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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 February 2009
When Napoleon returned from exile on the island of Elba, he immediately set about gathering the support that he hoped would re-establish him as ruler of France. No sooner had he disembarked at Antibes on 1 March 1815 than he began issuing proclamations in which he portrayed himself as the leading soldier of the Republic and a man of the Revolution. His appeals found a welcome response in the French populace that astonished his opponents and perhaps surprised the emperor as well. Napoleon had changed the very nature of Bonapartism by allying himself with the tradition of the Revolution, and the federation movement which swept across France during the six weeks prior to Waterloo was a direct response to his new appeal.
1 For a brief account see Lovie, J. and Palluel-Guillard, A., L'Episode napoléonien (Paris, 1972), pp. 146–7Google Scholar.
2 Bluche, F., Le Bonapartisme (Paris, 1980), p. 9Google Scholar.
3 Gallo, E. Le, Les Cent-Jours (Paris, 1924), pp. 287–328Google Scholar.
4 Ibid. p. 288.
5 Ibid. pp. 290–1.
6 Tonneson, K. D., ‘Les fédérés de Paris pendant les Cent-Jours’, Annales histonques de la Révolution française, LIV (1982), 395Google Scholar.
7 Ibid. See also Lefebvre, G., Napoléon (Paris, 1935), pp. 558–9Google Scholar.
8 Viard, P., ‘Les fédérés de la côte-d'or en 1815’, La revue de Bourgogne XVI (1926), 23–39Google Scholar.
9 Ibid. p. 23.
10 A(rchives) N(ationales) F7 9649.
11 Tulard, J. gives this interpretation in Napoleon (London, 1985), pp. 335–7Google Scholar.
12 Ibid. p. 333.
13 The population figure is cited in Chabot, G., La Bourgogne (Paris, 1941), p. 196Google Scholar.
14 Richard, J., Histoire de la Bourgogne (Toulouse, 1978), p. 344Google Scholar.
15 See Viard, P., L'Administration dans le département it la côte-d' or sous le consulat et le premier empire (Paris, 1914), p. 10Google Scholar, Perrenet, P., La Terreur à Dijon (Dijon, 1907), p. 7Google Scholar, and Heguenay, L., Les clubs dijonnais sous la Révolution (Dijon, 1905), p. 6Google Scholar.
16 Perrenet, , La Terreur, p. 59Google Scholar.
17 Heguenay, , Clubs, pp. 231–2Google Scholar.
18 Viard, , L'Administration, pp. 90–1Google Scholar.
19 Ibid.
20 de St Jacob, P., ‘La municipalité de Dijon sous le consulat et l'empire’, Annales de Bourgogne, IV (1932), 220Google Scholar.
21 Viard, , L'Administration, p. 337Google Scholar.
22 Fizaine, S., La viepolitique dans la côte-d'or sous Louis XVIII (Paris, 1931), p. 11Google Scholar.
23 28 Aug. 1816, A(rchives) D(épartementales) of the Côte-d'Or UV A3.
24 Ibid.
25 Ibid.
26 Gaffarel, P., Dijon en 1814 et 1815 (Dijon, 1897), pp. 162–5Google Scholar.
27 Bluche, F., Le Plébiscite des Cent-Jours (Geneva, 1974), pp. 64–7Google Scholar.
28 Ibid.
29 Ibid.
30 Le Moniteur, 29 April 1815.
31 Viard, , ‘Fédérés’, p. 25Google Scholar.
32 Département de la Cöte-d'Or: Fédération, A N F9 476–7.
33 Thibaudeau, A.-C., Mémoires (Paris, 1913), p. 467Google Scholar.
34 All the above details on the formation of the association can be found in Fédération Bourguignone, AN F9 476–7.
35 Petites affiches de Dijon, 14 May 1815.
36 Liste des grands meneurs, AN F7 9649.
37 Fédération Bourguignone, B(ibliothèque) M(unicipale) of Dijon, , Fonds Delmasse no. 2218, p. 1Google Scholar.
38 Prefect to director general of the National Guard 10 May 1815, AN F9 476–7.
39 Petites affiches de Dijon, 11 May and 14 May 1815.
40 17 May and 21 May 1815, AN F7 3785.
41 Prefect to Minister of Interior 18 Aug. 1815, AN F7 9649.
42 Prefect to Minister of Interior 29 July 1816, AN F7 9649.
43 Prefect to Minister of Interior 26 May 1816, AN F9 476–7.
44 5 Sept. 1815, A(rchives) M(unicipales) of Dijon 1D1 1 22.
45 See the letter attached to the Liste des grands meneurs, AN F7 9649.
46 29 Nov. 1815, A M of Dijon 1D1 122.
47 The following analysis is based on the list of the fédérés of Dijon in AN F7 9649.
48 Several of the categories perhaps require explanation. In the ‘liberal profession’ category I have placed lawyers, notaries, doctors, judges and men with similar educational backgrounds. In the ‘merchant’ category I have grouped men who listed themselves as either négociants or marchands and were involved in trade or commerce on a large scale. Boutiquiers and small-scale merchants make up the ‘shopkeeper’ category. I have placed butchers, bakers and grocers in this group. On the other hand, I have placed men who owned cafes, restaurants, hotels and the like in the ‘food and lodging’ category. In the ‘personal service’ category I have grouped men involved in wigmaking, gardening and domestic work. In the ‘manual labour’ category will be found men who worked with their hands but did not produce finished articles. For the most part they were in the building trades, but 14 were involved in textile production.
49 For the role of students in the Breton federation see 24 April 1815, AN AFIV 1935. For Paris see L'Indépendant: chronique nationale, politique et littéraire, 29 June 1815. For Dijon see Sadesky, C., ‘La crise et la relèvement des collèges en côte-d'or sous la restauration’, Annales de Bourgogne, XXXII (1960). 35–8Google Scholar.
50 Millot, H., Le comité permanent de Dijon (Dijon, 1925), p. 42Google Scholar.
51 Etat des propriétaires, AD of the Côte-d'Or 2 M 18.
52 Lévêque, P., Une société provinciale: la Bourgogne sous la monarchic de Juillet (Paris, 1983), p. 314Google Scholar.
53 Liste des membres qui composent le collège électoral du département de la Côte-d'Or, AD of the Côte-d'Or IIM 18 and IIM 21.
54 For a discussion of Burgundian notables see Lévêque, , Une société, p. 248Google Scholar.
55 Richard, , Histoire, p. 349Google Scholar.
56 État des contribuables assujettis à la patente de 1ère et 2ième classe pour 1814 d'arrondissement de Dijon, AD of the Côte-d'Or IIM 18.
57 Lévêque, , Une société, p. 289Google Scholar.
58 Ibid. p. 475.
59 Soboul, A., Les sans-culottes parisiens en l'an II (Paris, 1962), pp. 407–57Google Scholar.
60 For a description of their standard of living see Lévêque, , Une sociét1é, pp. 308–9Google Scholar.
61 3 Jan. 1815, AM of Dijon IDI 1 20.
62 The point that most revolutionary societies were composed of both the people and the bourgeoisie is ably demonstrated in Sutherland, D. M. G., France 1789–1815 (London, 1985), p. 157Google Scholar.
63 Heguenay, , Clubs, p. 157Google Scholar.
64 In leaving the comparison so broad I have sought to avoid difficulties in assigning too direct a correspondence between Heguenay's categories and mine. When confronted with Heguenay's category of ‘jardiniers et vignerons’, I have assigned eight jardiniers to the ‘personal services’ category and seven vignerons to the ‘proprietors’.
65 See Gallo, Le, Cent-Jours, p. 289Google Scholar.
66 With the exception of several citations in court records, relatively few in number, most of our information comes from the census lists previously cited.
67 AD of the Côte-d'Or QI159.
68 Etienne Hernoux, for instance, inherited biens nationaux. For a description of Hernoux's vast inheritance see Lévêque, , Une société, pp. 265–6Google Scholar. On the question of biens nationaux and Napoleon's popularity, see Maurel, B., ‘Vente de biens nationaux et popularité de l'empereur’, Revue d'histoire éconimique et sociale, LIII (1975), 428–35. As I hope to make clear in this article, however, support for Napoleon in 1815 was not simply a matter of popular BonapartismGoogle Scholar.
69 The names of the committee members are given in Fédération Bourguignone, AN F9 476–7.
70 Lefebvre, , Napoléon, pp. 558–9Google Scholar.
71 Petiles affiches de Dijon, 11 May 1815.
72 Liste des grands meneurs, AN F7 9649.
73 Minister of Interior to Prefect 13 Aug. 1815, F7 9649.
74 This and the following descriptions of fédéré leaders are taken, except where noted, from Montchinet's Liste des grands meneurs, AN F7 9649.
75 Gaffarel, , Dijon, p. 165Google Scholar.
76 Ibid.
77 Viard, , L'Administration, pp. 4, 11, 37Google Scholar.
78 Ibid. p. 91.
79 Ibid. p. 284.
80 Ibid.
81 The words are Montchinet's.
82 Heguenay, , Clubs, p. 54Google Scholar.
83 Brelot, J., La vie politique en côte-d' or sous le Directoire (Dijon, 1932), p. 133Google Scholar.
84 Petites affiches de Dijon, 2 April 1815.
85 Fédéation Bourguignone, BM of Dijon, , Fonds Delmasse, no. 2218, p. 2Google Scholar.
86 Gaffarel, , Dijon, p. 38Google Scholar.
87 For a succinct summary see Jardin, A. and Tudesq, A. J., La France des notables: l'évolution générale (Paris, 1973), p. 24Google Scholar.
88 Gaffarel, , Dijon, p. 116Google Scholar.
89 Viard, , ‘Fédérés’, p. 34Google Scholar.
90 Gaffarel, , Dijon, pp. 165–9Google Scholar.
91 4 May 1815, AM of Dijon 1 D 1 1 21.
92 Petites affiches de Dijon, 26 March and 20 April 1815.
93 20 May 1815, AN Fib II côte-d'or, 5.
94 7 April 1815, AM of Dijon 1 D 1 1 21.
95 Viard, P., ‘Les levées militaires en côte-d'or pendant les cent-jours’, La Revue de Bourgogne, (1913). pp. 65–6Google Scholar.
96 Petites affiches de Dijon, 13 April 1815.
97 Fédération Bourguignone, AN F9 476–7.
98 For the Breton, pacle, see Le Moniteur, 20 04 1815Google Scholar.
99 The following analysis is based upon Fédération Bourguignone, ANF9 476–7.
100 On the popularity of the acte see Bluche, , Bonapartisme, p. 109Google Scholar.
101 Viard, , ‘Fédérés’, p. 27Google Scholar.
102 Thibaudeau, , Mémoires, p. 467Google Scholar.
103 Ibid.
104 Ibid. pp. 467–8.
105 The pamphlet can be found in AN BB3 152–3.
106 Fédération Bourguignone, BM of Dijon, , Fonds Delmasse, no. 2218, p. 8Google Scholar.
107 13 April 1815, AN Fib II côte-d'or.
108 Gaffarel, , Dijon, p. 221Google Scholar.
109 AD of the Côte-d'Or 3M 28.
110 Ibid.
111 Prefect to Minister of Interior 25 June 1815, AN F7 9649.
112 29 June 1815, AM of Dijon 1D1 122 and 28 June 1815, AN AFIV 1935.
113 30 June 1815, AM of Dijon 1D1 121.
114 Liste des grands meneurs, AN F7 9649.
115 7 April 1815, AM of Dijon 1D1 121.
116 Prefect to Minister of Interior 2 July 1815, AN F7 9649.
117 Prefect to Minister of Interior 3 July 1815, AN F7 9649.
118 Gaffarel, , Dijon, pp. 233–5Google Scholar.
119 30 June 1815, AM of Dijon 1D1 122.
120 13 July 1815, AM of Dijon 1D1 122.
121 5 Sept. 1815, AM of Dijon 1D1 122.
122 Petites affiches de Dijon, 11 May 1815 and 30 June 1815, AM of Dijon 1D1 122.
123 Prefect to Minister of Interior 18 Aug. 1815, AN F7 9649.
124 26 July 1815, AM of Dijon 1D1 122.
125 AD of the Côte-d'Or t M 15/1.
126 AD of the Côte-d' K 6 5.
127 AD of the Côte-d'Or K 6 5 and 1 M 9/1.
128 AD of the Côte-d'Or i M 15/1.
129 24 Nov. 1815, AM of Dijon 1D1 1 22.
130 AD of the Côte-d'Or K 6 5.
131 AD of the Côte-d'Or 1 M 7/1.
132 4 May and 16 Nov. 1815, AM of Dijon 1 D I 121 and 22.
133 Fizaine, , La vie, p. 51Google Scholar.
134 Prefect to Minister of Interior 29 July 1816, AN F7; 9649.
135 Journal de la Côte-d'Or, 20 Dec. 1815.
136 Ibid. 12 Aug. 1815.
137 Prefect to Minister of Interior 13 Feb. 1817, AN F7 9649. See also, Sadesky, , ‘La Crise’ pp. 37–8Google Scholar.
138 Gaffarel, , Dijon, p. 277Google Scholar.
139 Ibid. pp. 234–5.
140 Prefect to Minister of Interior 29 Aug. 1816. AN F7 9649.
141 AN BB3 152 and AD of the Côte-d'Or UV A3.
142 AD of the Côte-d'Or UVB 76–90.
143 AD of the Côte-d'Or UV A3.
144 AD of the Côte-d'Or UIII Ca 4 and 6.
145 AN F7 3028, 3274, 9881, 9884.
146 Gaffarel, , Dijon, pp. 278–80Google Scholar.
147 BM of Dijon Ms. 1697.
148 Fizaine, , La vie, pp. 136–7Google Scholar.
149 5 Jan. 1816, ADoftheCôte-d'Or 12R2.
150 Gaffarel, , Dijon, pp. 258, 261, 290Google Scholar.
151 Fizaine, , La vie, p. 74Google Scholar.
152 Viard, P., ‘Une enquête politique dans I'arrondissement de Dijon en 1816’, Annales Révolutionnaires, XIV (1922), 409Google Scholar.
153 21 Sept. 1815, AM of Dijon 1D1 1 22.
154 AD of the Côte-d'Or UIX Cd 16.
155 Durand, R., ‘La révolution de 1830 en côte-d'or’, Revue d'Histoire Cmtanporaine (1931), p.164Google Scholar.
156 AD of the Côte-d'Or 1 M 7/1.
157 Fizaine, , La vie, p. 155Google Scholar.
158 Pidancet, J., ‘L'indemnité aux émigrés en côte-d'or’, Annales de Bourgogne, XXIII (1951), 169Google Scholar.
159 Fizaine, , La vie, p. 57Google Scholar.
160 Ibid. p. 142.
161 Ibid. pp. 145–6.
162 Ibid. p. 163.
163 AN F7 6686.
164 Fizaine, , La vie, pp. 220–1Google Scholar.
165 Johnson, C.Utopian Communism in France: Cabet and the Icarians, 1839–1851 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1974). p 24Google Scholar.
166 Lévêque, , Société, pp. 424, 531, 538Google Scholar.
167 D. Pinkney has drawn attention to the role of old Bonapartists in the revolution of 1830. See Pinkney, , The French revolution 1830 (Princeton, 1972), p. 272Google Scholar.
168 Durand, ‘1830’, p. 170, and Laurent, J., ‘Mélanges: un témoinage sur la révolution de Juillet à Dijon’, Annales de Bourgogne, II (1930), 375Google Scholar.
169 AD of the Côte-d'Or 1 M 2.
170 Ibid.
171 Laurent, , ‘Mélanges’, p. 374Google Scholar.
172 Gonnet, P., La correspondence d' Achille Chaper (1831–1840) (Dijon, 1970), pp. 93, 236Google Scholar.
173 Ibid. p. 56.
174 Johnson, , Utopian, pp. 31–2Google Scholar.
175 Gonnet, , Chaper, pp. 177–8, 182Google Scholar.
