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2 Engelmann, F. C. and Schwartz, M. A., Political Ideas and the Canadian Social Structure (Scarborough, Ont., 1967), p. 153. ‘CCF’ are the initials of the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation, the party of democratic socialism in Canada from 1932 until 1961, when it was succeeded by the New Democratic Party (NDP).Google Scholar

3 Lumsden, Ian, “Imperialism and Canadian Intellectuals,” in: Close the 49th Parallel, Etc.: The Americanization of Canada, ed. Lumsden, (Toronto, 1970), p. 329.Google Scholar

4 Harris, Robin, A History of Higher Education in Canada 1663–1960 (Toronto, 1976), p. 213. See also: Canada, Department of Trade and Commerce, Dominion Bureau of Statistics, Education Statistics Branch, Higher Education in Canada 1938–1940 (Ottawa, 1941).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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7 Student numbers increased from 34, 119 (full-time) in 1930–31 to 37,886 (full-time) in 1938–39. Higher Education in Canada, 1938–1940, Tables 12 and 15.Google Scholar

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9 See: Hofstadter, Richard, Anti-Intellectualism in American Life (New York, 1966 [1963]), pp. 34–39.Google Scholar

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13 Frye, Northrop, “Conclusion,” in: Literary History of Canada, gen. ed. Klinck, Carl F. (Toronto, 1965), p. 830.Google Scholar

14 The preceding two paragraphs are based on: Shortt, S. E. D., The Search for an Ideal: Six Canadian Intellectuals and Their Convictions in an Age of Transition 1890–1930 (Toronto, 1976).Google Scholar

15 Penner, Professor Norman, author of The Canadian Left (Scarborough, Ont., 1977), has informed me in a conversation that there were no card-carrying members of the Communist Party of Canada among professors in the inter-war years. Earle Birney, appointed in 1937 in the English Department of University College, Toronto, was a Trotskyite. This fact was not widely known, however, and Birney always used a pseudonym when writing about politics. Interview with Prof. Earle Birney, Toronto, April 1967.Google Scholar

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23 See my article on the letter of the sixty-eight, to be published in Ontario History in March 1980.Google Scholar

24 Public Archives of Canada (PAC), Underhill Papers, Frank H., Falconer, Robert Sir to Underhill, , 26 June 1931. Underbill's article, “Canada in the Great Depression,” appeared in the New Statesman and Nation on 13 June 1931. It was the concluding paragraph, on page 571, which offended the Toronto Mail and Empire: “An Amiable Thrust from Academic Cloister,” 26 June 1931.Google Scholar

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28 For more on the League for Social Reconstruction see my book on the LSR, publication by the University of Toronto Press, 1980.Google Scholar

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30 Interviews with Prof. F. H. Underhill, Ottawa, December 1966, and Prof. E. A. Havelock, New Haven, Conn., April 1967. Victoria College (United Church of Canada), like Trinity College (Anglican) and St. Michael's College (Roman Catholic) was federated with the University of Toronto but at that time received no government funds. Havelock was in trouble again in 1937, when he addressed the General Motors strikers at Oshawa, and in the course of his speech insulted both Premier Mitchell Hepburn and Col. Samuel McLaughlin, the president of General Motors of Canada. He was compelled by the College authorities to apologize to the two men and instructed not to meddle in political matters in the future, an instruction he observed until he ran for the CCF in the provincial election in 1945. Not long after that he took a teaching position at Harvard.Google Scholar

31 Underhill Papers, Thomas, Norman to Underhill, , 12 January 1933.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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33 University of Toronto Archives, Harry M. Cassidy Papers, Cassidy, to Eckhardt, L., 18 October 1933, copy.Google Scholar

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37 Montreal Gazette, 31 March 1933. See also: King Gordon, J., “A Christian Socialist in the 1930's,” in: The Social Gospel in Canada, ed. Allen, Richard (Ottawa, 1975), pp. 141–3.Google Scholar

38 See: New Outlook, 11 April 1934; 10 October 1934; 26 December 1934; 13 February 1935; 8 May 1935. Spry, Graham, “The Case of King Gordon,” New Commonwealth, 27 October 1934.Google Scholar

39 Interview with Forsey, Senator E. A., Ottawa, October 1972.Google Scholar

40 Scott, F. R. to the author, 11 September 1968; interviews with Prof. Scott, Montreal, December 1966 and May 1978.Google Scholar

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43 Interviews with Prof. Gregory Vlastos, Princeton, N.J., April 1967, and Toronto, October 1978.Google Scholar

44 MacKay, R. A. to the author, 4 October 1972. See also: Papers, Underhill, Keenleyside, H. L. to Underhill, , 9 November 1933, for a reference to the MacKay incident.Google Scholar

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66 A former Prime Minister of Canada, Senator Arthur Meighen, wrote to the Minister of Justice to suggest that if Underhill had been correctly reported he should be interned because his remarks would tend to undermine the war effort. This had no effect. Arthur Meighen to Ernest Lapointe, 28 August 1940, quoted in: Graham, Roger, Arthur Meighen , vol. 3, No Surrender (Vancouver and Toronto, 1965), p. 123.Google Scholar

67 See: Francis, Douglas, “The Threatened Dismissal of Frank H. Underhill from the University of Toronto, 1939–1941,” CAUT Bulletin, XXIV, December 1975; Berger, Carl, The Writing of Canadian History: Aspects of English Canadian Historical Writing 1900 to 1970 (Toronto, 1976), pp. 79–84; Creighton, D. G., “The Ogdensburg Agreement and F. H. Underhill,” in: The West and the Nation: Essays in Honour of W. L. Morton , eds. Berger, Carl and Cook, Ramsay (Toronto, 1976).Google Scholar

68 Ross, Murray G., The University: The Anatomy of Academe (New York, 1976), p. 196.Google Scholar

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73 Innis, H. A. to Cody, H. J., 8 January 1941, quoted in: Francis, Douglas, “The Threatened Dismissal of Frank H. Underhill …,” p. 19.Google Scholar

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77 Twenty years ago Frank Underhill made an initial survey; its results were not flattering to Canada: “Academic Freedom in Canada,” AAUP Bulletin, XLVI, September 1960. More recently Dr. Donald Savage of the Canadian Association of University Teachers has been exploring this area. An early product of his research may be found in an article cited above, in the December, 1975, issue of the CAUT Bulletin .Google Scholar