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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 02 January 2013
The aim of this article is to determine the EU's effect on British–Irish and Greek–Turkish cooperation. It examines the EU's actual and potential role in fostering British–Irish and Greek–Turkish cooperation as well as its policies to Northern Ireland and Cyprus themselves. Domestic bureaucratic capacity and institutional design are put forward as explanations for the success of the British–Irish relationship rather than EU membership per se. In the case of Cyprus, the article suggests that increased bilateral cooperation with respect to disputed territory is unlikely to occur in the absence of faster bureaucratic change in both Greece and Turkey. EU membership is not a causal factor in the evolution of cooperation and conflict resolution.
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4 Europe News, 10 January 2008, ‘Barroso: Northern Ireland an “Inspiration” for Conflict Resolution’, Deutsche-Presse-Agenteur, http://news.monstersandcritics.com/europe/news/article_1385860.php/Barroso_Northern_Ireland, p. 1.
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9 Gulnur Aybet, ‘Turkey and the First Year of Negotiations: Reconciling Internal and External Policy Challenges’, Security Dialogue, 37: 4 (2004) p. 534.
10 Neophytos Loizides, ‘Ethnic Nationalism and Adaptation in Cyprus’, International Studies Perspectives, 8: (2007), p. 174.
11 Ibid., p. 176.
12 Olga Demetriou, ‘EU and Cyprus’, paper presented to ECPR workshop, Uppsala, 2004, p. 12.
13 Loizides, ‘Ethnic Nationalism and Adaptation in Cyprus’, p. 185.
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30 European Commission, DG Enlargement, interview with the author, 11 May 2007.
31 John Coakley, ‘The North–South Institutions: From Blueprint to Reality’, IBIS Working Paper 22, Dublin, 2002, p. 8.
32 Laffan, ‘Ireland, Britain, Northern Ireland and the EU Dimension’, p. 14.
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36 Keatinge, ‘Un-Equal Sovereigns’.
37 Ted Barrington, Irish Ambassador to UK, 1995–2001, lecture to Department of Politics, University College Dublin, 10 October 2002.
38 Anglo-Irish Division, Irish Department of Foreign Affairs, interview with the author, 17 May 2007.
39 Nicholas Rees, ‘Ireland's Foreign Relations’, Irish Review of International Studies, 15 (2004), p. 221.
40 Dermot Nally, secretary to Irish government, 1986–, interview with the author, 7 November 2002.
41 Ted Barrington, lecture to Department of Politics and International Relations, University College Dublin, 10 October 2002.
42 Tannam, Cross-Border Cooperation.
43 Keatinge, ‘Un-Equal Sovereigns’.
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46 RTE, ‘Tragedy at Mullaghmore’, broadcast, 16 September 2010.
47 Dermot Nally, in ibid.
48 Michael Lillis and David Goodall, ‘Edging Towards Peace’, Dublin Review of Books, February 2010, http://www.drb.ie_details/10-02-17/Edging_Towards_Peace, p. 3.
49 Dermot Nally, interview with author, 7 November 2002.
50 Bew, Gibbon and Patterson, Northern Ireland 1921/2001, p. 203; and Lillis and Goodall, ‘Edging Towards Peace’, p. 12.
51 Olga Demetriou, ‘The EU and the Cyprus Conflict: The View of Political Actors in Cyprus’, The EU and Border Conflict, 9 (July 2004), p. 4.
52 Ibid., p. 4.
53 European Commission, cited in Frank Schimmelfennig, International Socialization in Europe: European Organizations, Political Conditionality and Democratic Change, Basingstoke, Palgrave, 2006, p. 202.
54 Demetriou, ‘EU and Cyprus’, p. 25.
55 Commission of the European Community, Inforegio Factsheet, http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/docgener/informat/compar/comp_cy.pdf, 2006, p. 2.
56 Commission of the European Communities, Commission Staff Working Document, Turkey 2006 Progress Report, COM (2006) 649, p. 52.
58 Ibid.
59 Ibid.
60 Ibid.
61 Commission of the European Communities, Turkey Progress Report: Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council: Enlargement Strategy and the Main Challenges 2007–2008, p. 29.
62 European Commission, Staff Working Document, Turkey 2006 Progress Report, COM (2006) 649.
63 Commission of the European Communities, Turkey Progress Report: Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council: Enlargement Strategy and the Main Challenges 2007–2008, p. 28.
64 Tannam, ‘Explaining British–Irish Cooperation’.
65 Aybet, ‘Turkey and the First Year of Negotiations’, p. 535.
67 Ibid.
68 Embassy of Greece, http://www.greekembassy.org/embassy/content, 31 March 2009.
69 Commission of the European Communities, Turkey Progress Report: Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council: Enlargement Strategy and the Main Challenges 2007–2008, p. 29.
71 Wolff, Stefan, Ethnic Conflict, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006, p. 233 Google Scholar.
72 Rumelilli, ‘The Microprocesses of Hegemonic Influence’, p. 10.
73 Aybet, ‘Turkey and the First Year of Negotiations’.
74 Ibid., p. 540.
75 Ibid., p. 544.
76 Ibid., p. 543.
77 Carol Migdalovitz, ‘Turkey's 2007 Elections: Crisis of Identity and Power’, Congressional Research Service Report for Congress, fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL34039.pdf, 92007, p. 3.
78 Ibid.
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81 Ibid., p. 8.
82 Sotiropoulous, Dimitri, ‘A Description of the Greek Higher Civil Service’, in Page, E. and Wright, V. (eds), Bureaucratic Elites in West European States, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 14 Google Scholar.
83 Ibid.
84 Featherstone, ‘Introduction: “Modernisation” and the Structural Constraints of Greek Politics’, p. 120.
85 Dia Anagnostou, ‘Deepening Democracy or Defending the Nation? The Europeanisation of Minority Rights and Greek Citizenship’, in Featherstone, Politics and Policy in Greece, p. 132.
86 Ibid.
87 Ibid., p. 133.
88 Kevin Featherstone and Dimitris Papadimitriou, The Limits of Europeanization: Reform Capacity and Policy Conflict in Greece, Basingstoke, Palgrave, 2008, p. 4.
89 Ibid., p. 188.
90 Kevin Featherstone, ‘Conclusion’, in Featherstone, Politics and Policy in Greece, p. 120.
91 Kerr, Michael, ‘A Culture of Power-Sharing’, in Taylor, Rupert (ed.), Consociational Theory: McGarry and O'Leary and the Northern Ireland Conflict, London, Routledge, 2009 Google Scholar.
92 Tanja Borzel and Thomas Risse, ‘Conceptualising the Domestic Impact of Europe’, in Featherstone and Radaelli, The Politics of Europeanisation, p. 73.
93 This neglect is also highlighted by George Kyris, ‘Europeanisation, EU Enlargement and the TC Community: Developing a Conceptual Framework’, paper presented to the 4th Hellenic Observatory PhD Symposium on Contemporary Greece and Cyprus, London School of Economics, London, 25–26 June 2009.
