Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-x24gv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-10T04:24:09.740Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Interview Method in Comparative Politics: The Process of Interviewing Far-Right Actors

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 December 2021

Antonis A. Ellinas*
Affiliation:
Department of Political and Social Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
*
*Corresponding author. Email: aellinas@ucy.ac.cy

Abstract

Interviews have been the basis for some of the greatest insights in many disciplines but have largely been on the backstage of comparative political inquiry. I first rely on bibliometric data to show the limited use of interviews in research published by major journals in the past 30 years. I then focus on how interviews are used to study a hard-to-reach population: far-right actors. Using the extant literature and reflecting on my field experience with far-right leaders and functionaries, I examine in detail how interviews help investigate this phenomenon; I analyse challenges related to interview access, rapport, analysis and ethics and offer remedies. I argue that comparativists using interviews need to address these challenges by explicating and reflecting on the process through which they collect interview data rather than solely focusing on the data itself.

Type
Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Government and Opposition Limited

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aberbach, JD, Putnam, RD and Rockman, BA (1981) Bureaucrats and Politicians in Western Democracies. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aguinis, H and Solarino, AM (2019) Transparency and Replicability in Qualitative Research: The Case of Interviews with Elite Informants. Strategic Management Journal 40(8), 12911315. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.3015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alvesson, M (2003) Beyond Neopositivists, Romantics, and Localists: A Reflexive Approach to Interviews in Organizational Research. Academy of Management Review 28(1), 1333. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2003.8925191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Art, D (2005) The Politics of the Nazi Past in Germany and Austria. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Art, D (2011) Inside the Radical Right: The Development of Anti-Immigrant Parties in Western Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511976254CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arter, D (2016) When New Party X has the ‘X Factor’: On Resilient Entrepreneurial Parties. Party Politics 22(1), 1526. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1354068813509523.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, JM (2002) Validity and Reliability Issues in Elite Interviewing. PS: Political Science and Politics 35, 679682. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096502001166.Google Scholar
Blee, KM (2002) Inside Organized Racism: Women in the Hate Movement. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Blee, KM and Taylor, V (2002) Semi-Structured Interviewing in Social Movement Research. In Klandermans, B and Staggenborg, S (eds), Methods of Social Movement Research. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, pp. 92117.Google Scholar
Bleich, E and Pekkanen, R (2013) How to Report Interview Data. In Mosley, L (ed.), Interview Research in Political Science. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, pp. 84105.Google Scholar
Boellstorff, T, Nardi, B, Pearce, C and Taylor, TL (2012) Ethnography and Virtual Worlds. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bourgois, P (2007) Confronting the Ethics of Ethnography: Lessons from Fieldwork in Central America. In Robben, AC and Sluka, JA (eds), Ethnographic Fieldwork: An Anthropological Reader. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 318330.Google Scholar
Brady, HE and Collier, D (2004) (eds) Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.Google Scholar
Breuning, M and Ishiyama, J (2016) Implementing DA-RT in the American Political Science Review. Comparative Politics Newsletter 26(1), 5457.Google Scholar
Cammett, M (2013) Using Proxy Interviewing to Address Sensitive Topics. In Mosley, L (ed.), Interview Research in Political Science. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, pp. 125143.Google Scholar
Cowley, P (2021) Interviewing MPs. SSRN Paper 3764202, 12 January. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3764202.Google Scholar
Cramer, K (2015) Transparent Explanations, Yes. Public Transcripts and Fieldnotes, No: Ethnographic Research on Public Opinion. Qualitative & Multi-Method Research 13(1), 1720.Google Scholar
Dahl, RA (1974) Who Governs? Democracy and Power in an American City. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Davies, PHJ (2001) Spies as Informants: Triangulation and the Interpretation of Elite Interview Data in the Study of the Intelligence and Security Services. Politics 21(1), 7380. https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-9256.00138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeClair, EG (1999) Politics on the Fringe: The People, Policies, and Organization of the French National Front. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
De León, J (2018) The Indecisive Moment: Photoethnography on the Undocumented Migration Trail. In Sheehan, T (ed.), Photography and Migration. London: Routledge, pp. 115129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dexter, LA and Kerle, K (1969) The Sociology and Politics of Congress. New York: Rand McNally.Google Scholar
Dobratz, BA and Waldner, LK (2020) Interviewing Members of the White Power Movement in the United States: Reflections on Research Strategies and Challenges of Right-Wing Extremists. In Ashe, SD et al. (eds), Researching the Far Right. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 212224.10.4324/9781315304670-13CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dodge, M and Geis, G (2006) Fieldwork with the Elite: Interviewing White-Collar Criminals. In Hobbs, D and Wright, R (eds), The Sage Handbook of Fieldwork. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, pp. 7993.Google Scholar
Ellinas, AA (2013) The Rise of Golden Dawn: The New Face of the Far Right in Greece. South European Society and Politics 18(4), 543565. https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2013.782838.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellinas, AA (2020) Organizing against Democracy: The Local Organizational Development of Far Right Parties in Greece and Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/9781108227926CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellinas, AA and Lamprianou, I (2017) How Far Right Local Party Organizations Develop: The Organizational Buildup of the Greek Golden Dawn. Party Politics 23(6), 804820. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1354068816641337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fangen, K (2020) An Observational Study of the Norwegian Far Right: Some Reflections. In Ashe, SD et al. (eds), Researching the Far Right. London: Routledge, pp. 241253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
George, AL and Bennett, A (2005) Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Gerring, J (2007) The Case Study: What it Is and What it Does. In Boix, C and Stokes, S (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 90122.Google Scholar
Goodwin, MJ (2011) New British Fascism: Rise of the British National Party. Abingdon: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gubrium, JF, Holstein, JA, Marvasti, AB and McKinney, AD (2012) (eds) The SAGE Handbook of Interview Research: The Complexity of the Craft. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Hall, RL (1998) Participation in Congress. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Hammond, M and Rhodes, PJ (trans. and ed.) (2009) Thucydides: The Peloponnesian War. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Harris, DJ, Simi, P and Ligon, G (2016) Reporting Practices of Journal Articles That Include Interviews with Extremists. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 39(7–8), 602616. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2016.1141009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heggen, K and Guillemin, M (2012) Protecting Participants’ Confidentiality Using a Situated Research Ethics Approach. In Gubrium, JF, Holstein, JA, Marvasti, AB and McKinney, KD (eds), The SAGE Handbook of Interview Research: The Complexity of the Craft. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, pp. 465476.Google Scholar
Hertz, R and Imber, JB (eds) (1995) Studying Elites Using Qualitative Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.10.4135/9781483327341CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inckle, K (2015) Promises, Promises: Lessons in Research Ethics From the Belfast Project and ‘The Rape Tape’ Case. Sociological Research Online 20(1), 5971. https://doi.org/10.5153%2Fsro.3570.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobs, AM, Büthe, T, Arjona, A, Arriola, LR, Bellin, E, Bennett, A and Björkman, L et al. (2021) The Qualitative Transparency Deliberations: Insights and Implications. Perspectives on Politics 19(1), 171208. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592720001164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, CW (2015) Seeing Like an Autocrat: Liberal Social Engineering in an Illiberal State. Perspectives on Politics 13(1), 2441. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592714003119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khalil, J (2019) A Guide to Interviewing Terrorists and Violent Extremists. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 42(4), 429443. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2017.1385182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kitschelt, H and McGann, AJ (1995) The Radical Right in Western Europe: A Comparative Analysis. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Klandermans, B and Mayer, N (2005) Extreme Right Activists in Europe: Through the Magnifying Glass. Abingdon: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kvale, S and Brinkmann, S (2009) Interviews: Learning the Craft of Qualitative Research Interviewing. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Lancaster, K (2017) Confidentiality, Anonymity and Power Relations in Elite Interviewing: Conducting Qualitative Policy Research in a Politicised Domain. International Journal of Social Research Methodology 20(1), 93103. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2015.1123555.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leech, BL, Baumgartner, FR, Berry, JM, Hojnacki, M and Kimball, DC (2013) Lessons from the ‘Lobbying and Policy Change’ Project. In Mosley, L (ed.), Interview Research in Political Science. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, pp. 209224.Google Scholar
Linden, A and Klandermans, B (2006) Stigmatization and Repression of Extreme-Right Activism in the Netherlands. Mobilization: An International Quarterly 11(2), 213228. https://doi.org/10.17813/maiq.11.2.t87425625ltr5151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacLean, LM (2013) The Power of the Interviewer. In Mosley, L (ed.), Interview Research in Political Science. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, pp. 6783.Google Scholar
Mahoney, J (2010) After KKV: The New Methodology of Qualitative Research. World Politics 62(1), 120147. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043887109990220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marcus, G (2012) Foreword. In Boellstorff, T, Nardi, B, Pearce, C and Taylor, TL (eds), Ethnography and Virtual Worlds. Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. xiiixvii.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marzano, M (2012) Informed Consent. In Gubrium, JF, Holstein, JA, Marvasti, AB and McKinney, KD (eds), The SAGE Handbook of Interview Research: The Complexity of the Craft. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, pp. 443456.Google Scholar
Monroe, KR (2018) The Rush to Transparency: DA-RT and the Potential Dangers for Qualitative Research. Perspectives on Politics 16(1), 141148. https://doi.org/10.1017/S153759271700336X.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moravcsik, A (2010) Active Citation: A Precondition for Replicable Qualitative Research. PS: Political Science & Politics 43(1), 2935. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096510990781.Google Scholar
Morris, ZS (2009) The Truth about Interviewing Elites. Politics 29(3), 209217. https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9256.2009.01357.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mosley, L (ed.) (2013) Interview Research in Political Science. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.10.7591/9780801467974CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mudde, C (2007) Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Munck, GL and Snyder, R (2007) Passion, Craft, and Method in Comparative Politics. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Natow, RS (2020) The Use of Triangulation in Qualitative Studies Employing Elite Interviews. Qualitative Research 20(2), 160173. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1468794119830077.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Noy, C (2008) Sampling Knowledge: The Hermeneutics of Snowball Sampling in Qualitative Research. International Journal of Social Research Methodology 11(4), 327344. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645570701401305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ostrander, SA (1993) ‘Surely You're Not in This Just to be Helpful’: Access, Rapport, and Interviews in Three Studies of Elites. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 22(1), 2227. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F089124193022001002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parkinson, SE and Wood, EJ (2015) Transparency in Intensive Research on Violence: Ethical Dilemmas and Unforeseen Consequences. Newsletter of the American Political Science Association Organized Section for Qualitative and Multi-Method Research 13(1), 2227.Google Scholar
Pepinsky, TB (2019) The Return of the Single-Country Study. Annual Review of Political Science 22, 187203. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-051017-113314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pierce, J (1995) Reflections on Fieldwork in a Complex Organization. In Hertz, R and Imber, J (eds), Studying Elites Using Qualitative Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, pp. 94110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pirro, ALP and Gattinara, PC (2018) Movement Parties of the Far Right: The Organization and Strategies of Nativist Collective Actors. Mobilization: An International Quarterly 23(3), 367383. https://doi.org/10.17813/1086-671X-23-3-367.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reno, W (2013) The Problem of Extraterritorial Legality. In Mosley, L (ed.), Interview Research in Political Science. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, pp. 159180.Google Scholar
Richards, D (1996) Elite Interviewing: Approaches and Pitfalls. Politics 16, 199204. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9256.1996.tb00039.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, JC (1985) Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Simi, P and Futrell, R (2010) American Swastika: Inside the White Power Movement's Hidden Spaces of Hate. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Skinner, J (2012) The Interview: An Ethnographic Approach (ASA Monographs). London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Solarino, AM and Aguinis, H (2021) Challenges and Best-Practice Recommendations for Designing and Conducting Interviews with Elite Informants. Journal of Management Studies 58(3), 649672. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12620.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stepan, AC (1971) The Military in Politics: Changing Patterns in Brazil. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Tansey, O (2007) Process Tracing and Elite Interviewing: A Case for Non-Probability Sampling. PS: Political Science and Politics 40(4), 765772. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096507071211.Google Scholar
Tavits, M (2013) Post-Communist Democracies and Party Organization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781139565196CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Useem, M (1995) Reaching Corporate Executives. Studying Elites Using Qualitative Methods. In Hertz, R and Imber, JB (eds), Studying Elites Using Qualitative Methods. London: Sage, pp. 1839.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ware, NC, Wyatt, MA and Tugenberg, T (2006) Social Relationships, Stigma and Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV/AIDS. AIDS Care 18(8), 904910. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540120500330554.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wedeen, L (2010) Reflections on Ethnographic Work in Political Science. Annual Review of Political Science 13, 255272. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.052706.123951.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woliver, LR (2002) Ethical Dilemmas in Personal Interviewing. PS: Political Science & Politics 35(4), 677678. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096502001154.Google Scholar
Wood, EJ (2009) Field Research. In Boix, C and Stokes, S (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 143146.Google Scholar
Yashar, D (2016) Editorial Trust, Gatekeeping, and Unintended Consequences. Comparative Politics Newsletter 26(1), 5764.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Ellinas supplementary material

Ellinas supplementary material

Download Ellinas supplementary material(File)
File 26.4 KB