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The Multi-Party System in Ukraine on the Eve of Elections: Identity Problems, Conflicts and Solutions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2014

Taras Kuzio
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Type
Case Study
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Government and Opposition , Volume 29 , Issue 1 , 01 January 1994 , pp. 109 - 127
Copyright
Copyright © Government and Opposition Ltd 1994

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References

1 On political pluralism in Ukraine see Molod Ukrainy, 23 December 1990; Kommunist Ukrainyj, No. 12. 1990; Kultura i Zhyttia, 5 January 1991; Visit z Ukrainy, No. 15, 1991; LiUratuma Uknina, 20 June 1991; PostPostup, No. 6, 1991; Veto, No. 15–16, 1991; Sloeo, May 1991; Radyanska Ukraine, 22 May 1991; Samostijna Ukraine, No. 29, July 1992 and Uriadooyj Kuritr, No. 31, 31 July 1992. A round table of political parties was covered in Za Vilrm Ukrainu, 30 April 1991. See also the surveys by Oleksiy Haran in Zobti Voreta, No. 1, 1991, pp. 48–57 and Volodymyr Lytvyn in Politolehichni chytannia. No. 1, 1992, pp. 62–101.

2 On the period between 1985–1990 in Ukraine see two articles by the author, ‘Ukraine under Gorbachev’, Uncaptiot Minds, 1, No. 3, September–October 1988, pp. 17–19 and ‘Unofficial Groups and Publications in Ukraine’, Report en the USSR, No. 47, 1989, pp. 10–21. See also the Introduction in Solchanyk, Roman, (ed.), Ukraint. From Chernobyl to Sooertignty. A Collodion of Interviews, London, Macmillan, 1992, pp. XIII–XXVI.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

3 See the article by Bilous, Artur in Suchasnisl, No. 6, 06 1992, pp. 108–19.Google Scholar

4 News from Ukraint, No. 1, 1991.

5 On political parties in Ukraine see ‘Partii i Politicbeskaya Elita Ulcrainyj’, Moscow, Pastfectum and Interlegal, No. 10; October 1991; Peter J. Potichnyj, ‘The Multi-Party System in Ukraine’, paper prepared for the conference on Communist Systems in Transition: Reform, Collapse, Retrenchment, McMaster University, 17–18 October 1991; Tans, Kuzio, ‘Political Parties in Ukraine’, Uncoptide Minds, Vol. IV, No. 2 Summer 1991, pp. 67–73 Google Scholar; and Roman, Solchanyk, ‘Ukraine: Political Reform and Political Change’, RFE/RL Research Report, No. 21, 1992.Google Scholar

6 The programmes are reprinted in Slyusarenko, A. H. and Tomenko, M. V., Navi polityckni partii Wawy. Ukreny, Kiev: Tovarystvo ‘Znannya’ Ukrainskoi RSR, 1990 Google Scholar; and Haran, Oleksa, (ed.), Ukraina bahalopartiina. Prohramni dokumunty novykh partii, Kiev: MP ‘Pamiatky Ukrainy’, 1991 Google Scholar. Haran’s, introductory essay is expanded upon in Vid stoorennia Rukhu do bahatoporttiinasti, Kiev: Znannia, 1992 Google Scholar. On political thought in Ukraine see the article by Ruban, Volodymyr in Suthasnist, No. 1, 01 1992, pp. 90–106.Google Scholar

7 See the new study by Motyl, Alexander J., Dilemmas of Independence. Ukraine After Totalitarianism, New York, Council on Foreign Relations, 1993.Google Scholar

8 For a comprehensive recent historical survey which includes the modem period see Subtelny, Orest, Ukraine. A History, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1988.Google Scholar

9 Nezalehnyj Ohliadack, August–September 1991.

10 On political parties in Galicia see the article by Evhen, Boltarovych, in Respublikanets, No. 2, 11–12 1991, pp. 21–40.Google Scholar

11 Quoted from a text in the author’s possession entitled ‘Our Aspirations’ by Levlco Lukianenko. No date or place of publication.

12 Filosophska i Sotsiolohichns Dumka, No. 1, 1991, p. 21.

13 Several parties have begun a campaign to broaden their access to a mass media still dominated by national communists, and to demand an independent television channel. See Samostijna Ukaina, No. 29, July 1992. See also the survey of viewing levels of Ukrainian television in Demokratychna Ukraine, 18 July 1992 and a critical survey of the state of Ukrainian television by Volodymyr, Ruban, in PostPastup, No. 28, 1992.Google Scholar

14 Politohichni chytannia, No. 1, 1991, p. 60.

15 For example, the party leader Mykhailo Horyn abstained in the vote to censure the government on 7 July 1992, whilst most of his colleagues voted against. See Vachirinii Kyiv, 9 July 1992.

16 The New Ukraine leader, Volodymyr Filenko, urged his supporters to vote against the government in a vote of confidence on 7 July, but key members, such as the leader of the industrialists’ lobby, Vasyl Yevtukhov and the Second Deputy Chairman of the Supreme Council of Ukraine, Vladimir Griniov abstained. See PostPostup, No. 27, 1992.

17 See op. cit., footnote 6.

18 Edward, Shils, ‘The Virtue of Civil Society’, Government and Opposition, Vol. 26, No. 1, Winter 1991, p. 3.Google Scholar

19 The Ukrainian Weekly, 3 March 1991.

20 Ukrainian Press Agency, 17 July 1990.

21 Nezavisimiya Gazeta, 12 January 1991.

22 Vechirnyj Kiev, 3 January 1990 and News from Ukraine, No. 40, 1990.

23 Zapovit, No. 3, August 1990.

24 Holos Ukrainy, 1 February and 9 April 1991.

25 Vechirnyj Kiev, 3 December 1991 and Suchasnist, No. 6, June 1992, p. 114.

26 Radio Kiev, 23 January 1992.

27 Zelenyj Svit, No. 1, January 1992.

28 Narodna Hazeta, No. 12, April 1992.

29 Radio Ukraine, 6 September, 1992.

30 Vechirnyj Kiev, 3 December 1991.

31 See Fish, S., ‘The Emergence of Independent Associations and the Transformation of Russian Political Society’, TV Journal of Communist Studio, Vol. 77, No. 3, 09 1991, p. 321.Google Scholar

32 Rada, 12 June 1992.

33 Hobs Ukrainy, 5 March 1991. See also Moloda Hoardtya, 12 March 1991.

34 Suchasnist, No. 6, June 1992, p. 109.

35 Rukh is the largest political party with 50,000 members and the SPU is second with 29,000. See Marta Kolomeyets, ‘Fourth Congress Transforms Rukh into Party, Re-elects Chomovil’, The Ukrainian Weekly, 13 December 1992.

36 According to new evidence provided by the Procuratori Office, the CPU was not involved in die coup d’état. See Pravda Ukrainy, 27 October 1992.

37 The figure of 2,500,000 was given in Vechirnyj Kiev, 17 June 1991 and represented a one million reduction on the total figure on the eve of the Gorbachev era. Oleksander Moroz believed that only 200,000 members would rejoin if the CPU were to be legalized again (Postpostup, No. 28, 1992). See also the article by Taras, Kuzio, ‘The Communist Party of Ukraine in Crisis’, Ukrainian Report, Vol. 1, No. 14, 08 1991.Google Scholar

38 See Visti z Ukrainy, No. 39, 1991 and Taras Kuzio, ‘Monopoliya i Opozytsiya. Skilky politychnykh partii potrebuye Ukraina?’, Za Vilnu Ukrainu, 4 June, Choi, Pozapartiyna Hazeia Bukeoyny, No. 28, and Stove, No. 11, 1991.

39 Holes Ukrainy, 15 December 1992.

40 On the congress see Za Vilnu Ukrainu, 8 December 1992.

41 Rukh is now the largest political party in Ukraine with 50,000 members. Of these half are reportedly in Western Ukraine. See Moled Ukrainy, 13 November 1992.

42 Radio Ukraine, 28 November 1992.

43 Filosophska i Solsiolohkhna Dumta, No. 1, 1991, pp. 16–17.

44 On the attitude of businessmen in Ukraine towards political parties see Ukraine Business, No. 36, September 1991.

45 On the problems of economic reform see my booklet on Ukraine. The Unfinished Revolution, European Security Studies 16, London, Institute for European Defence and Strategic Studies, October 1992.

46 In the former USSR the ‘Left’ was associated with radicalism, whereas the ‘Right’ was described as the Stalinist (or conservative) wing of the Communist Party.

47 Moloda Halychyna, 14 March 1991 and Ukrainski Vtsti (Detroit), 28 April 1991.

48 See the division of Ukrainian parties between ‘confederalists’, ‘independists’ and ‘non-conformist independists’ described in PostPostup, No. 6, 1991.

49 See Miller, A. H., Reisinger, W. M., and Hesli, V. L., ‘Public Support for New Institutions in Russia, the Ukraine and Lithuania’, Journal of Soviet Notionalilia, Vol. 1, No. 4, Winter 1990–1991, pp. 87–92.Google Scholar

50 On the Kravchuk phenomenon see the article by Taras Kuzio comparing Kravchuk to Mikhail Gorbachev in Narodna Hozeta, March 1992. See also Neskorens Natsiya, No. 10, June 1992 and Taras Kuzio, ‘Leonid Kravchuk: Patriot or Placeman?’, Sovite Analyst, 19 June 1991; ‘Kravchuk and Ukrainian Communism’, Sooitt Analyst, January 1992 and ‘The Cynical Betrayal of Democracy in Ukraine’, Soout Analyst, June –August 1992.

51 Filosopkska i Sotsiolahikna Dumka, No. 6, 1991, p. 23.

52 Ukminskyi Ohliadach, No. 7, 1992.

53 See Sliusarenko, A. H., and Tomenko, M. B., ‘On die problem of the classification of new political parties of Ukraine’, Filosophska i Sotsiolahickna Demka, No. 5, 1992, p. 5 Google Scholar and Politolohichni chytania. No. 1. 1992. D. 103.

54 op. cit., footnote 7.

55 Radio Ukraine, 5 September 1992.

56 Politolohichni chyttania, No. 1, 1992, pp. 58–61.

57 See my articles: ‘Independent (Samizdat) Press in Ukraine Under Gorbachev’, Soviet Analyst, No. 19 (17,18), 29 August and 13 September 1990 and ‘Overview – Independent Press in Ukraine under Gorbachev’, The Ukrainian Weekly, No. 23, 30 September and 7 October 1990.

58 Filosophska i Sotsiolohicna Dumka, No. 6, 1991, p. 25.

59 Ohliadach, No. 6, 1991.

60 See Viacheslav Chornovil’s complimentary words about the newspaper in his long interview in Ntzavisimost, 31 July 1992.

61 See Moroz’s, interview in Ukrainian Reporter, Vol. 2, No. 7–8, 07–08 1992.Google Scholar

62 op. cit., footnote 16, pp. 105–06.

63 The Ukrainian Weekly, 13 December 1992. See also Andrew Wilson, ‘Communist Revivalists?’, Ukrainian Reporter, Vol. 2, No. 5, May 1992 and Evhen, Balcerowycz, ‘The Socialist Party of Ukraine’, Ukrainian Reporter, Vol. 2, No. 9, 09 1992.Google Scholar

64 Demokratychna Ukraina, 11 August 1992.

65 Uriadovyi Kurier, No. 31, 31 July 1992. These figures are highly inflated based, as they are, upon the former Peasant Union.

66 Mobda Hvardiya, 12 March 1991.

67 Radianska Ukraina, 13 April 1991.

68 Narodna Hazeta, No. 35, September 1992. See also Andrew Wilson and Taras, Kuzio, ‘Rukh Becomes “Constructive Opposition” to the President’, Ukrainian Reports, Vol. 2, No. 3, 03 1992.Google Scholar

69 On internal divisions within the PDRU see PostPostup, No. 32, 1992.

70 Holes Ukrainy, 1 July 1992. See also ‘“New Ukraine” Bloc Formed to Campaign for Radical Economic Reform’, Ukrainian Reporter, Vol. 2, No. 3, March 1992.

71 Uriadovyi Kurier, No. 33, 14 August 1992. This figure is probably highly inflated.

72 Demokratychna Ukraina, 30 September 1992. This figure seems highly inflated.

73 Andrew, Wilson, ‘Ukrainian Republican Party (URP) Holds Third Congress’, Ukrainian Reporter, Vol. 2, No. 6, 06 1992.Google Scholar

74 Holes Ukrainy, 15 December 1992.

75 Vechirnyi Kiev, 14 May 1992.

76 See Volodymyr, Ruban, ‘Whatever Happened to the Opposition? The Growing Threat of Authoritarianism in Ukraine’, Ukrainian Reporter, Vol. 2, No. 2, 02 1992 Google Scholar and his large article in PostPostup, No. 34, 1992.