1 Case C-371/08, Ziebell v. Baden-Württemberg, 2011 E.C.R. I-____, available at http://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?text=&docid=116127&pageIndex=0&doclang=EN&mode=lst&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=1071413 [hereinafter Ziebell].Google Scholar

2 Agreement Establishing an Association Between the European Economic Community and Turkey, Sept. 12, 1963, [hereinafter Ankara Agreement].Google Scholar

3 Decision No. 1/80, of the Association Council of 19 September 1980 on the Development of the Association, available at http://www.inis.gov.ie/en/INIS/DECISION_No_1_80_eng.pdf/Files/DECISION_No_1_80_eng.pdf [hereinafter Decision 1/80].Google Scholar

4 See, e.g., Case C-303/08, Baden-Württemberg v. Bozkurt, 2010 E.C.R. I-13445, para. 55; Case C-349/06, Polat v. Rüsselsheim, 2007 E.C.R. I-8167, para. 30; Case C-136/03, Dörr v. Sicherheitsdirektion für das Bundesland Kärnten, 2005 E.C.R. I-4759, para. 63; Case C-467/02, Cetinkaya v. Baden-Württemberg, 2004 E.C.R. I-10895, para. 43; Case C- 340/97, Nazli v.Nürnberg, 2000 E.C.R. I-957, para. 56.Google Scholar

5 Ziebell, , supra note 1.Google Scholar

6 See Case C-34/09, Ruiz Zambrano v. Office National de l'Emploi, 2011 E.C.R. I-____, available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:62009J0034:EN:HTML [hereinafter Ruiz Zambrano]. But see Kay Hailbronner & Daniel Thym, Ruiz Zambrano, Die Entdeckung des Kernbereichs der Unionsbürgerschaft, 2011 Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 2008 (criticizing the Ruiz Zambrano decision).Google Scholar

7 Case C-256/11, Dereci v. Bundesministerium für Inneres, 2011 E.C.R. I____; Case C-40/11, lida v. Ulm, 2012 E.C.R. I-____; Case C-434/09, McCarthy v. Sec'y of State for the Home Dep't, 2011 E.C.R. I-____, available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:62009CJ0434:EN:HTML.Google Scholar

8 Directive 2003/109/EC, of the Council of 25 November 2003 Concerning the Status of Third-Country Nationals Who Are Long-Term Residents, 2004 O.J. (L 16) 44 [hereinafter LTR Directive].Google Scholar

9 Article 14 is located in Chapter II, Section 1 which is titled “Questions Relating to Employment and the Free Movement of Workers.”Google Scholar

10 Case C-303/08, Baden-Württemberg v. Bozkurt, 2010 E.C.R. I-13445, para. 55; Case C-349/06, Polat v. Rüsselsheim, 2007 E.C.R. I-8167, para. 30; Case C-136/03, Dörr v. Sicherheitsdirektion für das Bundesland Kärnten, 2005 E.C.R. I-4759, para. 63; Case C-467/02, Cetinkaya v. Baden-Württemberg, 2004 E.C.R. I-10895, para. 43; Case C- 340/97, Nazli v. Nürnberg, 2000 E.C.R. I-957, para. 56.Google Scholar

11 Directive 64/221/EEC, of the Council of 25 February 1964 on the Co-ordination of Special Measures Concerning the Movement and Residence of Foreign Nationals Which are Justified on Grounds of Public Policy, Public Security or Public Health, 1964 O.J. (56) 850.Google Scholar

12 Directive 2004/38/EC, of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the Right of Citizens of the Union and Their Family Members to Move and Reside Freely Within the Territory of the Member States, 2004 O.J. (L 158) 77 [hereinafter Citizenship Directive].Google Scholar

13 Id. at art. 38(3).Google Scholar

14 Id. at art. 28(3)(a).Google Scholar

15 A direct application of Art. 28(3)(a) is not possible as the provision explicitly refers to Union citizens.Google Scholar

16 Case C-349/06, Polat v. Rüsselsheim, 2007 E.C.R. I-8167, paras. 26–27.Google Scholar

17 See, e.g., Bundesverwaltungsgericht [BVerwG - Federal Administrative Court], Case No. 1 C 25/08, Aug. 25, 2009, 2010 Neue Zeitschrift für Verwaltungsrecht (NVwZ) 392 (Ger.), CJEU referral dismissed, Order Removing the Case from the Court's Reigster, Case C-436/09 Belkiran v. Oberbürgermeister der Stadt Krefeld, 2012 E.C.R. I-_, available at http://eur-law.eu/EN/Case-C-436-09-Reference-preliminary-ruling-Bundesverwaltungsgericht,412672,d; Verwaltungsgericht Berlin [VG Berlin - Administrative Court of Berlin], Case No. 21 A 49.08, Sept. 4, 2008 (Ger.), available at http://www.gerichtsentscheidungen.berlin-brandenburg.de/jportal/?quelle=jlink&docid=JURE090026726&psml=sammlung.psml&max=true&bs=10, CJEU referral dismissed, Order Removing the Case from the Court's Reigster, Case C-420/08, Erdil v. Berlin, 2012 E.C.R. I-_, available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2012:109:0008:0008:EN:PDF; Verwaltungsgerichtshof Baden-Württemberg [VGH Baden-Württemberg - Administrative Court Baden-Württemberg], Case No. 13 S 1917/07, July 22, 2008, 2009 Neue Zeitschrift für Verwaltungsrecht -Rechtsprechungs-Report (NVwZ-RR) 82 (Ger.), CJEU referral, Case C-371/08, Ziebell v. Baden-Württemberg, 2011 E.C.R. I-_, available at http://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?text=&docid=116127&pageIndex=0&doclang=EN&mode=lst&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=1071413.Google Scholar

18 Ziebell, supra note 1, at paras. 32–33.Google Scholar

19 Id. at paras. 35, 37.Google Scholar

20 Id. at paras. 41–42.Google Scholar

21 Id. at para. 39.Google Scholar

22 Opinion of Advocate General Bot in the Ziebell case, at para. 48 available at http://curia.europa.eu/juris/celex.jsf?celex=62008CC0371&lang1=en&type=NOT&ancre=.Google Scholar

23 Id. at para. 52.Google Scholar

24 Id. at para. 55.Google Scholar

25 Id. at para. 64.Google Scholar

26 Id. at para. 65 (citing the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union art. 7, Dec. 7, 2000, 2000 O.J. (C 364) 1, and the Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms art. 8, Nov. 4, 1950, 213 U.N.T.S. 222).Google Scholar

27 Ziebell, supra note 1, at para. 58.Google Scholar

28 Id. Google Scholar

29 Id. at para. 61.Google Scholar

30 Id. at paras. 64, 68.Google Scholar

31 Id. at para. 67.Google Scholar

32 Id. at para. 69.Google Scholar

33 Id. at para. 71.Google Scholar

34 Id. at para. 73.Google Scholar

35 Id. at para. 74.Google Scholar

36 Id. at paras. 78–79.Google Scholar

37 Id. at para. 79.Google Scholar

38 Id. at para. 80.Google Scholar

39 Id. at paras. 81–84.Google Scholar

40 Id. at para. 82.Google Scholar

41 Id. at para. 82.Google Scholar

42 Id. at para. 83.Google Scholar

43 Case C- 462, Cetinkaya v. Baden-Württemberg, 2004 E.C.R. I-10895, para. 43.Google Scholar

44 Ziebell, supra note 1, at para. 84.Google Scholar

45 Id. at para. 85.Google Scholar

46 Id. Google Scholar

47 The list of judgments used in this article is not exhaustive.Google Scholar

48 Courts which referred the case to the CJEU dealt with the arguments for and against an application by analogy. Therefore, it is possible that they are listed in both groups.Google Scholar

49 See, e.g., Verwaltungsgericht Stuttgart [VG Stuttgart - Administrative Court of Stuttgart], Case No. 5 K 1081/06, Aug. 5, 2008 (Ger.), available at http://lrbw.juris.de/cgi-bin/laender_rechtsprechung/document.py?Gericht=bw&nr=10952; Niedersächsisches Oberverwaltungsgericht [NdsOVG - Lower Saxony Higher Administrative Court], Case No. 11 LB 26/08, Mar. 27, 2008.Google Scholar

50 See, e.g., Oberverwaltungsgericht Nordrhein-Westfalen [OVGNRW - Higher Administrative Court North Rhine-Westphalia], Case No. 18 A 855/07, Sept. 5, 2008 (Ger.), available at http://www.justiz.nrw.de/nrwe/ovgs/ovg_nrw/j2008/18_A_855_07beschluss20080905.html; Oberverwaltungsgericht Saarland [OVG Saarland - Saarland Higher Administrative Court], Case No. 2 B 212/08, July 9, 2008 (Ger.), available at http://www.rechtsprechung.saarland.de/cgi-bin/rechtsprechung/document.py?Gericht=sl&nr=1888.Google Scholar

51 The Court states that the very concept of ‘imperative grounds’ of public security as set out in Citizenship Directive art. 28 (3)(a) has no counterpart in Decision 1/80 art. 14. Ziebell, supra note 1, at para. 71.Google Scholar

52 Citizenship Directive, supra note 12, at ch. IV.Google Scholar

53 Id. at art. 28(2).Google Scholar

54 Oberverwaltungsgericht Nordrhein-Westfalen [OVGNRW - Higher Administrative Court North Rhine-Westphalia], Case No. 18 A 855/07, Sept. 5, 2008, at para. 68 (Ger.), available at http://www.justiz.nrw.de/nrwe/ovgs/ovg_nrw/j2008/18_A_855_07beschluss20080905.html.Google Scholar

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58 Opinion of Advocate General Bot, supra note 22, at para. 55.Google Scholar

59 See, e.g., Verwaltungsgerichtshof Baden-Württemberg [VGH Baden-Württemberg - Administrative Court Baden-Württemberg], Case No. 13 S 1917/07, July 22, 2008, 2009 Neue Zeitschrift für Verwaltungsrecht -Rechtsprechungs-Report (NVwZ-RR) 82 (Ger.); Oberverwaltungsgericht Saarland [OVG Saarland - Saarland Higher Administrative Court], Case No. 2 B 212/08, July 9, 2008 (Ger.), available at http://www.rechtsprechung.saarland.de/cgi-bin/rechtsprechung/document.py?Gericht=sl&nr=1888.Google Scholar

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62 Case C-136/03, Dörr v. Sicherheitsdirektion für das Bundesland Kärnten, 2005 E.C.R. I-4759, para. 65.Google Scholar

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64 Cetinkaya v. Baden-Württemberg, 2004 E.C.R. I-10895, para. 43.Google Scholar

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66 See id. Google Scholar

67 Oberverwaltungsgericht Rheinland-Pfalz [OVG Rheinland-Pfalz - Higher Administrative Court Rheinland-Palatinate], Case No. 7 A 10924/06, Dec. 5, 2006, 2007 Neue Zeitschrift für Verwaltungsrecht - Rechtsprechungs-Report (NVwZ-RR) 488, 490 (Ger.); Verwaltungsgericht Karlsruhe [VG Karlsruhe - Administrative Court Karlsruhe], Case No. 2 K 1559/06, Nov. 9, 2006 (Ger.), available at http://lrbw.juris.de/cgi-bin/laender_rechtsprechung/document.py?Gericht=bw&nr=7715; Hessischer Verwaltungsgerichtshof [VGH Hessen - Higher Administrative Court Hesse], Case No. 12 TG 494/06, July 12, 2006, 2006 Zeitschrift für Ausländerrecht und Ausländerpolitik (ZAR) 331, 332.Google Scholar

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73 Verwaltungsgerichtshof Bayern [VGH Bayern - Higher Administrative Court Bavaria], Case No. 10 B 07.304, 2008 Die Öffentliche Verwaltung (DÖV) 970 (Ger.).Google Scholar

74 Case C-12/86, Demirel v. Schwäbisch Gmünd, 1987 E.C.R. 3747, para. 14.Google Scholar

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95 Procedural aspects were not addressed by the CJEU in Ziebell and are not addressed in this contribution. The Higher Administrative Court Baden-Württemberg argues that the so-called ‘four-eyes principle’ enshrined in Article 9 Council Directive 64/221/EEC cannot be applied to Turkish workers any longer and bases its finding on the Ziebell judgment. Verwaltungsgerichtshof Baden-Württemberg [VGH Baden-Württemberg - Administrative Court Baden-Württemberg], Case No. 11 S 1361/11, Feb. 10, 2012, 2012 Neue Zeitschrift für Verwaltungsrecht -Rechtsprechungs-Report (NVwZ-RR) 492, para. 35 (Ger.).Google Scholar

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142 Case C-317/01, Abatay v. Bundesanstalt für Arbeit, 2005 E.C.R. I-12301, para. 69.Google Scholar

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150 Handoll, John, Art.3 Council Directive 2003/109/EC, in EU Immigration and Asylum Law—Commentary marginal no. 21 (Kay Hailbronner ed., 2010).Google Scholar

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