kraft im Recht, 35 Zeitschrift für Rechtssoziologie 207 (2015).Google Scholar

9 See generally Forensic Architecture (Feb. 23, 2016), http://www.forensic-architecture.org.Google Scholar

10 Eyal Weizman, Forensic Architecture, 164 Radical Phil. 9, 11 (2010) [hereinafter Weizman, Forensic Architecture].Google Scholar

11 Eyal Weizman, Introduction, in Forensis 9 (Forensic Architecture eds., 2014) [hereinafter Weizman, Introduction].Google Scholar

12 See Gastón Gordillo, Review Essay: Empire on Trial, 33 Env't & Plan. D: Soc. & Space 382, 385 (2015).Google Scholar

13 Michel Foucault, The Archaeology of Knowledge 210 (2002). The concept of a “serious” legal sphere is based on Foucault's understanding of discourse as a series of “serious” statements.Google Scholar

14 See Massumi, Brian, The Autonomy of Affect, 31 Cultural Critique 83, 9899 (1995).Google Scholar

15 See generally Jeremy Packer & Stephen b. Crofts Wiley, Communication Matters (2012).Google Scholar

16 Compare Greta Olson, The Turn to Passion: Has Law and Literature become Law and Affect?, in 28 L. & Literature 335, 338 (Frans-Willem Korsten & Yasco Horstmann eds., 2016), with Pierre Bourdieu, The Force of Law: Toward a Sociology of the Juridical Field, 38 Hastings L. J., 805 (1987). In Pierre Bourdieu's theory of the juridical field, the present notion of the force of law exceeds the scope of only juridical actors and their habitualized professional practices that are involved in the production of law.Google Scholar

17 See Raeymaekers, Timothy, Introduction: Europe's Bleeding Border and the Mediterranean as a Relational Space, 13 Acme: An Int'l E-Journal for Critical Geographies 163, 164 (2014).Google Scholar

18 Yolande Jansen, Robin Celikates & Joos de Bloois, Introduction, in The Irregularization of Migration in Contemporary Europe, ix, xi (Jansen, Celikates, and de Bloois eds., 2015); Nicholas de Genova, Extremities and Regularities, in The Irregularization of Migration in Contemporary Europe 3–14 (Yolande Jansen, Robin Celikates & Joos de Bloois eds., 2015).Google Scholar

19 See Charles Heller et al., Acts of Disobedient Listening, in Moving On 22, 24 (Marion Bayer et al. eds., 2015).Google Scholar

20 See Hess, Sabine, Gefangen in der Mobilität, 5 Behemoth 8, 8 (2012); see also Maribel Casas-Cortes et al., Riding Routes and Itinerant Borders, 47 Antipode 894, 906 (2015).Google Scholar

21 See Manuela Bojadžijev & Serhat Karakayalı, Autonomie der Migration, in Turbulente Ränder 203, 204 (Transit Migration Forschungsgruppe ed., 2007).Google Scholar

22 See Mezzadra, Sandro & Neilson, Brett, Border as Method or The Multiplication of Labor 7 (2013).Google Scholar

23 Casas-Cortes et al., supra note 20, at 11.Google Scholar

24 See Walters, William, Migration, Vehicles, and Politics, 18 Euro. J. Soc. Theory 469, 471–72 (2015).Google Scholar

25 The project is named Forensic Oceanography. Since it is an initiative within the framework of Forensic Architecture, we will use the latter term for the sake of simplicity.Google Scholar

26 See Cases: The Left-to-Die Boat, Architecture, Forensic, http://www.forensic-architecture.org/case/left-die-boat/ [hereinafter Forensic Architecture, Cases: The Left-to-Die Boat]; see also Heller, Charles & Pezzani, Lorenzo, Liquid Traces: The Left-to-Die Boat Case, in Forensis 657 (Forensic Architecture ed., 2014).Google Scholar

27 Heller & Pezzani, at 673.Google Scholar

28 Forensic Architecture, Cases: The Left-to-Die Boat, supra note 26, at (00:31–00:47).Google Scholar

29 Heller & Pezzani, supra note 26, at 658.Google Scholar

30 Forensic Architecture, Cases: The Left-to-Die Boat, supra note 26, at (04:03–04:16).Google Scholar

31 Id. at (13:31–13:43).Google Scholar

32 Id. at (16:00–16:08).Google Scholar

33 Heller et al., Liquid Traces: The Left-to-Die Boat Case, in Forensics, supra note 26, at 639, 644.Google Scholar

34 Id. at 651.Google Scholar

35 See Andreas Philippopoulos-Mihalopoulos, Atmospheres of Law, 7 Emotion, Space & Soc. 35, 35 (2012).Google Scholar

36 See Strik, Tineke, Lives Lost in the Mediterranean Sea: Who Is Responsible?, in Parliamentary Assembly: Committee on Migration, Refugees AND Displaced Persons (2012, provisional version).Google Scholar

37 Id. at 10 (quoting from Article 98 of the UNCLOS).Google Scholar

38 Id. at 11.Google Scholar

39 See id. at 14.Google Scholar

40 See id. at 15.Google Scholar

41 See id. at 20.Google Scholar

42 See generally Aalberts, Tanja E. & Thomas Gammeltoft-Hansen, Sovereignty at Sea, 17 J. Int'l Rel. & Dev. 439 (2014).Google Scholar

43 Heller & Pezzani, supra note 26, at 664.Google Scholar

44 Id. at 671.Google Scholar

45 Id. at 678.Google Scholar

46 Strik, supra note 36.Google Scholar

47 See Basaran, Tugba, The Saved and the Drowned, 46 Security Dialogue 205, 206 (2015).Google Scholar

48 See id. at 206.Google Scholar

49 See Cuttita, Paolo, From the Cap Anamur to Mare Nostrum, in The Common European Asylum System And Human Rights 21, 21 (Claudio Matera & Amanda Taylor eds., 2014).Google Scholar

50 See Basaran, supra note 47.Google Scholar

51 See id.; Mezzadra, Sandro, The Proliferation of Borders and the Right to Escape, in The Irregularization Of Migration In Contemporary Europe 121, 127 (Yolande Jansen, Robin Celikates & Joost de Bloois eds. 2015).Google Scholar

52 Elspeth Guild & Sergio Carrera, EU Borders And Their Controls 2 (2013); see also Bigo, Didier, Death in the Mediterranean Sea, in The Irregularization of Migration in Contemporary Europe, supra note 51, at 55; Raeymaekers, supra note 17, at 163–164.Google Scholar

53 See Aalberts & Gammeltoft-Hansen, supra note 42.Google Scholar

54 Id. at 441.Google Scholar

55 See id. at 457.Google Scholar

56 Int'l Maritime Org. [IMO], Resolution MSC.167(78): Guidelines on the Treatment of Persons Rescued at Sea (May 20, 2004) (entering into force in 2006).Google Scholar

57 See Aalberts & Gammeltoft-Hansen, supra note 42, at 451.Google Scholar

58 Id. at 461.Google Scholar

59 Heller & Pezzani, supra note 26, at 654; Forensic Architecture, http://www.forensic-architecture.org.Google Scholar

61 Heller & Pezzani, supra note 26, at 654. See, for example, the initiative Watch the Med—an online mapping platform “to monitor the deaths and violations of migrants' rights at the maritime borders of the EU” and their “alarm phone” that began to operate in October 2014. Watch the Med, http://watchthemed.net/. The “alarm phone” is a 24/7 hotline “for boatpeople in distress” and run by a network of activist and migrant groups, who offer advice and raise alarm “when people in immediate distress are not promptly rescued or even attacked and pushed-back by European border authorities.” Id. Google Scholar

62 See Fischer-Lescano, Radikale Rechtskritik, supra note 3, at 171.Google Scholar

63 Fischer-Lescano, Rechtskraft, supra note 3, at 118.Google Scholar

64 See id. at 102.Google Scholar

65 See id. at 171; Olson, supra note 16.Google Scholar

66 Mezzadra, supra note 51, at 121, 127.Google Scholar

67 Forensic Architecture, Cases: The Left-to-Die Boat, supra note 26.Google Scholar

68 Ruben Andersson, Hardwiring the Frontier?, 47 Security Dialogue 1 (2016).Google Scholar

69 Weizman, Introduction, supra note 11, at 27.Google Scholar

70 See Heller & Pezzani, supra note 26, at 670.Google Scholar

71 Forensic Architecture, Cases: The Left-to-Die Boat, supra note 26.Google Scholar

72 Id.; Heller et al., supra note 19, at 647.Google Scholar

73 Forensic Architecture, Cases: The Left-to-Die Boat, supra note 26, at (10:39-10:46).Google Scholar

74 See Heller & Pezzani, supra note 26, at 658.Google Scholar

75 See id. at 658, 661.Google Scholar

76 Forensic Architecture, Cases: The Left-to-Die Boat, supra note 26, at (13:31-13:43).Google Scholar

77 Davina Cooper, Everyday Utopias: The Conceptual Life of Promising spaces 50 (2014); Erin Manning, Politics Of Touch: Sense, Movement, and Sovereignty 9 (2007).Google Scholar

78 Heller & Pezzani, supra note 26, at 658, 671.Google Scholar

79 Id. at 674.Google Scholar

80 Ute Tellmann et al., Operations of the Global, 13 Distinktion 209, 211 (2012); Urs Staeheli, Listing the Global: Dis/Connectivity Beyond Representation, 13 Distinktion 233 (2012).Google Scholar

81 See Yishai Blank & Issi Rosen-Zvi, The Spatial Turn in Legal Theory, 10 Hagar Studies in Culture, Polity & Identity 39 (2010).Google Scholar

82 See Fischer-Lescano, Rechtskraft, supra note 3, at 81.Google Scholar

83 See Gordillo, supra note 12, at 383.Google Scholar

84 See generally Kennedy, David, The Dark Sides of Virtue: Reassessing International Humanitarianism (2004).Google Scholar

85 See Jacques Rancière, Ist Kunst Widerständig? 41, 57 (2008).Google Scholar

86 See generally Ranciere, Jacques, Le Partage du Sensible (2000).Google Scholar

87 See id. at 61.Google Scholar

88 Kyle McGee, The Fragile Force of Law, 11 L., Culture & Human. 467, 472 (2015).Google Scholar

89 José Luis Romanillos, Mortal Questions: Geographies on the Other Side of Life, 39 Progress in Human Geography 560, 577 (2015).Google Scholar

90 See Hall, Suzanne, Migrant Urbanisms, 49 Sociology 853, 853 (2015).Google Scholar

91 Romanillos, supra note 89, at 577.Google Scholar