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⁹ Buell, , supra note 8. This indistinguishability between criminal and normal behavior holds even true for many perpetrators. On the “acceptable and even necessary behavior” in “occupational subcultures,” see James William Coleman, Criminal Elite: Understanding White-Collar Crime 190 (5th ed. 2002).Google Scholar

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²⁸ See supra note 2 and accompanying text. Clearly, the dispute between legal positivism and natural law reaches back into ancient times.Google Scholar

²⁹ The term “natural law” is controversial, though: See Erik Wolf, Das Problem der Naturrechtslehre (1955).Google Scholar

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⁴⁴ This is a reason for the state monopoly on the use of force. See Pfordten, supra note 1, at 81.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ They might be punishable under Strafgesetzbuch [StGB] [Penal Code], §§ 298, 299, 331-35(a).Google Scholar

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⁵⁰ This feature of the criminal law was described as Kulturhebel, a lever for culture, by the famous German legal scholar Franz von Liszt. See Franz von Liszt, Einheitliches mitteleuropäisches Strafrecht, 38 Zeitschrift für die Gesamte Strafrechtswissenschaft [ZStW] 1, 3–5 (1917). In contrast to Liszt, the described procedure is not so much meant as a deliberate measure, but as a psychological automatism. See Britta Bannenberg, Korruption in Deutschland: Portrait einer Wachstumsbranche 29 (2004) (arguing that not criminalizing a behavior would mean to encourage it).Google Scholar

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⁵⁴ Followers of the theory of positive general deterrence assume this.Google Scholar

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Jede Strafnorm enthält ein mit staatlicher Autorität versehenes sozialethisches Unwerturteil über die von ihr pönalisierte Handlungsweise. … Es ist eine grundlegende Entscheidung, in welchem Umfang und in welchen Bereichen ein politisches Gemeinwesen gerade das Mittel des Strafrechts einen in ihren Werten verankerten Verhaltenskodex, dessen Verletzung nach der geteilten Rechtsüberzeugung als so schwerwiegend und unerträglich für das Zusammenleben in der Gemeinschaft gewertet wird, dass sie Strafe erforderlich macht.

For this reason, the German Federal Constitutional Court concludes that criminal law generally is a state matter— an opinion that it mitigated in its subsequent decisions.

⁵⁷ Jescheck, Hans Heinrich & Weigend, Thomas, Lehrbuch des Strafrechts: Allgemeiner Teil 50–51 (1996). On the protection of social morals—the objectified feeling—by criminal law, see Kubiciel, supra note 42, at 69–71.Google Scholar

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