1 Wardle, David, English Popular Education 1780–1970 (Cambridge, 1970), p. 87.Google Scholar

2 Pamela, and Silver, Harold, The Education of the Poor: The History of A National School 1824–1974 (London, 1974), pp. 30, 46.Google Scholar

3 Silver, Harold, “Aspects of Neglect: The Strange Case of Victorian Popular Education,” Oxford Review of Education, 3, No. 1 (1977): 58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

4 Pamela, and Silver, Harold, The Education of the Poor, pp. 115–9, 159–61.Google Scholar

5 Ibid., pp. 87–99.Google Scholar

6 “On the State of Education in Westminster,” Journal Statistical Society of London, 1 (December 1838): 454.Google Scholar

7 Laqueur, Thomas Walter, Religion and Respectability: Sunday Schools and Working Class culture 1780–1850 (New Haven and London, 1976), p. 165.Google Scholar

8 Ibid., pp. 29–31, 33, 252–4. Laqueur has located 40 working-class foundations in the period 1780–1812. By the second decade of the nineteenth century there were approximately 7,000 Sunday schools.Google Scholar

9 McClatchey, Diana, Oxfordshire Clergy 1777–1869 (Oxford, 1960), pp. 148–9. Laqueur himself admits that half the Anglican schools in London were under the direct supervision of the clergy, Religion, Respectability, p. 77.Google Scholar

10 Laqueur, Thomas W., Religion and Respectability, pp. 63–94; see also p. 189.Google Scholar

11 Parliamentary Papers, xc (1852–3), p. 73; see also Bradley, Ian, The Call to Seriousness: The Evangelical Impact on the Victorians (London, 1976), p. 123.Google Scholar

12 Wardle, David, English Popular Education, p. 62.Google Scholar

13 Parliamentary Papers, xc (1852–3), pp. 71–5.Google Scholar

14 Foster, John, Class Struggle and the Industrial Revolution (London, 1974), pp. 223–8.Google Scholar

15 Levy, Philip C., “A Nobler Humanity: A Study of the Influence of Poverty and Community on the Self-Education of Working Class Men Born in Britain between 1780 and 1850” (Ph.D. Diss., York University, Toronto, 1976), pp. 108–168, 208–44.Google Scholar

16 The Northern Star, 6 May 1843, p. 4.Google Scholar

17 Simon, Brian, Studies in the History of Education 1780–1870 (London, 1960), p. 242.Google Scholar

18 Thompson, E.P., The Making of the English Working Class (London, Penguin, 1968), pp. 457–68; Yeo, Eileen, “Robert Owen and Radical Culture,” in Pollard, Sidney and Salt, John (eds.), Robert Owen. Prophet of the Poor (London, 1971), pp. 84–114.Google Scholar

19 Laqueur, Thomas W., Religion and Respectability, p. 224.Google Scholar

20 Ibid., p. 170.Google Scholar

21 Parliamentary Papers, xc (1852–3), p. 74.Google Scholar