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The Continuing Education of Jean-Marie Roland (1734–1793)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 February 2017

Charles A. Le Guin
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Extract

From the Renaissance to the present day there has been a gradual lengthening of the span of the process of education. Medieval lay education was completed at a young age, but formal learning had since been stretched into the late teens and early twenties. In our own time, there is a significant movement to prolong education throughout adulthood by means of the development of continuing education programs. Though the degree of organization, the scope, and the effectiveness of these programs make them unique, they are hardly a new phenomenon. Nineteenth century England furnishes many well-known examples of experiments in adult education, and as early as the eighteenth century one can see the first real pressures toward it. A survey of the career of Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière will illustrate the development of programs for continuing education in France during the Enlightenment.

Type
Research Article
Information
History of Education Quarterly , Volume 3 , Issue 3 , September 1963 , pp. 123 - 133
Copyright
Copyright © 1963, University of Pittsburgh Press 

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References

Notes

1. Ariès, Philippe, L'enfant et la vie famiale sous l'ancien régime (Paris, 1960), passim.Google Scholar

2. BN, na fr 6243, fol. 11v, “Mémoire d'extraction du Sieur Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière.”Google Scholar

3. BN, na fr 6243, fol. 36, “Mémoire des services du Sieur Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière” (hereafter cited as “Mémoire des services”); Jeanne-Marie Phlipon Roland, Mémoires de Madame Roland, Berville, and Barrière, , eds. (Paris, Baudouin, 1821), I, 278 (hereafter cited as Madame Roland, Mémoires).Google Scholar

4. BN, na fr 6243, fol. 231, “Villefranche.” The earliest French academy was the Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris, founded by Colbert in 1666 and reorganized by Louis, XIV in 1699.Google Scholar

5. The most famous example of a prize contest of this sort was that sponsored by the Academy, Dijon in 1750, on the question, “Whether progress in the sciences and arts has contributed to the corruption or purification of morals.” Rousseau won this contest by a resounding condemnation of progress and thus lay the basis for his fame.Google Scholar

6. de Morveau, Guyton (1737–1816) was a magistrate, politician, and scientist. Before the Revolution he was an avocat-général of the Dijon Academy. He was a warm partisan of the Revolution, was elected deputy to the Legislative Assembly and the Convention and became a member of the Committee of Public Safety. He was one of the earliest members of the Institut (1796) and became director of the Ecole polytechnique. His fame as a chemist rested on his ideas on phlogiston and crystallization, and on his plan for chemical nomenclature. He wrote many scientific works, including a Défense de la volatilité du phlogistique (1773), Elements de chimie theorique et pratique (1776–77), Dictionnaire de chimie (1786), and three volumes of verse.Google Scholar

7. “Mémoire des services,” fol. 33v.Google Scholar

8. Lettres imprimées à Rouen, en octobre 1781, n.p. n.d., Bibliothèque de Lyon, no. 353442.Google Scholar

9. Athanase Auger, Abbé (1734–1792) was the scholarly translator of the complete works of Isocrates and Lysias, as well as of Demosthenes, and the Homilies of Chrysostom, St. John. Louis-Auguste Dambourney (1722–1795) was a naturalist most famous for research which he did on dyes made from plants indigenous to France. His chief work was Histoire des plantes qui servent à la teinture (1792). His principal associate was Louis-Guillaume de la Follie, a well-known chemist. Anicet-Charles-Gabriel Lemonnier (1734–1824) won the Grande prix de Rome in 1770 and was made a member of the Academy of Painting in 1789. In 1820 he became director of the Gobelin tapestry works. Roland's essay “On Art and Artists” may be found in BN, na fr 6242, fols. 270–274.Google Scholar

10. In the extremely hierarchial old regime, the following were the varieties of academic memberships: academicien tituiaire, associé libre, associé, adjoint, associé à adjoint, correspondant. Google Scholar

11. Perroud, Claude, Lettres de Madame Roland (Paris, 1902), II, 650, (hereafter cited as Perroud, , Lettres de Madame Roland).Google Scholar

12. See Roland, Jean-Marie, Dictionnaire des manufactures, arts et métiers, (Paris, 1784–1792), I, 66; III, lxiii; Durand, Georges, Département de la Somme: Inventaire sommaire des archives départementales antérieures à 1790 (Amiens, 1888), II, Série, C, no. 334. Roland gained neither much credit, nor the prize money, for his efforts, though the Paris Academy subsequently published a revised version of the essay which he contributed.Google Scholar

13. BN, na fr 6243, fols. 82–88v, “La Société des Arcades.”Google Scholar

14. Perroud, , Lettres de Madame Roland, II, 626–627. These publications added considerably to Roland's fame and to the progress of the industrial revolution in France.Google Scholar

15. Ibid., I, 524–525.Google Scholar

16. Académie de Lyon, MS 151, “Apperçu des causes qui peuvent rendre une langue universelle, et observations sur celle des langues vivantes qui tend les plus à le devenir.” See also my article in Modern Language Review (April 1960), LV, 244–249.Google Scholar

17. “Mémoire des services,” fol. 36; BN, na fr 6238, fol. 163v, Mme Roland to Roland, December 31, 1781. Demachy, Jacques-François (1728–1803) was one of the leading adversaries of Lavoisier and chemical reform. He wrote Instituts de chimie (1766), Economie rustique (1769) and other technical works, and also undertook poetry and translations.Google Scholar

18. Ibid., 218. Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu (1748–1836) was professor of botany at the Jardin du Roi, director of the Museum there, and adjoint botanist and membre titulaire of the Royal Academy of Science. He transformed the school of botany at the Jardin by the development of his methode naturelle, his abandonment of Linnaeus' system of classification. His chief publication was Genera plantarum secundum ordirtes naturales disposita (1788).Google Scholar

19. Ibid., 219. The botanical study gave way to Roland's Art of Peat-moss Cutting. Google Scholar

20. Roland, Jean-Marie, Compte rendu par le Ministre de l'Intérieur à la Convention Nationale, le 6 janvier, l'an II de l'égalité et de la république et imprimée par ordre de la Convention (Paris, 1793), p. 223 (hereafter cited as Roland, Compte rendu).Google Scholar

21. Ibid., pp. 223–226.Google Scholar

22. Hansen, , Millard, , “Condorcet's Liberal Philosophy of Education,” South Atlantic Quarterly (October 1937), XXXVI, 399.Google Scholar

23. Roland, , Compte rendu, p. 246.Google Scholar

24. Ibid., p. 224.Google Scholar

25. Le Ministre de l'Intérieur au President de la Convention Nationale, 23 janvier 1793 (Paris, 1793), pp. 4–8.Google Scholar

26. BN, na fr 9532, fols. 278–279, Roland, to David, , October 17, 1792; fols. 291–291v, Roland, to David, , October 24, 1792.Google Scholar

27. Ibid., fol. 300v, Roland to the Civil Commissioners of the Section of the Louvre, November 15, 1792.Google Scholar

28. Ibid., fol. 278, Roland, to David, , October 17, 1792.Google Scholar