Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-k7p5g Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-15T22:18:54.349Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

You Have to Know Where to Look in Order to Find It: Competitiveness in Botswana's Dominant Party System

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 October 2012

Abstract

Dominant party systems are defined by a lack of party alternation at the national level; however, dominant party systems do not inherently preclude electoral competition at the macro level, the micro level, or both. Nonetheless, little systematic work has documented the competitiveness of elections under a dominant party system. This article describes the nature of competition under one of sub-Saharan Africa's most enduring dominant party systems, Botswana. By examining electoral outcomes at the constituency level, this article demonstrates that elections in Botswana produce significant levels of competition, especially when compared to other sub-Saharan countries. Furthermore, electoral competitiveness appears unrelated to the party system at large: namely, competitiveness is no less or greater under dominant party systems than under multiparty systems.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Government and Opposition Ltd 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

Stephanie Burchard is a research staff member at the Institute for Defense Analyses, Alexandria, VA. Contact email: smburchard@gmail.com.

References

Abramowitz, A., Alexander, B.Gunning, M. (2006), ‘Incumbency, Redistricting, and the Decline of Competition in U.S. House Elections’, Journal of Politics, 68: 7588.Google Scholar
Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S.Robinson, J.A. (2003), ‘An African Success Story: Botswana’, in D. Rodrik (ed.), In Search of Prosperity: Analytical Narratives on Economic Growth (Princeton: Princeton University Press): 80119.Google Scholar
African Elections Database (2010), ‘A Database of Election Results in Sub-Saharan Africa’, http://africanelections.tripod.com.Google Scholar
Bienen, H. (1974), Kenya: The Politics of Participation and Control (Princeton: Princeton University Press).Google Scholar
Blais, A.Lago, I. (2009), ‘A General Measure of District Competitiveness’, Electoral Studies, 28(1): 94100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bogaards, M. (2000), ‘Crafting Competitive Party Systems: Electoral Laws and the Opposition in Africa’, Democratization, 7(4): 163190.Google Scholar
Bogaards, M. (2004), ‘Counting Parties and Identifying Dominant Party Systems in Africa’, European Journal of Political Research, 43: 173197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Botswana Gazette (2009), ‘Elections Are Over: The People Have Spoken’, Botswana Gazette, 23 October.Google Scholar
Charlton, R. (1993), ‘The Politics of Elections in Botswana’, Africa, 63(3, Understanding Elections in Africa special issue): 330370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheesman, N. (2010), ‘African Elections as Vehicles for Change’, Journal of Democracy, 21(4): 139153.Google Scholar
Cox, G.W.Katz, J.N. (1996), ‘Why Did the Incumbency Advantage in U.S. House Elections Grow?’, American Journal of Political Science, 40(2): 478497.Google Scholar
Cox, G.W.Katz, J.N. (2002), Elbridge Gerry's Salamander: The Electoral Consequences of the Reapportionment Revolution (New York: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Dahl, R.A. (1971), Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press).Google Scholar
Danevad, A. (1995), ‘Responsiveness in Botswana Politics: Do Elections Matter?’, Journal of Modern African Studies, 33(3): 381402.Google Scholar
Downs, A. (1957), An Economic Theory of Democracy (New York: Harper and Row).Google Scholar
Du Toit, P. (1999), ‘Bridge or Bridgehead? Comparing the Party Systems of Botswana, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Zambia and Malawi’, in H. Giliomee and C. Simkins (eds), The Awkward Embrace: One-Party Domination and Democracy (Amsterdam: Harwood): 193217.Google Scholar
EISA (2004), Election Observer Mission Report: Botswana, Parliamentary and Local Government Elections 30 October 2004 (Johannesburg: EISA).Google Scholar
Erdmann, G.Basedau, M. (2007), Problems of Categorizing and Explaining Party Systems in Africa, German Institute of Global and Area Studies Working Paper, http://www.ciaonet.org/wps/giga040/index.html.Google Scholar
Freedom House (2010), ‘Freedom in the World 2010: Global Erosion of Freedom’, http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/freedom-world-2010.Google Scholar
Ganetsang, G. (2009), ‘Khama Weaves “Khama Magic” for Besieged A-Team MPs’, Sunday Standard, 15 October.Google Scholar
Gelman, A.King, G.W. (1990), ‘Estimating Incumbency Advantage without Bias’, American Journal of Political Science, 34(4): 1153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gertzel, C., Baylies, C.Szeftel, M. (1984) (eds), The Dynamics of the One-Party State in Zambia (Manchester: Manchester University Press).Google Scholar
Giliomee, H.Simkins, C. (1999), ‘Dominant Party Regimes’, in H. Giliomee and C. Simkins (eds), The Awkward Embrace: One-Party Domination and Democracy (Amsterdam: Harwood): 146.Google Scholar
Greene, K. (2007), Why Dominant Parties Lose: Mexico's Democratization in Comparative Perspective (New York: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Hirsch, S. (2003), ‘The United States House of Unrepresentatives: What Went Wrong in the Latest Round of Congressional Redistricting’, Election Law Journal, 2(2): 179216.Google Scholar
IOL News (2010), ‘Botswana Splinter Group Forms New Party’, http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?art_id=nw20100427175819518C508314, 27 April.Google Scholar
Lekorwe, M. (2000), ‘Governance and Elections: Enhancing Local Democracy in Botswana’, Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies, 14(1): 2335.Google Scholar
Levitsky, S.Way, L.A. (2010), ‘Why Democracy Needs a Level Playing Field’, Journal of Democracy, 21(1): 5768.Google Scholar
Lijphart, A. (1994), Electoral Systems and Party Systems: A Study of Twenty-seven Democracies, 1945–1990 (Oxford: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
Lindberg, S. (2006), Democracy and Elections in Africa (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press).Google Scholar
Manning, C. (2005), ‘Assessing African Party Systems after the Third Wave’, Party Politics, 11(6): 707727.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maudeni, Z. (2005), 40 Years of Democracy in Botswana: 1965 to 2005 (Gaborone: Mmegi Publishing House).Google Scholar
Mayhew, D. (1974), ‘Congressional Elections: The Case of the Vanishing Marginals’, Polity, 6: 295317.Google Scholar
Mokopakgosi, B.T.Molomo, M.G. (2000), ‘Democracy in the Face of a Weak Opposition in Botswana’, Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies, 14(1): 322.Google Scholar
Molomo, M.G. (2000), ‘Understanding Government and Opposition Parties in Botswana’, Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, 38(1): 6592.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Molutsi, P.P. (1991), ‘Political Parties and Democracy in Botswana’, in M. G. Molomo and B. T. Mokopakgosi (eds), Multi-party Democracy in Botswana (Harare: Southern African Political Economy Series Trust).Google Scholar
Mozaffar, S.Scarritt, J. (2005), ‘The Puzzle of African Party Systems’, Party Politics, 11(4): 399421.Google Scholar
Mpabanga, D. (2000), ‘Declining Voter Participation in Botswana: Trends and Patterns’, Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies, 14(1): 4758.Google Scholar
Nengwekhulu, R. (1979), ‘Some Findings on the Origins of Political Parties in Botswana’, Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies, 1(2): 4776.Google Scholar
Osei-Hwedie, B.Z. (2001), ‘The Political Opposition in Botswana: the Politics of Factionalism and Fragmentation’, Transformation, 45: 5777.Google Scholar
Owino, W. (2009), ‘Botswana Elects First Female Speaker’, Daily Nation, 21 October.Google Scholar
Panebianco, A. (1988), Political Parties: Organization and Power (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Parson, J. (1990), Succession to High Office in Botswana: Three Case Studies (Athens, OH: Ohio University Center for International Studies).Google Scholar
Pempel, T.J. (1990), Uncommon Democracies: The One-Party Dominant Regimes (New York: Cornell University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Polhemus, J. (1983), ‘Botswana Votes: Parties and Elections in an African Democracy’, Journal of Modern African Studies, 21(3): 397430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Powell, G.B. (2000), Elections as Instruments of Democracy: Majoritarian and Proportional Visions (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press).Google Scholar
Przeworski, A., Alvarez, M., Cheibub, J.A.Limongi, F. (2000), Democracy and Development: Political Regimes and Material Well-being in the World, 1950–1990 (New York: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Ray, D.Havick, J. (1981), ‘A Longitudinal Analysis of Party Competition in State Legislative Elections’, American Journal of Political Science, 25(1): 119128.Google Scholar
Sartori, G. (1976), Parties and Party Systems: A Framework for Analysis, Vol. 1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Scheiner, E. (2006), Democracy without Competition in Japan: Opposition Failure in a One-Party Dominant State (New York: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Sebudubudu, D. (2004), ‘Botswana's 2004 Election Campaign Process’, EISA: Election Talk, 10(1): 14.Google Scholar
Sebudubudu, D.Osei-Hwedie, B.Z. (2005), Democratic Consolidation in SADC: Botswana's 2004 Election (South Africa: EISA).Google Scholar
Spiess, C. (2009), Democracy and Party Systems in Developing Countries: A Comparative Study of India and South Africa (New York: Routledge).Google Scholar
Stasavage, D. (2005), ‘Democracy and Education Spending in Africa’, American Journal of Political Science, 49(2): 343358.Google Scholar
Stevens, C.Speed, J. (1977), ‘Multipartism in Africa: The Case of Botswana Revisited’, African Affairs, 77: 381387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strom, K. (1990), ‘A Behavioral Theory of Competitive Political Parties’, American Journal of Political Science, 34: 565598.Google Scholar
Throup, D. (1993), ‘Elections and Political Legitimacy in Kenya’, Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, 63(3): 371396.Google Scholar
Transparency International (2008), ‘Transparency International Corruption Perception Index (CPI) 2008’, http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2008.Google Scholar
Van de Walle, N. (2003), ‘Presidentialism and Clientelism in Africa's Emerging Party Systems’, Journal of Modern African Studies, 41(2): 297321.Google Scholar
Weber, R.E., Tucker, H.J.Brace, P. (1991), ‘Vanishing Marginals in State Legislative Elections’, Legislative Studies Quarterly, 16(1): 2947.Google Scholar
Wiseman, J.A.Charlton, R. (1995), ‘Notes on Recent Elections: The October 1994 Elections in Botswana’, Electoral Studies, 14(1): 323328.Google Scholar
World Bank (2010), ‘Country Data Report for Botswana, 1996–2010’, http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/pdf/c35.pdf.Google Scholar