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Leonard Ayres and the Educational Balance Sheet

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 February 2017

Raymond E. Callahan
Raymond E. Callahan*
Affiliation:
From a forthcoming book, An American Tragedy in Education, being published by Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.
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Extract

A major activity engaged in by educators between 1910 and 1918 which provides evidence of their increasing tendency to think and act in a business-like way was their action in handling the problems of retardation, elimination, and promotion. In this instance genuine educational problems did exist and they needed attention. But in the age of efficiency with an economy-minded public breathing down their necks some administrators dealt with these problems in a mechanical, financial way in order to defend themselves and demonstrate their efficiency. That the problems were perceived and treated in this manner was due largely to the way they had been presented and publicized by Leonard Ayres.

Type
Research Article
Information
History of Education Quarterly , Volume 1 , Issue 1 , March 1961 , pp. 5 - 13
Copyright
Copyright © 1961, University of Pittsburgh Press 

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References

Notes

1. Ayres, Leonard: Laggards in Our Schools (New York, 1909), p. 3.Google Scholar

2. Ibid., p. 5.Google Scholar

3. Ibid. Google Scholar

4. Ibid., pp. 176–77.Google Scholar

5. Ibid., pp. 96–97.Google Scholar

6. Elson, William H. and Bachman, Frank P., “School Records: Their Defects and Improvement,” Educational Review, Vol. XLIII (March, 1910) p. 224.Google Scholar

7. Davis, Calvin O., “Reorganization of Secondary Education,” Educational Review, Vol. XLIV (October, 1911) pp. 272–73.Google Scholar

8. Vol. XLIV, p. 13.Google Scholar

9. The American School Board Journal, Vol. XLIV (February, 1912) p. 30.Google Scholar

10. Ibid., Vol. XLIV (March, 1912) p. 51.Google Scholar

11. Vol. XLIV, pp. 9–11.Google Scholar

12. NEA Proceedings, 1912, pp. 339–42.Google Scholar

13. The American School Board Journal, Vol. LV (July, 1917) p. 77.Google Scholar

14. Vol. LV, pp. 29, 30, and 81.Google Scholar

15. Cubberley, Ellwood P.: Public School Administration (Boston, 1916) p. 320.Google Scholar

16. Knight, Edgar W.: Fifty Years of American Education (New York, 1952) p. 47.Google Scholar