¹ Ministro Marco Aurélio Considera Inconstitucionais Leis Estaduais que Proíbem Amianto, Notícias STF, Oct. 31, 2012, http://www.stf.jus.br/portal/cms/verNoticiaDetalhe.asp?idConteudo=222755.Google Scholar

² Ministro Roberto Barroso Abre Audiěncia Pública Sobre Ensino Religioso nas Escolas Públicas, Notícias STF, June 15, 2015, http://www.stf.jus.br/portal/cms/verNoticiaDetalhe.asp?idConteudo=293563&caixaBusca=N.Google Scholar

³ Audiěncia pública: Dados Revelam Distorções Criadas Pelo Regime de Financiamento Privado de Campanhas, Notícias STF, June 24, 2013, http://www.stf.jus.br/portal/cms/verNoticiaDetalhe.asp?idConteudo=242075&caixaBusca=N.Google Scholar

⁴ STF Encerra Audiěncia Pública Sobre Biografias não Autorizadas, Notícias STF, Nov. 21, 2013, http://www.stf.jus.br/portal/cms/verNoticiaDetalhe.asp?idConteudo=253996&caixaBusca=N.Google Scholar

⁵ STF, Audiěncia pública na RE 627.189, Relator: Min. Dias Toffoli, 26.09.2012.Google Scholar

⁶ Autor de ADI Contra Norma que Alterou Lei de Direitos Autorais Apresenta Argumentos em Audiěncia Pública, Notícias STF, Mar. 17, 2014, http://www.stf.jus.br/portal/cms/verNoticiaDetalhe.asp?idConteudo=262582&caixaBusca=N.Google Scholar

⁷ Trěs Audiěncias Públicas já estão previstas para 2013 no Supremo, Notícias STF, Jan. 11, 2013, http://www.stf.jus.br/portal/cms/verNoticiaDetalhe.asp?idConteudo=228313&caixaBusca=N.Google Scholar

⁸ STF, Audiěncia pública na RE 586.224, Relator: Min. Luiz Fux, Apr. 22, 2013.Google Scholar

⁹ Audiěncia Pública: Dados Revelam Distorções Criadas pelo Regime de Financiamento Privado de Campanhas, Notícias STF, June 24, 2013, http://www.stf.jus.br/portal/cms/verNoticiaDetalhe.asp?idConteudo=242075&caixaBusca=N.Google Scholar

¹⁰ STF, Audiěncia pública no SL 47, SL 64, SS 3355, Justice Rapp. Gilmar Mendes, Apr. 27, 2009.Google Scholar

¹¹ STF, Audiěncia pública no RE 641.320, Justice Rapp. Gilmar Mendes, May 27, 2013.Google Scholar

¹² STF, Audiěncia pública na ADI 5071, Justice Rapp. Gilmar Mendes, Sept. 21, 2015.Google Scholar

¹³ Mais Médicos: STF Conclui Primeiro Dia de Audiěncia Pública, Notícias STF, Oct. 29, 2013, http://www.stf.jus.br/portal/cms/verNoticiaDetalhe.asp?idConteudo=254350&caixaBusca=N.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Ministro Marco Aurélio Considera Inconstitucionais Leis Estaduais que Proíbem Amianto, Notícias STF, Aug. 31, 2012, http://www.stf.jus.br/portal/cms/verNoticiaDetalhe.asp?idConteudo=222755&caixaBusca=N.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Instituto de Bioética, Direitos Humanos e Gěnero Defende Parto Antecipado em Caso de Anencefalia, Notícias STF, Aug. 28, 2008, http://www.stf.jus.br/portal/cms/verNoticiaDetalhe.asp?idConteudo=95152&caixaBusca=N.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Although Justice Marco Aurélio was appointed in 1990, it would not be accurate to use his appointment date as a parameter to analyze the percentage of his convocations because public hearings began in 1999. For the other justices who were appointed before 1999, the year 1999 also became the analytical parameter.Google Scholar

¹⁷ One may contend that in-person participation of the justices is unnecessary, as the hearings are broadcast live and recorded by Justice TV, which would allow the other justices to follow the declarations in other circumstances. To the extent that the focus of the survey refers to the expansion of democratic support and greater legitimacy of the deliberation, however, the interaction and presence of the other justices evidences the relevance of the collective decision-making process in the court and the effective capacity to influence it. See Luís Roberto Barroso, Judicialização, Ativismo Judicial e Legitimidade, 13 Revista de Direito do Estado 71, 73 (2009).Google Scholar

¹⁸ Audiěncia Pública – Codigo Florestal, YouTube (2016), https://www.youtube.com/user/STF.Google Scholar

¹⁹ See Miguel Gualano De Godoy, Devolver a Constituição ao Povo: Crítica à Supremacia Judicial e Diálogos Interinstitucionais, Curitiba: Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR) 201–202 (June 15, 2015) (remarking on this point); Mark Tushnet, New Institutional Mechanisms for Making Constitutional Law (Harvard Public Law, Working Paper No. 15–08, 2015) http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2589178 (discussing the public hearing experience).Google Scholar

²⁰ For a comparison between justices, highlighting that Justice Ricardo Lewandowski did not use the same criteria as Justice Carmen Lucia, nor did he make explicit any criterion to admit as interveners in the public hearing of quotas in higher education, individuals who were also parties in the proceedings in ADF 186 and RE 597, 285 see Acompanhamento Processual, Supremo Tribunal Federal, ADPF 186 – Argüição de Descumprimento de Preceito Fundamental, http://www.stf.jus.br/portal/processo/verProcessoAndamento.asp?incidente=2691269 (last visited July 24, 2016).Google Scholar

²¹ Acompanhamento Processual, Supremo Tribunal Federal, ADI 4439 – Ação Direta de Inconstitucionalidade, http://www.stf.jus.br/portal/processo/verProcessoAndamento.asp?incidente=3926392 (last visited July 25, 2016).Google Scholar

²² Anyone, citizen or legal entity, who is an expert in the field related to the convened public hearing can apply to participate and give a speech by sending an email to the Justice Rapporteur's office with the curriculum and a cover letter. Then, the Justice Rapporteur will select some applicants based on their experience and contribution to the matter. The problem arises when the Justice Rapporteur does not provide the criteria for selection. In general, the Justice Rapporteur can invite participants as well.Google Scholar

²³ Supreme Court Information Access Protocol 304657, Oct. 9, 2015.Google Scholar

²⁴ See Godoy, supra note 19, at 201–02.Google Scholar

²⁵ Tushnet, supra note 19, at 14 (explaining this aspect of advance favors as well).Google Scholar

²⁶ After examining all hearings, one important finding was that most of the participants were doctors, scientists, teachers, and engineers, which means that they were invited to give a technical opinion.Google Scholar

²⁷ The exception occurred in the public hearings on the regulatory framework of subscription television, in which the companies SKY and Rede Bandeirantes participated directly through their representatives (ADI 4.679, ADI 4.756 and ADI 4.747, Justice Rapp. Luiz Fux).Google Scholar

²⁸ In particular, this occurred during the hearing on quotas in university education. S.T.F., supra note 39.Google Scholar

²⁹ Occasionally, certain associations of jurists have participated in the public hearings, such as in the case of the hearing regarding unauthorized biographies, in which a representative of the Brazilian Association of Democratic Constitutionalists (Associação Brasileira de Constitucionalistas Democratas – ABCD) participated during the public hearing on religious education, in which representatives of the Brazilian Institute of Lawyers (Instituto dos Advogados do Brasil – IAB) and of the National Association of Lawyers and Jurists Brazil-Israel (Associação Nacional de Advogados e Juristas Brasil-Israel – ANAJUBI) were heard. Jurists from the Lawyers Institute of São Paulo (Instituto dos Advogados de São Paulo – IASP) spoke in the hearing regarding the funding of election campaigns. Nonetheless, this scenario did not result in juridical declarations coming from the entities’ representatives.Google Scholar

³⁰ Incidentally, the STF occasionally employed the procedural model of public hearings provided for in the Rules of Procedure of the Chamber of Deputies in the absence of specific regulations (ADI 3510, Justice Rapp. Carlos Britto), which only came into existence with Procedural Amendment 29/2009.Google Scholar

³¹ In our empirical analysis, we identified that the following parliamentarians have participated at least in one opportunity in the hearings at STF: Federal Deputy Ronaldo Caiado (DEM/GO), Federal Deputy Newton Lima and Federal Deputy Marcos Rogério, at the hearing on unauthorized biographies; Miro Teixeira (PDT/RJ), Federal Deputy Marco Feliciano and Senator Magno Malta at the hearing on religious teaching in public schools; Senators Humberto Costa (PT/PE) and Randolfe Rodrigues and Federal Deputy Jandira Feghali at the hearing on collective management of copyright; Ronaldo Caiado (DEM/GO) and Luiz Henrique Mendetta (DEM/MS) at the hearing on the “More Doctors” Project; Federal Deputy Marcus Pestana (PSDB) at the hearing on campaign financing; Federal Deputies Hugo Leal and Carlos Alberto at the hearing on the prohibition of selling alcoholic beverages on the roads; Senator José Serra, Federal Deputy André Moura, one State representative of Sergipe, several State representatives of Minas Gerais, and City Councilors from Belo Horizonte at the hearing on judicial deposits.Google Scholar

³² See also Godoy, supra note 19, at 191, 205.Google Scholar

³³ See Tushnet, supra note 19, at 17.Google Scholar

³⁴ The participating associations include the National Confederation of Bishops (Confederação Nacional dos Bispos — CNBB), the Israeli Brazilian Confederation (Confederação Israelita do Brasil), the Brazilian Baptist Convention (Convenção Batista do Brasil), the Brazilian Spiritist Federation (Federação Espírita Brasileira), the Federation of Muslim Associations of Brazil (Federação das Associações Muçulmanas do Brasil), the Assembly of God Church (Igreja Assembleia de Deus), the Ministry of Bethlehem (Ministério de Belém), the Secular Humanist League of Brazil (Liga Humanista Secular do Brasil do Brasil), the Buddhist Society (Sociedade Budista), the National Federation of Afro-Brazilian Cult (Federação Nacional do Culto Afro-Brasileiro), the Federation of Umbanda and Candomblé of Brasília and surroundings (Federação de Umbanda e Candomblé de Brasília e Entorno), and the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God (Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus). See Ação Direta de Inconstitucionalidade 4.439 Distrito Federal (2001), http://www.stf.jus.br/arquivo/cms/audienciasPublicas/anexo/ADI_Ensino_religioso_Despacho_entidades_selecionadas.pdf.Google Scholar

³⁵ Claudia Rosane Roesler & Paulo Alves Santos, Argumentação Jurídica Utilizada pelos Tribunais Brasileiros ao Tratar das Uniões Homoafetivas, 10 Direito GV Law Rev. 615, 631 (2014), http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/direlaw10&id=617&div=&collection=; André Rufino Vale, Argumentação Constitucional: um Estudo Sobre a Deliberação nos Tribunais Constitucionais (Mar. 15, 2015), (J.D. thesis, University of Brasilia, Universidad de Alicante) http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/18043.Google Scholar

³⁶ Pierre Rosanvallon, Democratic Legitimacy: Impartiality, Reflexivity, Proximity 10 (Arthur Goldhammer, trans. 2011).Google Scholar

³⁷ Hauke Brunkhorst, A Decapitação do Legislador: A Crise Europeia-Paradoxos da Constitucionalização do Capitalismo Democrático, 1 Rev. Direito UnB 104–05 (2014), http://www.revistadireito.unb.br/index.php/revistadireito/article/view/20; Alexandre Araújo Costa, Judiciário e interpretação: entre Direito e Política, 18 Pensar - Rev. Ciěnc. Juríd. 9, 12, 15 (2013); Hans Kelsen, Teoria Purado Direi to 393 (João Baptista Machado tran., 4 ed. 2000). Kelsen offers the best evidence of this notion:Google Scholar

** [T]he question of what is, among the possibilities presented in the Law to be applied, the ‘correct’ one, is not even—according to the assumption itself—a matter of knowledge directed to positive Law, nor a matter of the theory of Law, but a question in Law politics. The task of obtaining, from the law, the only fair (right) sentence or the single correct administrative act is essentially identical to the task of those who propose, in the frames of the Constitution, the creation of the fair (right) laws.Google Scholar

** Id.; supra note 25, at 16 (agreeing with this segmentation when he cites Kelsen in his analyses of public hearings in Brazil. According to Tushnet, “constitutional interpretation is a complex blend of Law and Politics …. The Brazilian public hearings can be understood as blending political and judicial constitutionalism”).Google Scholar

³⁸ Ronald Dworkin, Levando os Direitos a Sério 36 (Nelson Boeira, trans. 2008).Google Scholar

³⁹ Marcelo Neves, Transconstitucionalismo 57–60 (3d ed. 2013).Google Scholar

⁴⁰ José Rodrigo Rodriguez, Como Decidem as Cortes?: Para uma Crítica do Direito (Brasileiro) 91 (2013).Google Scholar

** [T]he process called pejoratively, the judicialization of politics, is, to a large extent, just the appropriation of the constitutional text by society for the purpose of claiming rights. This process has been accompanied by reflections, in the field of doctrine, on the meaning of the constitutional text in each area of the law.Google Scholar

** Id. Google Scholar

⁴¹ Hanna Fenichel Pitkin, The Concept of Representation 42 (1967).Google Scholar

⁴² See generally Conrado Hübner Mendes, Constitutional Courts and Deliberative Democracy (2013).Google Scholar

⁴³ Thamy Pogrebinschi, JudicializaÇão ou Representação?: Política, Direito e Democracia no Brasil 146 (2012).Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Rosanvallon, supra note 36, at 8.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Id. Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Mendes, supra note 42, at 106; Rodriguez, supra, note 40, at 89.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Nadia Urbinati, O Que Torna a Representação Democrática, 67 Lua Nova 191, 191–228 (2006).Google Scholar

⁴⁸ Luis Felipe Miguel, Impasses da Accountability: Dilemas e Alternativas da Representação Política, 25 Rev. Sociol. E Política 25, 26 (2005), http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rsocp/n25/31109.pdf (last visited Oct. 10, 2015) (“[T]he familiarity with the expression ‘representative democracy’ should not obscure the fact that it contains a contradiction. It makes reference to a government of the people in which the people will not be present in the decision-making process.”). Present research seeks to examine whether public hearings effectively contribute to changing this scenario.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ Nadia Urbinati, Representative Democracy: Principles and Genealogy 42 (2008).Google Scholar

⁵⁰ Lei No. 9.868 de 10 de Novembre de 1999, Diário Oficial da União [D.O.U.] de 11.11.99 (Braz.) (reforming the Brazilian judicial review system by introducing a variety of direct constitutional actions into the STF, including amici curie participation and the possibility of holding public hearings in technical cases that require specialized information in areas unfamiliar to judges).Google Scholar

⁵¹ Leonardo Avritzer, Sociedade Civil, Instituições Participativas e Representação: Da Autorização à Legitimidade da Ação, 50 Dados 443, 444 (2007).Google Scholar

⁵² Constituição Federal [C.F.] [Constitution] (Braz.).Google Scholar

⁵³ Lei No. 9.868 (6) § 1, (20) § 1 de 10 de Novembre de 1999, diário Oficial da União [D.O.U.] de 11.11.99 (Braz.). It is a prerogative of the Justice Rapporteur whether to hold a public hearing or not, but once decided upon, the justice invites certain experts and simultaneously allows others to apply to offer an argument or speech. Thereafter, the Justice Rapporteur divides all of the participants into two positions—for example, in favor of or in opposition to the subject matter presented (e.g., the prohibition of asbestos)—and allots equal time for each panelist. The panelists are not permitted to have a debate, interrupt one another, or ask questions. Only the Justice Rapporteur and the Attorney General can ask questions of each panelist. To ensure due process, it is generally recommended that the Justice Rapporteur select the same number of panelists to defend and oppose each position.Google Scholar

⁵⁴ Lei No. 9.868 (6) § 2.Google Scholar

⁵⁵ Constituição Federal [C.F.] [Constitution] art. 103, IX (Braz.). The primary reason for the massive influence of unions, business associations, and national professional entities on the judicial review procedure is based on their legitimacy in filing direct actions before the court. For instance, direct actions seeking to declare legislaton unconstitutional and/or the similar declaratory action of constitutionality are two important tools of the Brazilian judicial review model, which is accomplished in mixed fashion. The court directly rules on both types of cases, influenced by the Kelsen's theory of abstract and concentrated judicial review and also by the decentralized American model of judicial review.Google Scholar

⁵⁶ Alexander Costa & Juliano Z. Benvindo, A Quem Interessa o Controle Concentrado de Constitucionalidade?: O Descompasso Entre Teoria e Prática na Defesa dos Direitos Fundamentais. (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolviemnto Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq) Working Paper, Apr. 1, 2014).Google Scholar

⁵⁷ Fernando Filgueiras, Além da Transparěncia: Accountability e Política da Publicidade, 84 Lua Nova 65, 67 (2011), http://www.scielo.br/pdf/ln/n84/a04n84.pdf. Accountability must be understood as the “assumption that a democratic political order is consolidated and legitimized by the responsibility of public officials towards the citizens, bearing in mind a relationship between the rulers and the ruled, characterized by the exercise of authority by the later. It is, above all, a principle of legitimation of decisions about laws and policies in a democratic State.” Id. Contra Débora Rezende Almeida, Representação Além das Eleições: Repensando as Fronteiras entre Estado e Sociedade 77 (Paco ed., 2015) (stating responsiveness is associated with the notion that the ruler must act in the interests of those he represents, not just report on their political activity of representation, therefore, accountability helps to increase the ruler's responsiveness). Miguel, supra note 48, at 27–28 (explaining that “Responsiveness” is close to but can be distinguished from accountability). The term accountability refers to the ability of the constituents to impose sanctions on the rulers, notably by bringing back to office those who accomplish their mission and dismissing those who perform poorly. It also includes the rulers’ account of their mandates and the popular verdict on this accountability, and it depends on institutional mechanisms in particular and on the existence of periodic competitive elections in which people exercise their voting rights. Moreover, responsiveness refers to the sensitivity of rulers in relation to the will of the ruled, or to put it another way, to the readiness of governments to adopt the policies to those preferred by those who are governed. See also Jonathan A. Fox, Accountability Politics: Power and Voice in Rural Mexico 32 (2007); Adam Przeworski, Susan C. Stokes & Bernand Manin, Democracy, Accountability, and Representation 130, 239–40 (1999); Suzanne Dovi, Political Representation The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Edward N. Zalta ed., 2014), http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2014/entries/political-representation/ (positing that accountability should be understood as “the ability of constituents to punish their representative for failing to act in accordance with their wishes (e.g. voting an elected official out of office) or the responsiveness of the representative to the constituents”).Google Scholar

⁵⁸ This becomes an isolating position because justices’ opinions are not subject to accountability or responsive control. Presumably, judges are less influenced by public opinion than politics.Google Scholar

⁵⁹ Lei No. 10.461, de 31 de Maio de 2002, Diário Oficial da União [D.O.U.] (Braz.) (establishing Justice TV, which televised sessions. Research has indicated that STF justices have changed the way they hand down their opinions). See Virgílio Afonso da Silva Deciding Without Deliberating 11 Int'l J. Const. L. 3, 557, 568 (2013).Google Scholar

⁶⁰ Tushnet, supra note 19, at 7.Google Scholar

⁶¹ Rosanvallon, supra note 36, at 42.Google Scholar

⁶² Rosanvallon, supra note 36, at 44.Google Scholar

⁶³ See generally Jane J. Mansbridge Beyond Adversary Democracy (1983).Google Scholar

⁶⁴ Urbinati, supra note 49, at 52.Google Scholar

⁶⁵ Iris Marion Young, Representação Política, Identidade e Minorias, n. 67, 139 (2006).Google Scholar

⁶⁶ Dovi, supra note 57; Pitkin, supra note 41, at 42.Google Scholar

⁶⁷ Urbinati, supra note 49, at 56; Mark E. Warren, Citizen representatives, Represent. Elections Beyond 269 (2013); Archon Fung, Associations and Democracy: Between Theories, Hopes, and Realities, 29 Annu. Rev. Sociol. 515, 520 (2003).Google Scholar

⁶⁸ Pogrebinschi, supra note 43, at 112.Google Scholar

⁶⁹ Almeida, supra note 57, at 456.Google Scholar

⁷⁰ Urbinati, supra note 49, at 49.Google Scholar

⁷¹ Rosanvallon, supra note 36, at 44.Google Scholar

⁷² Id. at 5.Google Scholar

⁷³ Urbinati, supra note 49, at 41 (explaining that even if they are not legitimized to act in concentrated and abstract control of constitutionality, certain actors may nonetheless be heard at the public hearing, which reinforces this connotation of the public setting for representing and protecting interests).Google Scholar

⁷⁴ Pogrebinschi, supra note 43, at 171.Google Scholar

⁷⁵ Tushnet, supra note 19, at 18.Google Scholar

⁷⁶ Yannis Papadopoulos, On the Embeddedness of Deliberative Systems: Why Elitist Innovations Matter More, in DELIBERATIVE SYSTEMS: DELIBERATIVE DEMOCRACY AT THE LARGE SCALE 125, 130 (John Parkinson & Jane Mansbridge eds., 2012).Google Scholar

⁷⁷ Rosanvallon, supra note 36, at 8.Google Scholar

⁷⁸ Pogrebinschi, supra note 43, at 124.Google Scholar

⁷⁹ Lei No. 9.868 art. 7, de 10 de Novembro de 1999, Diário Oficial da União [D.O.U.], 11.11.1999. (Braz.).Google Scholar

⁸⁰ Almeida, supra note 57, at 77.Google Scholar

⁸¹ Urbinati, supra note 49, at 16.Google Scholar

⁸² Pogrebinschi, supra note 43, at 73. Thamy Pogrebinschi makes a methodological research mistake by considering only direct actions of unconstitutionality, declaratory actions of constitutionality, and actions of breach of fundamental precepts, but does not consider extraordinary resources, complaints, habeas corpus, and injunctions. It is not possible to conclude that the STF only plays its political role in concentrated and abstract control. Every day, because of the general repercussions and the jurisprudential upturns of the court, relevant political decisions have also been taken through appeals, as in the cases of warrants related to injunctions relating to public servants’ right to strike. See generally S.T.F., Mandado de Injunção No. 670, Relator: Minist. Gilmar Mendes, 27.10.2007., Supremo Tribunal Federal [S.T.F.] 30.10.2008 (Braz.); S.T.F., Mandado de Injunção No. 712–8, Relator: Minist. Eros Grau, 25.10.2007., Supremo Tribunal Federal Jurisprudencia [S.T.F.J.], 30.10.2008. (Braz.).Google Scholar

⁸³ The finding of Papadopoulos is also made by Roberto Gargarella, The Constitution of Inequality: Constitutionalism in the Americas, 1776–1860, 3 Int. J. Const. Law 1, 22 (2005), who considers the hypertrophy of counter-majoritarian practices and arrangements by constitutional courts to be one of the features of the liberal constitutional model with a specific focus on selecting the most important issues for democratic politics. Papadopoulos, supra note 76 at 139, 141.Google Scholar

⁸⁴ Thiago Luís Santos Sombra, A Eficácia dos Direitos Fundamentais nas Relações Privadas 87 (2011).Google Scholar

⁸⁵ Silva, supra note 59, at 558.Google Scholar

⁸⁶ Luis Felipe Miguel and Flávia Biroli, who eloquently clarify the phases of the feminist movement, provide the best examples. See Flavia Biroli & Luis Felipe Miguel, Feminismo e Politica: Uma Introdução 32–33 (2014). Additionally, Kimberlé Crenshaw provides a great example in the development of the movement known as Critical Race Theory (CRT) that addresses the relationships between race, racism, and power. See generally Kimberlé Crenshaw, Critical Race Theory: The Key Writings That Formed the Movement (1995). Amartya Sen stresses that in this new context, women “are no longer passive recipients of aid to improve their well-being … [w]omen are increasingly considered, both by men and by themselves, as active agents of change: dynamic promoters of social transformations that can change the life of women and men.” Amartya Sen, Desenvolvimento Como Liberdade 246 (Laura Teixeira Motta trans., 2010).Google Scholar

⁸⁷ Rosanvallon, supra note 36, at 70; Urbinati, supra note 49, at 42.Google Scholar

⁸⁸ Avritzer, supra note 51, at 443.Google Scholar

⁸⁹ Urbinati, supra note 49, at 13.Google Scholar

⁹⁰ See Rosanvallon, supra note 36, 121–68.Google Scholar

⁹¹ See generally Young, Iris Marion, Inclusion and Democracy (2000).Google Scholar

⁹² Silva, supra note 59, at 561.Google Scholar

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⁹⁴ Silva, supra note 59, at 559.Google Scholar

⁹⁵ See generally Christiano, Thomas, Rational Deliberation Among Experts, in Deliberative Systems: deliberative democracy at the large scale 27 (John Parkinson & Jane Mansbridge eds., 2012).Google Scholar

⁹⁶ Id. at 29.Google Scholar

⁹⁷ Conrado Hübner Mendes, Constitutional Courts and Deliberative Democracy 124 (2013); Rodriguez, supra note 40, at 90.Google Scholar

⁹⁸ This was also the case with the hearings on both plantation burnings and asbestos. Workers could only be represented through professional associations, although the views of many of them differed from those of their representatives.Google Scholar

⁹⁹ Papadopoulos, note 76, at 119.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁰ Fox, supra note 57, at 32.Google Scholar

¹⁰¹ Juliano Zaiden Benvindo, Corporate Campaign Contributions in Brazil: Of Courts, Congresses, and the Agendas of Individual Justices, Int'l J. Const. L. Blog (July 3, 2015), http://www.iconnectblog.com/2015/07/corporate-campaign-contributions-in-brazil-of-courts-congresses-and-the-agendas-of-individual-justices/ (last visited Oct 9, 2015).Google Scholar

¹⁰² Joaquim Falcão, Ivar Hartmann, & Vitor Chaves, III relatório Supremo em números: O Supremo e o tempo (2014), http://jornalggn.com.br/sites/default/files/documentos/iii_relatorio_supremo_em_numeros_-_o_supremo_e_o_tempo.pdf.Google Scholar

¹⁰³ Tushnet, supra note 19, at 14.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁴ Katharina Sobota, Don't Mention the Norm!, 4 Int. J. Semiotics L. 45, 47–48 (1991). Although Mark Tushnet uses a theoretical secondary source to argue that public hearings seem to improve the quality of the jurisprudence of the STF, this empirical study has shown that the desired potential is still below the line that is reasonable for this conclusion to be valid. Tushnet, supra note 19, at 15.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁵ Rodriguez, supra note 40, at 93.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁶ For better comprehension, it is important to clarify that the STF does not rule on all its cases en banc (full bench). Each Justice Rapporteur can judge some cases alone because all the justices have previously ruled on the cause of action in a plenary session. Holding a public hearing is a prerogative of the Justice Rapporteur when handling cases that require technical information or expert opinion to provide higher quality elements to the judging session with the full bench panel.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁷ Ministro Marco Aurélio Considera Inconstitucionais Leis Etaduais que Proíbem Amianto, Notícias STF, Oct. 31, 2012, http://www.stf.jus.br/portal/cms/verNoticiaDetalhe.asp?idConteudo=222755.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁸ S.T.F., RE No. 586.224, Relator: Ministro Luiz Fux, Apr. 5, 2015., http://www.stf.jus.br/portal/processo/verProcessoPeca.asp?id=306750595&tipoApp=.pdf (Braz.).Google Scholar

¹⁰⁹ According to Charles Ragin:Google Scholar

** Because of its inherently asymmetric nature, set-theoretic analysis offers many interesting contrasts with analysis based on correlations. Until recently, however, social scientists have been slow to embrace set-theoretic approaches. The perception was that this type of analysis is restricted to primitive, binary variables and that it has little or no tolerance for error. With the advent of ‘fuzzy” sets and the recognition that even rough set-theoretic relations are relevant to theory, these old barriers have crumbled.Google Scholar

** Charles C. Ragin, Set Relations in Social Research: Evaluating Their Consistency and Coverage, 14 Pol. Analysis 291, 291 (2006).Google Scholar

¹¹⁰ Charles C. Ragin, Fuzzy-Set Social Science 8–9 (2000).Google Scholar

¹¹¹ Id. at 9.Google Scholar

¹¹² For methodological matters and for purposes of choosing the appropriate approach, Miguel Gualano de Godoy adopted an objective criterion and a subjective criterion to assess the impact of hearings on justices’ decisions. For example, he used the declarations expressed in votes and the use of similar grounds to those of the hearings even when no express reference to them was made. Except for some conclusions related to the chosen investigative material, he generally presents similar conclusions on the topic. Namely, public hearings are still below their potential for contributing to the decision-making process of the court, and, to a large extent, are a result of the thoughtless rhetorical practices of the STF. Godoy, supra note 19, at 96.Google Scholar

¹¹³ Tushnet, supra note 19, at 17 (“[S]ometimes, though, it seems that social movements affect constitutional interpretation without having influenced judicial selection.”).Google Scholar

¹¹⁴ Formal unconstitutionality is an adjudication technique in judicial review in which the competence to craft a law, an act, or statute is at issue.Google Scholar

¹¹⁵ As explained above using the NVivo software, the data collected from all the public hearings held until now were processed to establish their commonalities. Although only two of these were analyzed in depth, both public hearings are fairly representative of the features described in this article.Google Scholar

¹¹⁶ Supremo Tribunal Federal, ADI 5072 — Ação Direta de InconstitucionalidadeI, http://www.stf.jus.br/portal/processo/verProcessoAndamento.asp?incidente=4506342 (last visited July 25, 2016).Google Scholar

¹¹⁷ Alexandre Freire, Alonso Freire & José Miguel Garcia Medina, Audiěncia Pública Tornou-se Instrumento de Legitimidade, Consultor Jurídico (July 4, 2013), http://www.conjur.com.br/2013-jul-04/audiencias-publicas-tornaram-stf-instrumento-legitimidade-popular; Mônia Clarissa Hennig Leal, As Audiěncias Públicas No Âmbito do Supremo Tribunal Federal Brasileiro: Uma Nova Forma de Participação?, 19 Revista Novos Estudos Jurídicos 327, 330–31 (2014), http://siaiweb06.univali.br/seer/index.php/nej/article/view/6010.Google Scholar

¹¹⁸ See generally Rosanvallon, supra note 36; Michael Saward, The Representative Claim, 5 Contemp. Pol. Theory 297 (2006).Google Scholar

¹¹⁹ S.T.F., Audiěncia Pública no RE No. 586.224, Relator: Justice Rapp Luiz Fux, 22.4.2013., http://www.stf.jus.br/portal/processo/verProcessoAndamento.asp?incidente=2616565 (Braz.).Google Scholar

¹²⁰ Lei No. 10.547, de 2 de Maio de 2000, Diário Oficial do Estado de São Paulo [D.O.S.P.], 08.08.2008. (Braz.).Google Scholar

¹²¹ Id. Google Scholar

¹²² The following spoke in the hearings: the Environment Ministry, the EMBRAPA, Agroindustrial Cooperative of the State of Rio de Janeiro Ltda (Cooperativa Agroindustrial do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Ltda—COAGRO), ALCOPAR, ORPLANA, Northeastern Sugar Cane Producers Union (União Nordestina dos Produtores de Cana), ESALQ/USP, ASCANA, FEPLANA, the Labor Public Prosecutors’ Office (Ministério Público do Trabalho—MPT), the Sugarcane Agroindustry Union of the State of São Paulo (União da Agroindústria Canavieira do Estado de São Paulo—ÚNICA), the Federation of Agriculture of Paraná (Federação da Agricultura do Paraná—FAEP), the Sugar Industry Union in the State of Paraná (Sindicato da Indústria do Açúcar no Estado do Paraná—SIAPAR), the Institute for Space Research (Instituto de Pesquisas Espaciais—INPE), the Institute of Advanced Studies (Instituto de Estudos Avançados —IEA), the Vale Technological Institute (Instituto Tecnológico Vale—ITV), the National Confederation of Agriculture (Confederação Nacional de Agricultura—CNA), ASSOMOGI, SIAMIG—Sugar-Energetic Industries Association of the State of Minas Gerais (Associação das Indústrias Sucroenergéticas do Estado de Minas Gerais), BNDES, SINDAÇÚCAR, the Federation of Agriculture of Alagoas (Federação da Agricultura de Al agoas—FAEAL), the Union of Manufacturing Industry of Ethanol of the State of Goiás (Sindicato da Indústria de Fabricação de Etanol do Estado de Goiás —SIFAEG), the Union of Sugar Manufacturing Industry of the State of Goiàs (Sindicato da Indústria de Fabricação de Açúcar do Estado de Goiás—SIFAÇÚCAR), the Environmental Sanitation Technology Company (Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental—CETESB), the Councilman of the Municipality of Barretos, ABEMA, and CONTAG. See Federal, Supremo Tribunal, Recurso Extraorinário 586.224 Sãn Paulo (Apr. 22, 2013), http://www.stf.jus.br/arquivo/cms/audienciasPublicas/anexo/CronogramaFinalQueimadaCanaviais.pdf.Google Scholar

¹²³ To avoid explanations of legal issues, the Justice Rapporteur delimited twelve questions to guide the guests’ presentations.Google Scholar

¹²⁴ S.T.F., Audiěncia Pública no RE No. 586.224, Relator: Justice Rapp Luiz Fux, Apr. 22, 2013, http://www.stf.jus.br/portal/processo/verProcessoAndamento.asp?incidente=2616565 (Braz.) (last visited Nov 5, 2015).Google Scholar

¹²⁵ Cass R. Sunstein, A Constitution of Many Minds: Why the Founding Document Doesn't Mean what it Meant Before 167, 181 (2009).Google Scholar

¹²⁶ Fernando Leal, Para que servem as audiěncias públicas no STF?, JOTA (June 16, 2015), http://jota.info/para-que-servem-as-audiencias-publicas-no-stf.Google Scholar

¹²⁷ Caio Prado Júnior, Formação do Brasil Contemporâneo: Colônia 134 (3d ed. 2000).Google Scholar

¹²⁸ S.T.F., RE No. 586.224, Relator: Justice Rapp. Luiz Fux, 5.3.2015., http://www.stf.jus.br/portal/processo/verProcessoPeca.asp?id=306750595&tipoApp=.pdf (Braz.).Google Scholar

¹²⁹ Tushnet, supra note 19, at 14.Google Scholar

¹³⁰ RE 586.224, supra note 128.Google Scholar

¹³¹ Id. Google Scholar

¹³² Rosanvallon, supra note 36, at 54.Google Scholar

¹³³ S.T.F., Audiěncia Pública na ADI No. 3937, Relator: Justice Rapp Marco Aurélio, 31.8.2012., http://redir.stf.jus.br/paginadorpub/paginador.jsp?docTP=AC&docID=553763 (Braz.) (last visited Oct. 25, 2015).Google Scholar

¹³⁴ Id. Google Scholar

¹³⁵ Lei No. 12.684, de 26 de Julho de 2007, Diário Oficial do Estado de São Paulo [D.O.S.P.] (Braz.).Google Scholar

¹³⁶ Constituição Federal [C.F.] [Constitution] arts. 22 (XI), (XII), 24 (V), (VI), (XII), 1.Google Scholar

¹³⁷ Id. art. 170.Google Scholar

¹³⁸ Ministro Marco Aurélio Considera Inconstitucionais Leis Estaduais que Proíbem Amianto, Notícias STF, Oct. 31, 2012, http://www.stf.jus.br/portal/cms/verNoticiaDetalhe.asp?idConteudo=222755.Google Scholar

¹³⁹ Id. For example, the Ministry of Labor, Ministry of Development, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Environment, the Heart Institute of the Hospital das Clínicas, Secretaries of the State of São Paulo, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), and CETESB all participated.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁰ Id. For example, the Syndicate of the Workers in the Industry of Extraction of Non-metallic Minerals of Minaçu—Goiás, the Brazilian Medical Association (Associação Médica Brasileira—AMB) and the National Association of Occupational Medicine (Associação Nacional de Medicina do Trabalho—ANAMT), Brazilian Chrysotile Institute, National Association of Labor Attorneys (Associação Nacional dos Procuradores do Trabalho—ANPT), and the Brazilian Association of the Exposed all participated.Google Scholar

¹⁴¹ Evasive rhetoric has recently been commonplace in the STF, as in the recent trial called Unconstitutional State of Affairs. Thiago Luis Santos Sombra, The “Unconstitutional State of Affairs” in Brazil's Prison System: The Enchantment of Legal Transplantation, Int'L J. of Const. L. Blog (Sept. 30, 2015), http://www.iconnectblog.com/2015/09/the-unconstitutional-state-of-affairs-in-brazils-prison-system-the-enchantment-of-legal-transplantation/.Google Scholar

¹⁴² Notícias STF, supra note 138.Google Scholar

¹⁴³ Id. Google Scholar

¹⁴⁴ Id. Google Scholar

¹⁴⁵ Id. Google Scholar

¹⁴⁶ José Rodrigo Rodriguez believes:Google Scholar

** [T]he debate on possible models for judicial rationality is increasingly present in national law and has been going on apart from an assessment of the reasonableness of our jurisdiction …. The so-called ‘judicialization of politics’ combined with the theoretical action of some jurists has led to opening the judicial branch and legal thinking to the scrutiny of society and the need to provide justifications. Increasingly, the public sphere criticizes this branch and evaluates its decisions. Thus, the social agents will hardly comply and accept arguments from authority as a basis for judicial decisions.Google Scholar

** Rodriguez, supra note 40, at 92.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁷ One of the concerns that motivated this research came from José Rodrigo Rodriguez's question: “Would it not be more reasonable to assume that this irrational standard of our jurisdiction is its normal state and to set aside any pretention of modifying it?” Id. at 91.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁸ The impression of Mark Tushnet in this regard allows for comprehending the complexity of public hearings from an interesting point of view:Google Scholar

** [I]n contrast, legislative hearings and Brazilian public hearings involve ‘repeat players’ on one side—the legislator or the judges—but, typically, ‘one-shooters’ on the other. It may be that social norms dealing with respect in in-person conversations will induce a somewhat more genuine practice of deliberation in the legislative hearings and the Brazilian public hearings.Google Scholar

** Tushnet, supra note 19, at 16.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁹ Although relevant studies such as that of Thamy Pogrebinschi support the notion that the STF acts more as a complement to legislative activities than in its counter-majoritarian function, the examination of collected data indicates the opposite when considering that a sampling universe was greater than only the actions originating in the concentrated control of constitutionality, as was undertaken by the cited author. Pogrebinschi, supra note 43, at 116.Google Scholar

¹⁵⁰ Alec Stone Sweet, Governing With Judges: Constitutional Politics in Europe 62–63 (2000).Google Scholar

¹⁵¹ Mark Tushnet's caution regarding conclusions on the effective contribution of public hearings to decision-making process's optimization is commendable:Google Scholar

** [W]e cannot draw confident conclusions about how crowd-sourcing and public hearings or similar mechanisms would work if widely adopted. Successful innovations in constitutional technology are rare, and these may turn out to be ventures down paths that end at a blank wall. Yet, both are clearly in a constitutionalist tradition that makes the consent of the public an important part of constitutional foundations.Google Scholar

** Tushnet, supra note 19, at 18.Google Scholar