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I. Poland, Russia and the Treaty of Vienna of 5 January 17191

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 February 2009

L. R. Lewitter
L. R. Lewitter
Affiliation:
Christ's College, Cambridge, Australia
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Extract

A foreigner, an elector of the empire, a dual sovereign cast in the double role of absolute monarch in Saxony and constitutional ruler in Poland-Lithuania, Augustus II was Poland's George I. In the last septennium of the Great Northern War the two kings, united by a formal defensive treaty of a local character and by the bonds of the loosely knit northern alliance, pursued analogous aims in relation to Sweden: what Livonia was to the one, Bremen with Verden was to the other. The disintegration of the northern alliance in September 1716 in the thick of the preparations for a Russo-Danish landing in Sweden opened the way for negotiations leading to a separate peace between Charles XII and Peter I at the expense of the remaining northern allies. The northern crisis had begun.

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Articles
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The Historical Journal , Volume 13 , Issue 1 , March 1970 , pp. 3 - 30
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Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1970

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References

2 Staatsarchiv Hanover, Cal. Br. Arch. Des. 24, Sachsen no. 168, defensive alliance concluded in London on 21 Dec. 1714 o.s.

3 See Historical Manuscripts Commission, Report on the Manuscripts of Lord Polwarth (1911), 1, 88, 89; Chance, J.F. (ed.), British Diplomatic Instructions 1689–1789, vol. 1, Sweden 1680–1727 (London, 1922), p. 89;Google ScholarLindgren, R.E., ‘A projected invasion of Sweden, 1716’, Huntington Library Quarterly, VII (1943–1945), 233–46;Google ScholarMurray, J.J., ‘Scania and the end of the Northern Alliance (1716)’, Journal of Modern History, xvi (1944), 81–92;CrossRefGoogle ScholarNordmann, Claude J., La Crise du nord au début du XVIIIe siècle (Paris 1962), pp. 59–83, 95, m–121.Google Scholar

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8 The third and last being that of 1725 between Charles Frederick, duke of Holstein-Gottorp (1700–39) and the tsarevna Anna Petrovna.

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11 Saint-Saphorin MSS, Saint-Saphorin (for whom see below) to Bernstorff, Vienna, 26 June 1717 (copy); Coxe, op. cit. p. 86; Droysen, J.G., ‘Die Wiener Allianz vom 5 Jan. 1719’, Zeitschr. für Preussische Geschichte und Landeskunde, v (1868), 635–52, 644;Google ScholarKlüver, H.H., Beschreibung des Herzogtums Mecklenburg, pt. IV (Hamburg, 1739), 153–255 and particularly 217–21.Google Scholar

12 P.R.O., S.P. 81. 173, Whitworth to Townshend, Ratisbon, 2 July 1716. These apprehensions were shared in Berlin. See Doerries, H., ‘Peter des Grossen Beziehungen zu Danzig 1716/7 und die Begriindung der russischen Agentur’, Forschungen zur Osteuropäischen Geschichte (1954), 1, 23–44, 36Google Scholar

13 On this point and in connexion with any further references to trade, shipping, Danzig, Elbing, Courland, Riga, Livonia, etc., see ‘Russia, Poland, etc.’ as in note 1 above.

14 See Pribram, A.F. (ed.), Oesterreichische Staatsverträge. England (Innsbruck, 1907), 1, 329–49;Google Scholar The Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy, I, 68–71; Michael, W., England under George I, vol. 1, The Beginnings of the Hanoverian Dynasty (London, 1936), pp. 314–15, 319, 332;Google Scholar vol. 11, The Quadruple Alliance (London 1939), pp. 67–68;Google Scholar cf. Weber, O., Die Quadrupelalliance von 1718 (Vienna, 1889).Google Scholar

15 Sbornik Russ. Istor. Obshch. L (St Petersburg, 1886), 472.Google Scholar

16 Archivio Segreto Vaticano (A.S.V.), Nunziatura di Polonia, vol. 143, ff. 272–3 v., deciphered dispatch from the nuncio (G. Grimaldi), Leszno (near Warsaw), 6 Sept. 1714; f. 352, as above, from B. Odescalchi, Warsaw, 22 May 1715.

17 Ballschmieter, H.J., Andreas Gottlieb von Bemstorff und der mecklenburgische Ständekampf (1680–1720) (Cologne, 1926), pp. 117, 119.Google Scholar

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19 Mediger, W., Moskaus Weg nach Europa (Braunschweig, 1952), P. 38; cf. Saint-Saphorin MSS, George I to Charles VI, Hampton Court, 2 Sept. 1718: ‘it is most necessary and urgent to shut the Polish gate into the Empire before the Russians and the Swedes’.Google Scholar

20 A.S.V., loc. cit., vol. 144, f. 22 and v., news from Warsaw, 8 Jan. 1716; vol. 135, f. 293 and v., G. F. Dolgoruky (Russian envoy) to S. Ledóchowski (marshal of the confederacy), undated Latin translation; ibid. f. 516 v., news from Warsaw, 11 Nov. 1716; vol. 146, ff. 236–8; Augustus IP’s proposals for a senatus consilium to be held in Warsaw on 22 Mar. 1717 (Latin trans.); Polwarth MSS, vol. 1, pp. 107, 108, 157, 174, 192, 251, 292, 296, 297, 303; Cieslak, E. and Rumiriski, J., (eds.), Les Rapports des residents francais a Gdansk au XVIIIe siecle (Gdansk, 1964), pp. 29Google Scholar, 31, 51; Jarochowski, K., ‘Dwie misje F. Ponińskiego…do cara Piotra w latach 1717, 1718’, in Z czasów saskich spraw wewnętrznych, polityki i wojny (Poznan, 1886), pp. 81–135.Google Scholar

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22 Saint-Saphorin was appointed George I's chargé d'affaires in Vienna in October 1716 and joint British resident in March 1718. See Pribram, op. cit. pp. 350, 356; Horn, D.B., British Diplomatic Representatives 1689–1789 (London, 1932), p. 34;Google ScholarGehling, T., Ein europäischer Diplomat am Kaiserhofzu Wien, François Louis de Pesme, seigneur de Saint-Saphorin, als englischer Resident am Wiener Hof, 1718–1727 (Bonn, 1964).Google Scholar In 1708 a hostile witness, the marquis de Puyzieulx, described Saint-Saphorin, who was then still in the service of the emperor, as being of a most dangerous and determined disposition and endowed with a capability to be feared: he would spare neither care not effort to get what he wanted. He was hated and despised in all the cantons of Switzerland except in that of Berne, where he enjoyed some credit (Ministère des Affaires Etrangères, Mémoires et Documents, Suisse, vol. 26, ff. 265–6 v.).

23 Sorensson, P., ‘Sverige och de nordiska allierade fran Karl XII's hemkomst från Turkie till alliansen i Wien’, 1–4, in Katrolinska Fōrbundets Ǻrsbok 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929, sect. 2, chap, VII (1928), 209–29, 215.Google Scholar

24 Saint-Saphorin MSS, Saint-Saphorin to Bernstorff, Vienna, 5 May, 12 May 1717.

25 A.S.V., Nunz. Pol., vol. 14s, ff. 547–9, the nuncio (G. Grimaldi) to the secretary of state (card. F. Paolucci), Warsaw, 18 Nov. 1716. The dignitary in question was S. Humiecki, palatine of Podolia.

26 Coxe, op. cit. 11, 102; Polwarth MSS, 1, 82; J. F. Chance (ed.), British Diplomatic Instructions…Sweden…, p. 97.

27 Polwarth MSS, 1, 217.

28 And ‘a free and uninterrupted commerce in the Baltic’ was ‘one of our principal aims’. See George I's instructions for Whitworth, St James's, 15 April 1719 [o.s.?], P.R.O., F.O. 90.52, ff. 32–7. Cf. Doerries, op. cit. pp. 35, 40, 41.

29 Polwarth MSS, 1, 288. Cieślak & Rumiński, op. cit. p. 244.

30 Saint-Saphorin MSS, Robethon to Saint-Saphorin, Hampton Court, 17 Aug. 1717.

31 P.R.O., S.P. 104.123, Sunderland to Sir R. Vernon (envoy to Poland), Whitehall, 13 July 1717 [o.s.?]. There is no specific reference to Danzig in the written instructions for Norris (B.M. Add. MS 28155, ff. 17–20, St James’s, 2 July 1717 [o.s.?]) but a little later G. Tilson wrote to Norris about the English merchants at Danzig having suffered ‘by the Muscovite frigate that lies there…There have been very irregular doings and our merchants are complaining heavily’ (G. Tilson, under-secretary of state, to Norris, Hampton Court, 26 July 1717 [o.s.?], B.M. Add. MS 28155, f. 31 and v.).

32 Polwarth MSS, 1, 323, 324, 327.

33 Saint-Saphorin MSS, Robethon to Saint-Saphorin, Hampton Court, 17 Aug. 1717.

34 Ibid., Robethon to Saint-Saphorin, Hampton Court, 24 Aug. 1717.

35 Ibid., Saint-Saphorin to Robethon, Vienna, 15 Sep. 1717.

36 Ibid., George I to Saint-Saphorin, St James’s, 22 Oct. 1717 (original).

37 Ibid., Robethon to Saint-Saphorin, Hampton Court, 10 Sept. 1717; Saint-Saphorin to Sinzendorff, Vienna, 13 Sept. 1717.

38 Ibid., Saint-Saphorin’s pro memoria for Sinzendorff concerning negotiations with Poland, Vienna, 30 Aug. 1717; Saint-Saphorin to Sinzendorff, Vienna, 13 Sept. 1717.

39 Ibid., Saint-Saphorin to Bernstorff, Vienna, 21 April; Robethon to Saint-Saphorin, St James’s, 30 Apr.; Saint-Saphorin to Robethon, Vienna, 12 May; Flemming to Bernstorff, Dresden, 5 June 1717.

40 Ibid., Robethon to Saint-Saphorin, Hampton Court, 27 Aug. 1717.

41 Ibid., Robethon to Saint-Saphorin, St James’s, 11 May; as above, 14 May 1717.

42 Ibid., Robethon to Saint-Saphorin, Hampton Court, 24 Aug.; as above, 27 Aug.; Saint-Saphorin to Sinzendorff, Vienna, 13 Sept. 1717.

43 Polwartk MSS, 1, 331–2.

44 Saint-Saphorin MSS, Robethon to Saint-Saphorin, Hampton Court, 20 Aug. 1717.

45 Ibid., Robethon to Saint-Saphorin, St James’s, 13 Apr. 1717; Saint-Saphorin to Robethon, Vienna, 26 May 1717.

46 Ibid., Saint-Saphorin to Bernstorff, Vienna, 24 Aug. 1717.

47 Ibid., Robethon to Saint-Saphorin, Hampton Court, 10 Sept. 1717 (two letters).

48 Ibid., Robethon to Saint-Saphorin, Hampton Court, 6 Sept. 1717.

49 Ibid., as above, 6 Aug. 1717. The beginnings of this affair date from before 1713, when the Polish envoy, K. Szembek, bishop of Livonia, was instructed to take up again the question of the marriage of the electoral prince to an archduchess (Biblioteka Czartoryskich, MS 201, ff. 47–9). For the subsequent developments see Theiner, A., Geschichte der Zurückkehr der regierender Häuser von Braunschweig und Sachsen in den Schoss der Katholischen Kirche… (Einsiedeln, 1843), pp. 116, 119, 122, 133, 205;Google ScholarZaleski, S., ‘Nawrócenie się kró1ewicza Fryderyka Augusta 1700–1720’, Przeglqd Powszeckny, vols. LXV, LXVI (1900).Google Scholar

50 A.S.V., Nunz. Pol., vol. 146, ff. 543 V.–544, news from Dresden, 27 Sept. 1717.

51 Elagin, S. (ed.), Materialy dlya istorii russkogo flota, pt. IV (St Petersburg, 1867), 145, 146, 149, 150.Google Scholar

52 Kungliga Biblioteket, MS Ig 18, Goertz to G. von Dernath, Warsaw, 14 Oct. 1717.

53 A.S.V., as above, f. 606 and v., 25 Nov. 1717

54 Polviarth MSS, 1, 490.

55 21 and 28 July respectively.

56 See Polviarth MSS, I, 586–9.

57 Ministère des Affaires Etrangères, Corresp. Polit., Pologne, vol. 164, ff. 48 V.–55 v.. (an assessment of the situation in the north, Oct. 1718), cf. Nordmann, op. cit. pp. 163–8.

58 Polwarth MSS, I, 519, 534; cf. Feygina, S.A., Alandskii kongress: vneshnyaya politika Rossii v kontse Severnoy Voyny (Moscow-Leningrad, 1959), pp. 319, 379.Google Scholar

59 Saint-Saphorin MSS, Robethon to Saint-Saphorin, Hampton Court, 6 Sept. 1718; Min. des Aff. Etr. loc. cit.

60 P.R.O., S.P. 104.123, Craggs to Vernon, Whitehall, 24 June 1718 [o.s.?].

61 Cieślak & Rumiński, op. cit. p. 212.

62 Polviarth MSS, 1, 560.

63 Saint-Saphorin MSS, Stair to Saint-Saphorin, Paris, io Sept. 1718.

64 Ibid., Bernstorff to Saint-Saphorin, Hampton Court, 16 Sept. 1718.

65 Ibid., Robethon to Saint-Saphorin, Hampton Court, 9 Sept. 1718.

66 Droysen, ‘Die Wiener Allianz…’, p. 648.

67 Saint-Saphorin MSS, Saint-Saphorin to Robethon, Vienna, 17 Sept. 1718.

68 Ibid., Robethon to Saint-Saphorin, Hampton Court, 9 Sept. 1718 (original); Bernstorff to Saint-Saphorin, as above. The draft defensive alliance between the emperor, George I as elector and the king and republic of Poland consists of fifteen articles and is dated Kensington 11/22 July 1718 (original).

69 Ibid., George I to Saint-Saphorin, Kensington, 11/22 July, 1718 (original).

70 Ibid., Robethon to Saint-Saphorin, Hampton Court, 9 Sept. 1718, referring to Flemming’s letter dated Dresden, 26 Aug. 1718.

71 Ibid., Saint-Saphorin to Robethon, Vienna, 24 Sept. 1718.

72 Polwarth MSS, 1, 607.

73 Sbornik Russ. Istor. Obshch. LXI (St Petersburg, 1888), 448.Google Scholar

74 ‘The English ministers…regard the king's interests as inseparable from those of the elector of Hanover but dare not always allow themselves to be guided in such matters by their own views and inclinations’ (Saint-Saphorin MSS, L. Schaub to Saint-Saphorin, London, 14 Feb. 1719, original marked ‘brûlez’). Schaub, 1690–1758, was at that time Stanhope’s confidential secretary.

75 P.R.O., S.P. 104.121, St John to Whitworth, Whitehall, 23 Nov. 1711 [o.s.].

76 Sbornik R.I.O., LXI (1888), 448.Google Scholar

77 Ibid., xxxiv (1884), 392.

78 For the diet generally, see Bartoszewicz, J. (ed.), Pamiętniki K. Zatoiszy, wojewody mińskiego (7666–/72/), (Warsaw, 1862), pp. 349–51;Google ScholarJarochowski, K., ’Car Piotr i August II w trzechleciu po sejmie niemym z r. 1717’, pp. 34–66 in Rozpratvy historyczno-krytyczne (Poznan, 1889).Google Scholar

79 Ministère des Affaires Etrangères, Corresp. Polit., Pologne, vol. 164, ff. 63–64 v., Besenval to the Regent, Warsaw, 14 Oct. 1718; Jarochowski, ‘Dwie misje…‘, p. 173.

80 Biblioteka Czartoryskich, MS 24711, ff. 293–4 (without heading or date); cavalry in south-eastern Poland (Ruś) 39,000 portions, cavalry in Greater Poland (Wielkopolska) 25,800, cavalry and infantry in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Polotsk and other localities 21,000.

81 Min. des Aff. Etr., loc. cit.

82 A.S.V., Nunz. Pol., vol. 147, ff. 301–3 v., news from Warsaw, 28 Sept. 1718; Augustus II has instructed the Saxon envoy in St Petersburg, J. R. von Loss, to demand the withdrawal of the Russian troops (ibid. ff. 347–8), news from Grodno, 5 Nov. 1718; cf. N. N. Bantysh-Kamensky, Obzor vneshnikh snoshenii Rossii (po 1800 g.) part m (Moscow, 1897), 217 and K. Jarochowski, ‘Car Piotr i August II w trzechleciu po sejmie niemym z roku 1717’, Rozprawy historyczno-krytyczne (Poznan, 1889), pp. 40–66.Google Scholar

83 A.S.V., loc. cit., ff. 349 and v., French translation of Augustus II's letter; f. 351, Latin translation of the letter from the primate (S. Szembek); f. 350, the same from the marshal of the seym (K. Zawisza).

84 Ibid. f. 312, news from Grodno, 14 Oct.; f. 327, the same, 22 Oct.; ff. 328–9, account of an interview between the delegates of the seym and of the senate and Dolgoruky, 16 Oct. 1718 (Latin); Min. des Aff. Etr., loc. cit. ff. 45–7 v., 79–82 v., 100–2 v., 112–13 v., 120–2 v., Besenval to the Regent, Warsaw, 7 Oct., 21 Oct., 28 Oct., 11 Nov. (two letters), 1718; ff. 77–8, 92–3 v., 110–11 v., 123–5. P. Maron (chargé d'affaires) to the Regent, Warsaw, 21 Oct., 28 Oct., 4 Nov., 18 Nov. 1718.

85 Cf. A.S.V., loc. cit. f. 428, news from Warsaw, 14 Dec. 1718.

86 Bib. Nat., MS francaise 10678, ff. 226–7 v– draft of letter from Groffey to Huxelles, Danzig, 3 Apr. 1717.

87 P.R.O., S.P. 104.123, Stanhope to Lt.-Gen. F. Palmes (envoy to Poland), Whitehall 19 Dec. 1718 [o.s.?].

88 A. I. Repnin (1676–173 5).

89 A.S.V., Nunz. Pol., vol. 148, f. 9, Peter I to Repnin, St Petersburg, 20 Nov. 1718, o.s. (Latin trans.); Feygina, op. cit p. 292.

90 K. F. Szaniawski (1668–1732).

91 A.S.V., Nunz. Pol., vol. 147, ff. 443–4, account of an interview between some senators and ministers of state and the envoy of the Tartar khan (Warsaw, 17 Dec. 1718 (Latin)).

92 Sbornik Russ. 1st. Obshch., XL (1884), 10;Google ScholarPolwarth MSS (1916) 11, 46; Cieślak and Rumiński, op. cit. p. 141; Nordmann, op. cit. pp. 186, 193, 200. Butwas this really the case? Goertz, on learning that the tsar would in no circumstances give up Livonia, decided that the Russian negotiation must be abandoned and peace made with George I (Carlson, F.F., Om fredsunderhandlingarne åren, I709–1718 (Stockholm, 1847), pp. 156, 163).Google Scholar

93 Min. des Aff. Etr., Corr. Polit. Pologne, vol. 164, f. 50 v. (assessment of the situation in the north, Oct. 1718, as above).

94 Nikiforovl, L.A., Vneshnyaya politika Rossii v poslednie gody Sevemoy Voyny. Nishtadskii mir, (Moscow-Leningrad, 1959), pp. 83, 165.Google Scholar

95 Saint-Saphorin MSS, Saint-Saphorin to Flemming, Vienna, 1 Apr. 1719.

96 Texts: Latin in Sorensson, ‘Kejsaren, Sverige…’, iv (K.F.Å. 1929), 429–34; J. Rousset de Missy, Recueil historique d'actes, négotiations, mémoires et traités, (The Hague, 1728), 458–66; English (incomplete) in A General Collection of Treaties of Peace and Commerce, iv (London, 1732), 236–48.Google Scholar

97 ‘The plenipotentiaries of the Emperor and of the king of Poland have signed the treaty only on the express condition that the king of Great Britain will undertake in a special declaration to use his Baltic fleet to uphold—should this prove necessary—the execution of the treaty and to protect Danzig and Elbing. The said declaration will be delivered to the plenipotentiaries concerned at the exchange of ratifications’ (Saint-Saphorin MSS, copy, of French translation of the declaration made by Saint-Saphorin concerning the fleet that the king of Great Britain was to undertake to send into the Baltic).

98 ‘It is easier to use the fleet when the need arises than to undertake to do so’ (Saint-Saphorin MSS, L. Schaub to Saint-Saphorin, London, 14 Feb. 1719, original marked ‘brûlez’). Cf. Legg, L.G. Wickham (ed.), British Diplomatic Instructions…, p. 138;Google ScholarMichael, W., ‘Ein schwieriger diplomatischer Fall aus dem Jahre 1719’, Historische Zeitschrift, LXXXVIII (1902), 56–68.Google Scholar

99 Jacques Le Coq, a Calvinist from Metz who had migrated to Germany. He had been tutor to the children of the grand treasurer of Poland (J. J. Przebendowski, 1638–1729) before being taken up by Flemming (Pichon, J., Vie de Charles Henry comte de Hoym (1638–1736) (Paris, 1880, 2 vols.), II, 67).Google Scholar But Le Coq was at first unwilling to ask for something that had already been granted in the declaration ill-advisedly made by Saint-Saphorin and later was without instructions on this point (Saint-Saphorin MSS, Schaub to Saint-Saphorin, as above; Saint-Saphorin to Flemming, Vienna, 12 Apr. 1720; Schaub to Saint-Saphorin, Hanover, 15 July, original).

100 Polwarth MSS, 11, 38–43.

101 A.S.V., Nunz. Pol., vol. 148, f. 99, news from Dresden, 20 Apr. 1719.

102 Polwarth MSS, 11, 88, 99, no.

103 A.S.V., loc. cit. f. 251, news from Dresden, 31 July 1719; ff. 121–3 v., Peter I to Augustus II, St Petersburg, 18 Jan. 1719 (Latin trans.).

104 Cieślak and Rumiński, op. cit. pp. 62, 138, 229.

105 A.S.V., loc. cit. ff. 196–7, news from Dresden, 12 June 1719; Polwarth MSS, 11, 589, 620, 630; cf. The Historical Journal, XI (1968), 15, n. 77.Google Scholar

106 Biblioteka Czartoryskich, MS 478, ff. 719–21, J. K. Rubinkowski to J. [?] Szembek, Thorn, 20 Sept. 1720; A.S.V., Nunz. Pol., vol. 149, ff. 446–7, news from Warsaw, 20 Nov. 1720.

107 Bib. Czart., MS 205, f. 871, S. M. Rzewuski (deputy hetman of Poland) to Peter I, Luboml, 1 July 1719.

108 S. Elagin, Materialy…, IV, 165; Polwarth MSS, 11, 46.

109 Polwarth MSS, 11, 121.

110 Saint-Saphorin MSS, Weber to Saint-Saphorin, St Petersburg, 3 Feb. 1719 (original).

111 Klüver, op. cit. pp. 556–60; Vitense, op. cit. pp. 256–8.

112 Saint-Saphorin MSS, Schaub to Saint-Saphorin, London, 15 Feb. 1719.

113 Polwarth MSS, II, 40.

114 Saint-Saphorin MSS, Saint-Saphorin to Flemming, Vienna, 3 Apr. 1719.

115 A.S.V., Nunz. Pol., vol. 148, ff. 121–3, Peter I to Augustus II, St Petersburg, 18 Jan. 1719 [o.s.?]; Golikov, I.I., Deyaniya Petra Velikogo (Moscow, 1788), VI, 278–9;Google Scholar cf. A.S.V., loc. cit. ff. 388–90, Peter to the Polish senators, from the galley fleet off Aland, 4 Aug. 1719 [o.s.?] (Italian trans.); likewise Cieślak & Rumiński, op. cit. p. 249; cf. further Min. des Aff. Etr., Corr. Polit., Pologne, vol. 164, ff. 273–4, Maron to the Regent, Warsaw, 24 Nov. 1719.

116 Saint-Saphorin MSS, Flemming to Saint-Saphorin, Fraustadt (Wschowa), 7 Mar.; Ibid., Dresden, 19 Apr.; Ibid., 1 May 1719 (all original).

117 A.S.V., Nunz. Pol., vol. 148, ff. 124–6, Augustus II to Peter I, undated, Latin translation of note dispatched from Fraustadt (Wschowa), 16 Mar. 1719 (cf. Bantysh-Kamensky, loc. cit. p. 217).

118 Archives Nationales, Correspondance Consulaire, vol. 474, ff. 236–7, S. Szembek to Peter I, Skierniewice, 16 Mar. 1719 (copy).

119 Saint-Saphorin MSS, Flemming to Saint-Saphorin, Dresden, 27 Apr. 1719 (original).

120 Zaleski, op. cit. pp. 261–2. The wedding was held on 13 Aug. 1719.

121 Arch. Nat., loc. cit. ff. 209–11 V., Exposition et relation de ce que moi, comte de Flemming, ai fait depuis peu à Vienne (undated French translation from Latin).

122 P.R.O., S.P. 104.220, George I to Augustus II, Hanover, 9 Nov. 1719 (Latin).

123 Cf. P.R.O., S.P. 88.26, J. Scott (British minister) to Stanhope, Warsaw, 14 Feb. 1720.

124 Mont, J. du, Corps universel diplomatique (Amsterdam, 1731), VIII 2, 8;Google Scholar cf. Cieślak & Rumiński, op. cit. p. 127.

125 Saint-Saphorin MSS, Schaub to Saint-Saphorin, Hanover, 19 June 1719; A.S.V., Nunz. Pol., vol. 148, f. 220 and v., news from Dresden, 7 July 1719.

126 B.M. Add. MS 22511, ff. 50 V.–51, Carteret to Stanhope, Stockholm, 2 Sept. 1719, o.s. (copy).

127 See Kantecki, K., Stanislaw Poniatoviski, kasztelan krahowski… (2 vols., Poznan, 1880), pp. 74,Google Scholar 76, 79, 80.

128 P.R.O., S.P. 78.165, ff. 262–71 v., Stanhope to Dubois, Göhre, 8 Oct. 1719 (copy); Wiesener, L., Le Régent, l'abbé Dubois et les Anglais d'après les sources britanniques, 3 vols. (Paris, 1899), III, 127,Google Scholar 128.

129 Chance, J.F. (ed.), Birtish Diplomatic Instructions… Sweden…, pp. 117–19.Google Scholar

130 B.M. Add. MS 22511, ff. 47–53 v., Carteret to Stanhope, as above, f. 51 V.

131 Chance, Brit. Dip. Instr. p. 130.

132 Golikov, , Dopolneniya (Moscow, 1794), XII, 255.Google Scholar

133 B.M. Add. MS 22511, ff. 77–80, Carteret to Stanhope, Stockholm, 2 Sept. 1719, o.s. (copy), f. 79 v.; MS 28129, entry in Sir J. Norris’s Journal, 31 Aug. 1719.

134 Thomas von Rajalin (1673–1741).

135 P.R.O., S.P. 91.9, ff. 361–2, J. Jefferyes (nominally British minister to Russia but resident in Danzig) to Stanhope, 5 Dec. 1719, o.s.

136 Staatsarchiv Hannover, Cal. Br. Arch. Des. 24 Danzig nr. 4, ff. 16–20, the burgomaster and council of Danzig to George I, 14 Oct. 1719.

137 Cf. P.R.O., F.O. 90.52, ff. 32–7, Instructions for C. Whitworth (minister plenipotentiary in Berlin), St James’s, 15 Apr. 1719, pt. 6: ‘one of our principal aims to procure a free and uninterrupted commerce in the Baltic…’; cf. Staatsarchiv Hannover, loc. cit. f. 15, George II to the burgomaster and council of Danzig, Hanover, 28 Oct., 19 Nov. 1719.

138 Archives Nationales, Correspondence Consulaire, vol. 474, ff. 377–8, Augustus II to Peter I, Fraustadt (Wschowa), 7 Nov. 1719 (Latin trans.), printed in Jarochowski, K. (ed.), Teka Gabriela jfunoszy Podoskiego…, (Poznan, 1854), 1, 297–8.Google Scholar

139 Arch. Nat., loc. cit., ff. 379 and v. (Latin, undated).

140 P.R.O., S.P. 104.123, Stanhope to Scott, Whitehall, 9 Feb. 1720.

141 Elagin, Materialy (1865), n, 423–7, 429, 443–7, 449. 452. 456–7, 461, 468; Cieślak and Rumiński, op. cit. pp. 160,169,213–14,217, 220,229,235, 238, 243,245, 247; Polwarth MSS, II, 349. 391, 394, 397, 438.

142 Polviarth MSS, 11, 589.

143 A General Collection of Treaties… (London, 1732), IV, 106–19,Google Scholar particularly in relation to art. XVII.

144 P.R.O., F.O. 46.66, Instructions for James Scott, St. James’s, 8 Dec. 1719, o.s.

145 P.R.O., S.P. 104.220, George I to Augustus II, Hanover, 9 Nov. 1719 (Latin copy).

146 Or £10,909. is. gd. exchanged at the rate of 5Û rix-dollars for £1, which Scott considered favourable (P.R.O., S.P. 88.26, Scott to Stanhope, Warsaw, 2 Mar. 1720).

147 Legg, Diplomatic Instructions… France…, pp. 166, 167.

148 P.R.O., S.P. 104.123, Stanhope to Flemming, Whitehall, 26 Jan. 1720 [o.s.?]; cf. Chance, Diplomatic Instructions…Sweden…, p. 136.

149 B.M. Add. MS 37379, ff. 66–8, Whitworth to Tilson, Berlin, 26 Jan./6 Feb. 1719/20.

150 Min. des Aff. Etr., Corr. Polit., Pologne, vol. 165, ff. 213–14 v., Maron to the Regent,. Warsaw, 6 Oct. 1719; cf. P.R.O., S.P. 91.9, ff. 361–2, Jefferyes to Stanhope, Danzig, 5 Dec. 1719; likewise A.S.V., Nunz. Pol., vol. 148, ff. 361 and v., news from Warsaw, 8 Nov. 1719.

151 Min. des Aff. Etr., Corr. Politique, Pologne, ff. 252–4 v., Besenval to the Regent, Warsaw, 17 Nov. 1719.

152 Ibid. ff. 264–5 v., Maron to the Regent, as above.

153 Ibid. ff. 273–4 v., Maron to the Regent, Warsaw, 24 Nov., A.S.V., Nunz. Pol., vol. 148, f. 402, news from Warsaw, 5 Dec. 1719.

154 Min. des Aff. Etr. ff. 286–7 (copy, Latin).

155 Ibid. ff. 288–9, Maron to the Regent, Warsaw, 1 Dec. 1719.

156 A.S.V., Nunz. Pol., vol. 148, f. 353 and v., the nuncio (G. Grimaldi) to the secretary of state (Cardinal F. Paolucci), Leszno, 25 Oct.; f. 375 andv., news from Warsaw, 15 Nov. 1719.

157 For its proceedings generally see Jarochowski, K., ‘Próba emancypacyjna polityki Augustowej i intryga Posadowskiego…’, in Nowe opowiadania i studia historyczne (Warsaw, 1882), pp. 322–76.Google Scholar

158 A.S.V., Nunz. Pol., vol. 149, ff. 18–19, news from Warsaw, 3 Jan. 1720.

159 Ibid. ff. 25–28 v., minutes of the conference with Dolgoruky on 11 Jan (Latin); P.R.O. S.P. 88.26, Scott to Stanhope, 6 Feb. 1720; Jarochowski, , Teka Podoskiego… (1857), V, 274–81.Google Scholar

160 A.S.V., Nunz. Pol., ff. 23–4 v., news from Warsaw, 17 Jan. 1720.

161 Ibid. vol. 148, f. 407 and v., news from Warsaw, 20 Dec. 1719.

162 ‘I will not venture to say that his Polish Majesty has no desire to promote his son's succession to the crown of Poland or that some of his ministers may not have projected schemes to bring it about’ but ‘ no one who knows the state of affairs in Poland and judges it impartially will think they have any reason to promise themselves success in this undertaking’ (P.R.O., S.P. 88.26, Scott to Stanhope, Warsaw, 4 May 1720).

163 As above, 14 Feb.

164 P.R.O., S.P. 88.25, draft instructions for F. Palmes [?], 1718.

165 P.R.O., S.P. 88.26, Scott to Stanhope, Warsaw, 14 Feb. 1720.

166 P.R.O., S.P. 88.25, loc. cit.

167 Saint-Saphorin MSS, Flemming to Saint-Saphorin, Warsaw, 10 Jan. 1720 (original).

168 B.M. Add. MS 22511, ff. 115 V.–116, Carteret to Stanhope, Stockholm, 8 Dec. 1719, o.s. (copy).

169 A.S.V., Nunz. Pol., vol. 149, ff. 71, news from Warsaw, 21 Feb. 1720; f. 98, the same, 13 Mar.; f. 103, Augustus II to Frederick William I (copy).

170 Min. des Aff. Etr., Corr. Polit., Pologne, vol. 165, ff. 424–5, Maron to the Regent, Warsaw, 23 Feb. 1720.

171 See Loewe, V., Preussens Staatsverträge aus der Regierungszeit König Friedrich Wilhelms I (Leipzig, 1913), pp. 243–7.Google Scholar The date of treaty is given as 17 or 24 Feb., o.s.

172 A.S.V., Nunz. Pol., vol. 148, f. 220 and v., news from Dresden, 3 July 1719; P.R.O., S.P. 91.9, ff. 361–2, Jefferyes to Stanhope, Danzig, 5 Dec. 1719, o.s.: Poniatowski who was on his way to Warsaw strongly suspected that ‘ a better understanding is entertained between the courts of Berlin and St Petersburg than what is consistent with the common interest’.

173 Jarochowski, ‘Próba emancypacyjna… ‘, p. 358.

174 Malmström, C.G., Sveriges politiska historia… pt. 1 (2nd edn., 1893), 201–2,Google Scholar cf. 287, 296.

175 Nikiforov, op. cit. pp. 177, 233; cf. B.M. Add. MS 37379, ff. 66–8, Whitworth to Tilson, Berlin, 26 Jan./6 Feb. 1719/20.

176 Loewe, op. cit. pp. 246–7; cf. Schirren, C., review of Martens, F., Recueil des traités et conventions conclus par la Russie, vols. I–VII (St Petersburg, 1875–1885),Google Scholar in Göttingische gelehrte Anzeigen, nos. 2, 3 (01. 1889), 41–112,Google Scholar 106–10; cf. Whitworth to Tilson, Berlin, 2/13 Feb. 1719/20, B.M. Add. MS 37379, if. 136–8 v.: ‘Except the Emperor be firm, we cannot bring the Czar to quit Revel but by force and without being secure of Poland and this court we cannot well employ force…’

177 Carlsson, S., Rosén, J., Svensk Historia, 1, Tiden före 1718 (2nd edn., Stockholm, 1964),Google Scholar p. 711; cf. Malmström, op. cit. p. 228.

178 P.R.O., S.P. 80.41, Stanhope to Cadogan and Saint-Saphorin, Pyrmont, 15/26 July 1720.

179 Polwarth MSS, 11, 213.

180 Ibid. p. 537, Jefferyes to Polwarth, Danzig, 30 Apr. 1720. ‘The king has given orders for inspecting all vessels leaving the Vistula, as warlike materials have been found in several of them.’

181 A.S.V., Nunz. Pol., vol. 149, ff. 114 v.–i 15, 123–4 v– news from Warsaw, 20 Mar. 1720.

182 Bibl. Czart., MS 206, ff. 51–4, extract from a letter from Chomętowski, Riga, 18 Aug. 1720; P.R.O., S.P. 88.26, Scott to Stanhope, Warsaw, 31 July 1720: ‘the Poles begin now to cry out a little against the tsar’s breach of faith since he refuses to restore Livonia… The truth is the ablest amongst the Poles seem to have been his Tsarish Majesty's dupes in this matter…’ (cf. A.S.V., Nunz. Pol., vol. 149, f. 386, news from Warsaw, 9 Oct. 1720).

183 P.R.O. loc. cit., Scott to Stanhope, Warsaw, 14 Feb. 1720. But Whitworth had forecast that the tsar ‘seeing the storm ready to break upon him’ might offer Livonia to the republic or to the king of Poland (Whitworth to Tilson, Berlin, 26 Jan./6 Feb. 1719/20, B.M. Add. MS 37379, ff. 66–8).

184 A limit of twenty years on his possession of Livonia was the maximum concession that the tsar was willing to make to Sweden in Apr. 1719 (Golikov, Deyaniya…, VI, 321). The British ministry did not share these delusions (see P.R.O., F.O. 46.58, ff. 58–66, instructions for Scott; Legg, Diplomatic Instructions…, France…, pp. 114, 137, 140).

185 A.S.V., Nunz. Pol., vol. 149, f. 218 and v., news from Warsaw, 29 May 1720.

186 Ibid. ff. 239–40 v., as above, 5 June.

187 Ibid. ff. 297–8, as above, 17 July; 321–4 ff., the same, 7 Aug. 1720.

188 P.R.O., S.P. 80.41, Cadogan and Saint-Saphorin to Stanhope, Vienna, 11 Sept. 1720.

189 Polwarth MSS, II, 634–44.

190 Min. des Aff. Etr., Corr. Polit., Pologne, vol. 166, ff. 258–9 v., Besenval to the Regent, Warsaw, 12 Nov.; 403–4 v., 13 Nov. 1720; cf. Bibl. Czart., MS 478, f. 615, extract from a report from Hanover, 15 Aug. 1720: ‘the opinion still prevails here that without an army [as opposed to a navy] it will be difficult to compel the tsar to give up his conquests but it is not considered possible to make any plans in this respect without the Emperor's concurrence’.

191 Bantysh-Kamensky, loc. cit. p. 219; Polski Slownik Biograficzny (1937), vol. III, article on Chometowski by Konopczyński., W.Google Scholar

192 A.S.V., Nunz. Pol., vol. 149, f. 426, news from Warsaw, 6 Nov. 1720.

193 Min. des Aff. Etr., Corr. Polit., Pologne, vol. 166, ff. 353–9 v., Besenval to the Regent, Warsaw, 12 Nov. 1720.

194 Ibid. ff. 399 V.–400, as above, Warsaw, 6 Dec. 1720.

195 Ibid. ff. 413–15, Besenval to Dubois, Warsaw, 27 Dec. 1720.

196 Sbornik… XV,, (St Petersburg, 1875), 176–9,Google Scholar 181.

197 Polwarth MSS, III, 28, 36, 44, 51. For Peter I’s relations with Charles VI at that time see Nikiforov, op. cit. v, pp. 204, 237, 238, 245, 250; Florovsky, V., Russko-avstriiskie otnosheniya v epokhu Petra Velikogo (Ada Universitatis Carolinae, 2, Historica) (Prague, 1955), pp. 27,Google Scholar 28.

198 A.S.V., Nunz. Pol., vol. 150, ff. 126–35, Peter I's reply to Augustus II's memoranda transmitted by S. G. Dolgoruky, St Petersburg, 19 Feb. 1721, o.s., f. 130.

199 P.R.O., S.P. 104.123, Townshend to Scott, Whitehall, 10 March 1721 [os.?]; cf. Chance, Diplomatic Instructions, Sweden, pp. 154–5.

200 Journal of the Commissioners for Trade and Plantations, Nov. 1718–Dec. 1722 (London, 1925). pp. 325–6.Google Scholar 331–5.

201 B.M. Add. MS 37384, f. 184 and v., Saint-Saphorin to Whitworth, Vienna, 2 Apr. 1721.

202 Bibl. Czart., MS 478, ff. 573–7, Augustus II to the grand chancellor of Poland (J. Szembek), Warsaw, 9 Aug. 1720: ‘the bishop of Cracow [K. F. Szaniawski] is of the opinion that we should try underhand to induce England to help us make peace with Sweden and in this way to free ourselves from our ties with the tsar before he breaks them’.

203 B.M. Add. MS 37384 loc Cit.

204 Florovsky, op. cit. p. 23; Tschierschky, S., Die Wirtschaftspolitik des schlesischen Kommerzkollegs, 1716–1740 (Gotha 1902), pp. 112–14.Google Scholar

205 Thanner, L., Revolutionen i Sverige efter Karl XIIs död (Upsala, 1953), p. 282.Google Scholar

206 P.R.O., S.P. 90.12, George I's order to Whitworth about the dispositions of the Russian court concerning Poland, St James's 1/12 Apr. 1720.

207 A.S.V., Nunz. Pol., vol. 149, ff. 79–80, memoir (in French, probably by Flemming), Warsaw, 23 Feb. 1720; Ibid. vol. 153, f. 44 and v., news from Warsaw, 21 Oct. 1722: but for he treaty, according to Flemming, the Russians would still be in Poland.