Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-fwgfc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-09T16:22:34.388Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

State Immunity Against Claims Arising from War Crimes: The Judgment of the International Court of Justice in Jurisdictional Immunities of the State

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 March 2019

Extract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The recent judgment of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in the Case Concerning Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy; Greece Intervening) marks the climax of a series of legal proceedings before Greek, Italian, and German courts, as well as the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) stretching over a period of more than fifteen years. The international community had eagerly awaited the ICJ's findings on the issue at the heart of the dispute, namely the scope of state immunity before foreign courts in cases concerning claims arising from serious violations of international humanitarian law. While most expected the Court to rule in favor of Germany and to uphold state immunity in principle, it was unclear whether the Court would acknowledge the increasing erosion of immunity with respect to serious violations of human rights or international humanitarian law. To the disappointment of many, the Court took a conservative approach and rejected the idea of an emerging exception from state immunity.

Type
Developments
Copyright
Copyright © 2012 by German Law Journal GbR 

References

1 Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Ger. v. It., Greece Intervening), 2012 I.C.J. 143 (Feb. 3).Google Scholar

2 6 Europa unterm Hakenkreuz: die Okkuptationspolitik des deutschen Faschismus 1938–1945, 63–64, 68, 83–84 (Bundesarchiv ed., 1992).Google Scholar

3 See Ger. v. It., 2012 I.C.J. 143, para. 52; Christian Tomuschat, The International Law of State Immunity and Its Development by National Institutions, 44 Vand. J. Transnat'l L. 1105, 1108–10 (2011).Google Scholar

4 Bundesgesetz zur Entschädigung für Opfer der nationalsozialistischen Verfolgung [BEG] [The Federal Compensation Law Concerning Victims of National Socialist Persecution], Sept. 18, 1953, BGBl. I (Ger.).Google Scholar

5 See id. §§ 1, 4(1), 160(1); see also Counter-Memorial of Italy, Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Ger. v. It.), 2009 I.C.J. 143, para. 2.24 (Dec. 22.).Google Scholar

6 See Gesetz zur Errichtung einer Stiftung “Erinnerung, Verantwortung, Zukunft” [EVZ] [The Law on the Creation of a Foundation “Remembrance, Responsibility, Future”], Aug. 2, 2000, BGBl. I at 1263, § 11(3) (Ger.); see also Regulations Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land annexed to Hague Convention (II) of 1899 and Hague Convention (IV) of 1907, Oct. 18, 1907, art. 6 (permitting belligerents to “utilize the labour of prisoners of war”).Google Scholar

7 See Gesetz zur Errichtung einer Stiftung “Erinnerung, Verantwortung, Zukunft” [EVZ] [The Law on the Creation of a Foundation “Remembrance, Responsibility, Future”], Aug. 2, 2000, BGBl. I at 1263, § 11(1)(1) (Ger.); see also Associazione Nazionale Reduci Dalla Prigionia dall'Internamento e dalla Guerra di Liberazione v. Germany, App. No. 45563/04 (Eur. Ct. H.R. Sept. 4, 2007).Google Scholar

8 Sigrid Boysen, Kriegsverbrechen im Diskurs nationaler Gerichte, 44 Archiv des Völkerrechts 363, 364 (2006).Google Scholar

9 See Monomeles Protodikeio Livadeiasin [Mon. Pr. - District Court of Livadia], Case No. 137/1997, Oct. 30, 1997 (Greece); see also Ilias Bantekas, International Decisions: Prefecture of Voiotia v. Federal Republic of Germany, 92 Am. J. Int'l L. 765 (1998).Google Scholar

10 See Pagos, Areios [A.P. - Hellenic Supreme Court], Case No. 111/2000, May 4, 2000, 129 I.L.R. 513 (Greece).Google Scholar

11 See Kalogeropoulou v. Greece & Germany, 2002-X Eur. Ct. H.R. 417, 428–29; see also Kerstin Bartsch & Björn Elberling, Jus Cogens vs. State Immunity, Round Two: The Decision of the European Court of Human Rights in the Kalogeropoulou et al. v. Greece and Germany Decision, 4 German L.J. 477 (2003).Google Scholar

12 See Bundesgerichtshof [BGH - Federal Supreme Court], Case No. III ZR 245/98, Jun. 26, 2003, 155 BGHZ 279, 281–85 (Ger.); Bundesverfassungsgericht [BVerfG - Federal Constitutional Court] Case No. 2 BvR 1476/03, Feb. 15, 2006, 7 BVerfGK 303 (Ger.); see also Sabine Pittrof, Compensation Claims for Human Rights Breaches Committed by German Armed Forces Abroad During the Second World War: Federal Court of Justice Hands Down Decision in the Distomo Case, 5 German L.J. 15 (2004); Markus Rau, State Liability for Violations of International Humanitarian Law–The Distomo Case Before the German Federal Constitutional Court, 7 German L.J. 701 (2005).Google Scholar

13 See Corte di cassazione [Cass. - Court of Cassation], Case No. 5044, Mar. 11, 2004, 128 I.L.R. 658, 669–70 (It.).Google Scholar

14 See Corte di cassazione [Cass. - Court of Cassation], Case No. 14,201, May 29, 2008, 134 Foro it. I 1568 (It.); Corte di cassazione [Cass. - Court of Cassation], Case No. 14,209, May 29, 2008, 91 Rivista di diritto internazionale 896 (It.).Google Scholar

15 See Corte di cassazione [Cass. - Court of Cassation], Prefecture of Voiotia v. Ger., May 6, 2008, 92 Rivista di diritto internazionale 594 (It.) (regarding legal expenses); Corte di cassazione [Cass. - Court of Cassation], Prefecture of Voiotia v. Ger., Jan. 12, 2011 (It.) (concerning the merits).Google Scholar

16 See Ger. v. It., 2012 I.C.J. 143, paras. 27–29, 30–35 (concerning the legal proceedings relating to the Italian nationals and relating to the Distomo massacre).Google Scholar

17 See id. at para. 139.Google Scholar

18 See id. at para. 62; Counter-Memorial of Italy, Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Ger. v. It.), 2009 I.C.J. 143, paras. 4.27–4.42 (Dec. 22.).Google Scholar

19 See European Convention on State Immunity, art. 11, May 16, 1972, E.T.S. 74 (ratified by eight states, including Germany, but not Italy); U.N. Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property, art. 12, Dec. 2, 2004, U.N. Doc. A/59/508 (not yet in force, ratified by 13 states, excluding both Germany and Italy); see also Oliver Dörr, Staatliche Immunität auf dem Rückzug?, 41 Archiv des Völkerrechts 201, 207–10 (2003).Google Scholar

20 See Ger. v. It., 2012 I.C.J. 143, para. 64.Google Scholar

21 Draft Articles on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property, 2 Y.B. Int'l L. Comm'n 13, 45 (1991) [hereafter Draft Articles].Google Scholar

22 See Ger. v. It., 2012 I.C.J. 143, paras. 70–79. Subsequent to the Distomo judgment, the Greek Special Supreme Court had upheld Germany's immunity in a similar case concerning the massacre in the village of Lidoriki. See Anotato Eidiko Dikastirio [AED - Special Supreme Court], Margellos v. Germany, Sept. 17, 2002, 129 I.L.R. 525 (Greece). Thus, the jurisprudence of Italian courts in Ferrini and the other cases in dispute between the parties was the only unambiguous practice supporting Italy's contention.Google Scholar

23 See Counter-Memorial of Italy, 2009 I.C.J. 143, para. 4.67.Google Scholar

24 Ger. v. It., 2012 I.C.J. 143, paras. 93–94.Google Scholar

25 Id. at para. 101.Google Scholar

26 See id. at paras. 118–19.Google Scholar

27 See id. at paras. 130–31.Google Scholar

28 See, e.g., Ontario Court of Appeal, Bouzari v. Iran, June 30, 2004, 71 O.R. 3d 675 (Can.); Cour de Cassation [Cass. - Court of Cassation], Bucheron v. Germany, Dec. 16, 2003, Bull. Civ. I 206–207 (Fr.); Sąd Najwyższy [Supreme Court], Natoniewski v. Germany, Oct. 29, 2010, IV CSK 465/09 (Pol.); House of Lords [H.L.], Jones v. Saudi Arabia, June 14, 2006, 1 A.C. 270; Princz v. Germany, 26 F.3d 1166 (D.C. Cir. 1994).Google Scholar

29 See, e.g., Caplan, Lee M., State Immunity, Human Rights, and Jus Cogens: A Critique of the Normative Hierarchy Theory, 97 Am. J. Int'l L. 741 (2003); Mathias Reimann, A Human Rights Exception to Sovereign Immunity: Some Thoughts on Princz v. Federal Republic of Germany, 16 Mich. J. Int'l L. 403, 420–23 (1995); Xiaodong Yang, Jus Cogens and State Immunity, 3 N.Z. Y.B. Int'l L. 131 (2006); Andreas Zimmermann, Sovereign Immunity and Violations of International Jus Cogens—Some Critical Remarks, 16 Mich. J. Int'l L. 433, 438 (1995).Google Scholar

30 Ger. v. It., 2012 I.C.J. 143, para. 106.Google Scholar

31 See Separate Opinion of Judge Koroma, Ger. v. It., 2012 I.C.J. 143, para. 7 (“[N]othing in the Court's Judgment today prevents the continued evolution of the law on State immunity.”).Google Scholar

32 Steinberger, Helmut, State Immunity, in 4 Encyclopedia of Public International Law 615, 616 (Rudolf Bernhardt ed., 2000).Google Scholar

33 See, e.g., House of Lords [H.L.], Regina v. Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate, Ex Parte Pinochet Ugarte, Jan. 19, 1999, 1 A.C. 147, 147–52; Ian Brownlie, Principles of Public International Law 325 (7th ed. 2008); Volker Epping, Der Staat im Völkerrecht, in Völkerrecht 373 (Knut Ipsen ed., 5th e d. 2004); Christian Tomuschat, International Law: Ensuring the Survival of Mankind on the Eve of a New Century, 281 Recueil des Cours 177–78 (1999).Google Scholar

34 Victory Transport Inc. v. Comisaría General de Abastecimientos y Transportes, 336 F.2d 354 (2nd Cir. 1964); Bundesverfassungsgericht [BVerfG - Federal Constitutional Court], Case No. 2 BvM 1/62, Apr. 30, 1963, 16 BVerfGE 27, 33 (Ger.); See also Brownlie, supra note 33, at 328 n. 25.Google Scholar

35 Jürgen Bröhmer, State Immunity and the Violation of Human Rights 139 (1997).Google Scholar

36 See, e.g., Oberster Gerichtshof [OGH - Supreme Court], Holubek v. U.S., Feb. 10, 1961, 40 I.L.R. 73 (Austria); Law No. 24488, May 31, 1995, art. 2(e), B.O. 28/06 (Arg.); Act on the Civil Jurisdiction of Japan with Respect to a Foreign State, Law No. 24 of 2009, art. 10 (Japan); Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1605(a)(5) (2008); European Convention on State Immunity, art. 11, May 16, 1972, E.T.S. No. 74; United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property, art. 12, Dec. 2, 2004, U.N. Doc. A/59/508.Google Scholar

37 See Articles, Draft, supra note 21.Google Scholar

38 Letelier v. Chile, 488 F.Supp. 665 (D.D.C. 1980); Liu v. China, 892 F.2d 1419 (9th Cir. 1989). For discussion of the territorial tort principle and its scope, see Fox, Hazel, The Law of State Immunity 569–91, 577–79 (2nd ed. 2008).Google Scholar

39 Al-Adsani v. United Kingdom, 2001-XI Eur. Ct. H.R. 101, para. 61. See also Al-Adsani v. United Kingdom, 2001-XI Eur. Ct. H.R. 101 (Rozakis, J., Caflisch, J., Ferrari Bravo, J. & Loucaides, J., dissenting).Google Scholar

40 Princz v. Germany, 813 F.Supp. 22 (D.D.C. 1992).Google Scholar

41 Princz v. Germany, 26 F.3d 1166 (D.C. Cir. 1994).Google Scholar

42 Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1605A (2008). See also Flatow v. Iran, 999 F.Supp. 1 (D.D.C. 1998); Owens v. Sudan, 531 F.3d 884 (D.C. Cir. 2008).Google Scholar

43 G.A. Res. 60/147, U.N. Doc. A/RES/60/147 (Dec. 16, 2005). See also Bornkamm, Paul Christoph, Rwanda's Gacaca Courts: Between Retribution and Reparation 120–25 (2012).Google Scholar

44 See Dissenting Opinion of Judge Yusuf, Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Ger. v. It., Greece Intervening), 2012 I.C.J. 143, para. 26 (Feb. 3).Google Scholar

45 See Arrest Warrant of April 11, 2000 (Dem. Rep. Congo v. Belg.), 2002 I.C.J. 3, para. 58.Google Scholar

46 Ger. v. It., 2012 I.C.J. 143, paras. 93–94. See also Focarelli, Carlo, Federal Republic of Germany v. Giovanni Mantelli and Others, 103 Am. J. Int'l L. 122, 126 (2009); Thomas Giegerich, Do Damage Claims Arising from Jus Cogens Violations Override State Immunity from the Jurisdiction of Foreign Courts?, in The Fundamental Rules of the International Legal Order 203, 212–16 (Christian Tomuschat & Jean-Marc Thouvenin eds., 2006); Tomuschat, supra note 3, at 1130; Zimmermann supra note 29, at 438. But see Reimann, supra note 29, at 420–23.Google Scholar

47 See Goiburú et al. v. Paraguay, Merits, Reparations, and Costs, Judgment, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (ser. C) No. 153, para. 131 (Sept. 22, 2006); La Cantuta v. Peru, Merits, Reparations, and Costs, Judgment, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (ser. C) No. 162 (Nov. 29, 2006). This jurisprudence was most likely influenced by Judge Cançado Trindade of the Inter-American Court who is a judge at the ICJ today. See also Dissenting Opinion of Judge Cançado Trindade, Ger. v. It., 2012 I.C.J. 143, paras. 214–20.Google Scholar

48 See also Higgins, Rosalyn, Certain Unresolved Aspects of the Law of State Immunity, 29 Neth. Int'l L. Rev. 265, 271 (1982).Google Scholar

49 See Waite & Kennedy v. Germany, 1999-I Eur. Ct. H.R. 393, para. 59 (Feb. 18, 1999); see also Smith & Grady v. United Kingdom, 1999-VI Eur. Ct. H.R. 45, para. 87 (Sept. 27, 1999); Bröhmer, supra note 35, at 186–88.Google Scholar

50 See Al-Adsani v. United Kingdom, 2001-XI Eur. Ct. H.R. 101, paras. 55–56; Kalogeropoulou et al. v. Greece & Germany, 2002-X Eur. Ct. H.R. 417, 428; Grosz v. France, App. No. 14717/06 (Eur. Ct. H.R. June 16, 2009).Google Scholar

51 See Ger. v. It., 2012 I.C.J. 143, para. 82.Google Scholar

52 See Dissenting Opinion of Judge ad hoc Gaja, Ger. v. It., 2012 I.C.J. 143, para. 9.Google Scholar

53 See Dissenting Opinion of Judge Yusuf, Ger. v. It., 2012 I.C.J. 143, paras. 49–54.Google Scholar