Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-8zxtt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-13T21:42:05.677Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Americanization as an Early Twentieth-Century Adult Education Movement

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 February 2017

Robert A. Carlson
Robert A. Carlson*
Affiliation:
University of Saskatchewan
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

The average middle-class American contemplated the turn of the twentieth century from his farmhouse or his home on the city's fringe with a smug complacency. The United States had just defeated what Americans viewed as the archetype of “backward” Europe—monarchical and Roman Catholic Spain—in a war that had led to easy victory, empire, and a vastly increased self-esteem and world esteem for the United States.

Type
Education in the South
Information
History of Education Quarterly , Volume 10 , Issue 4 , Winter 1970 , pp. 440 - 464
Copyright
Copyright © 1970 History of Education Quarterly 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Notes

1. Shannon, David A., Twentieth Century America (Chicago: Rand McNally and Company, 1963), pp. 67–86.Google Scholar

2. Hofstadter, Richard, The Age of Reform (New York: Random House Vintage Books, 1955), p. 176.Google Scholar

3. Higham, John W., Strangers in the Land (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1955), p. 153.Google Scholar

4. Ibid., p. 149.Google Scholar

5. Hofstadter, , The Age of Reform p. 205.Google Scholar

6. Ibid., p. 152.Google Scholar

7. Ward, Lester, “Sociocracy,” in Miller, Perry, ed., American Thought: Civil War to World War I (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, , 1965), p. 113.Google Scholar

8. Woods, Robert A. and Kennedy, Albert J., The Settlement Horizon (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1922), pp. 41–44.Google Scholar

9. Commons, John R., Races and Immigrants in America (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1907), p. 221.Google Scholar

10. Hofstadter, , The Age of Reform pp. 180–86.Google Scholar

11. United States Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the U.S. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1960).Google Scholar

12. For a recent reappraisal of Addams, Jane, see Christopher Lasch, The New Radicalism in America, 1889–1963 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1965), pp. 3–37.Google Scholar

13. Addams, Jane, “Recent Immigration: A Field Neglected by the Scholar,” Educational Review, XXIX (March 1905), 253 and 254.Google Scholar

14. See Addams, Jane' autobiography, Forty Years at Hull House (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1935), especially Chap. XI of Volume I, pp. 231–58.Google Scholar

15. Addams, Jane, “Autobiographical Notes Upon Twenty Years at Hull House: Echoes of the Russian Revolution,” The American Magazine, LXX (September 1910), 644.Google Scholar

16. Hofstadter, , The Age of Reform pp. 181 and 182.Google Scholar

17. Higham, , Strangers in the Land p. 237.Google Scholar

18. Ross, Edward A., Social Control (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1901).Google Scholar

19. Ibid., p. 178.Google Scholar

20. Ross, Edward A., The Old World in the New (New York: The Century Company, 1914), pp. 274 and 284–86.Google Scholar

21. Ibid. Google Scholar

22. Ibid., pp. 295 and 296.Google Scholar

23. Ellwood, Charles A., Sociology and Modern Social Problems (New York: American Book Company, 1910, 1913), pp. 218–22.Google Scholar

24. See Stephenson, George M., A History of American Immigration, 1820–1924 (Boston: Ginn and Company, 1926).Google Scholar

25. Edward Hartmann, George, The Movement to Americanize the Immigrant (New York: Columbia University Press, 1948), pp. 64 and 65.Google Scholar

26. Commons, , Races and Immigrants p. 209.Google Scholar

27. Ibid., p. 20.Google Scholar

28. Hartmann, , The Movement to Americanize p. 28.Google Scholar

29. Hodge, George B., Association Educational Work for Men and Boys (New York: Association Press, 1912), pp. 175 and 176.Google Scholar

30. Ibid. Google Scholar

31. Ibid. Google Scholar

32. Ibid., p. 31.Google Scholar

33. Hartmann, , The Movement to Americanize Chap. 2, pp. 39–63.Google Scholar

34. Higham, , Strangers in the Land p. 239.Google Scholar

35. Ibid., pp. 240 and 241.Google Scholar

36. See Callahan, Raymond E., Education and the Cult of Efficiency (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962), especially pp. 19–41.Google Scholar

37. See King, Irving, Education for Society Efficiency (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1913 and 1915), for example.Google Scholar

38. Kellor, Frances A., “What Is Americanization,” in Davis, Philip, ed., Immigration and Americanization (Boston: Ginn and Company, 1920), pp. 625 and 626.Google Scholar

39. Kellor, Frances A., “Who Is Responsible for the Immigrant?” The Outlook, CVI (April 25, 1914), 912 and 913.Google Scholar

40. Ibid., pp. 913 and 914.Google Scholar

41. Ibid., p. 916.Google Scholar

42. Kellor, Frances A., “Americanization by Industry,” The Immigrants In America Review, II (April 1916), 15.Google Scholar

43. Hartmann, , The Movement to Americanize pp. 88–96.Google Scholar

44. Kellor, , “Americanization by Industry,” p. 24.Google Scholar

45. Ibid. Google Scholar

46. Mason, Gregory, “Americans First,” The Outlook, CXIV (September 27, 1916), 193–201.Google Scholar

47. Hartmann, , The Movement to Americanize footnote, p. 29.Google Scholar

48. Mason, , “Americans First,” p. 195.Google Scholar

49. Ibid., p. 200.Google Scholar

50. Ibid. Google Scholar

51. Ibid., p. 201.Google Scholar

52. Paull, Charles H., Americanization: A Discussion of Present Conditions with Recommendations for the Teaching of Non-Americans, A Report to the Solvay Process Co. 1918. Also, Paull, Charles H., “Development of Americanization Project,” Industrial Management, LVII (March 1919), 213.Google Scholar

53. Talbot, Winthrop, “Americanization in Industry,” Industrial Management, LVI (December 1918), 510.Google Scholar

54. Talbot, Winthrop, “The One Language Industrial Plant,” Industrial Management, LVIII (October 1919), 320.Google Scholar

55. Mason, Gregory, “An Americanization Factory,” The Outlook, CXII (February 23, 1916), 439–41.Google Scholar

56. Higham, , Strangers in the Land p. 243.Google Scholar

57. Kellor, Frances A., “National Americanization Day–-July 4th,” The Immigrants in America Review, I (September 1915), 18–29.Google Scholar

58. Hartmann, , The Movement to Americanize p. 121.Google Scholar

59. Ibid., pp. 268 and 269.Google Scholar

60. Higham, , Strangers in the Land p. 243.Google Scholar

61. Hartmann, , The Movement to Americanize p. 132; Higham, Strangers in the Land, pp. 243 and 244; “Americanization Work of Women's Clubs,” The Immigrants in America Review, I (January 1916), 64; and Beck, Anthony, “Promotion of Citizenship,” The Catholic World, CIX (September 1919), 742.Google Scholar

62. “Americanizing Foreign Workers,” American Federationist, XXIII (August 1916), 690.Google Scholar

63. Shannon, , Twentieth Century America pp. 179 and 180.Google Scholar

64. Ibid. Google Scholar

65. Hopkins Adams, Samuel, Invaded America Reprint from Everybody's Magazine (March 1918), New York, 1918, p. 2.Google Scholar

66. Ibid., p. 14.Google Scholar

67. Speech before the NEA quoted by Edward A. Krug, The Shaping of the American High School (New York: Harper and Row, 1964), p. 425.Google Scholar

68. Dewey, John, “Universal Service as Education,” The New Republic (April 22 and 29, 1916), reprinted in Dewey, John, Characters and Events: Popular Essays in Social and Political Philosophy, Ratner, Joseph, ed. (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1929), p. 467.Google Scholar

69. Steiner, Edward A., Nationalizing America (New York: Fleming H. Revell Company, 1916).Google Scholar

70. Shannon, , Twentieth Century America pp. 182 and 201.Google Scholar

71. Roberts, Peter, The Problem of Americanization (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1920), p. v.Google Scholar

72. Dewey, John, “Freedom of Thought and Work,” The New Republic (May 5, 1920), reprinted in Dewey, John, Characters and Events, p. 523.Google Scholar

73. Crissey, Forrest, “Our Country Schools,” The Saturday Evening Post, CXCIII (April 16, 1921), 62.Google Scholar

74. See, for example, National Conference on Americanization in Industries, Proceedings, Beach, Nantucket, Mass., June 22–24, 1919, p. 25.Google Scholar

75. Thompson, Frank V., Schooling of the Immigrant (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1920), pp. 239–261, 364, and 382.Google Scholar

76. Yezierska, Anzia, “Soap and Water and the Immigrant,” The New Republic, XVIII (February 22, 1919), 117–19.Google Scholar

77. Ravage, M. E., “The Immigrant's Burden,” The New Republic, XIX (June 14, 1919), 210 and 211.Google Scholar

78. Hale Bierstadt, Edward, “Pseudo-Americanization,” The New Republic, XXVI (May 25, 1921), 371–73.Google Scholar

79. Ibid. Google Scholar

80. Hale Bierstadt, Edward, “Pseudo-Americanization,” The New Republic, XXVII (June 1, 1921), 19–23.Google Scholar

81. Hrbkova, Sarka, “'Bunk' In Americanization,” The Forum, LXIII (April-May 1920), 428.Google Scholar

82. Adamic, Louis, A Nation of Nations (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1944), p. 2.Google Scholar

83. Hale Bierstadt, Edward, “Pseudo-Americanization,” The New Republic, XXVII (June 1, 1921), 23.Google Scholar

84. Berkson, Isaac B., Theories of Americanization: A Critical Study (New York: Teachers College Bureau of Publications, 1920).Google Scholar

85. Ibid., p. 70.Google Scholar

86. Pratt Fairchild, Henry, The Melting-Pot Mistake (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1926), p. 196.Google Scholar

87. For Lothrop Stoddard's point of view, see his Re-Forging America, the Story of Our Nationhood (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1927), especially pp. 184–93, and his The Revolt Against Civilization, the Menace of the Under Man (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1922).Google Scholar

88. “Americanski ” The Saturday Evening Post, CXCIII (May 14, 1921), 20.Google Scholar

89. Higham, , Strangers in the Land p. 259.Google Scholar

90. Ibid., p. 260.Google Scholar

91. Hartmann, , The Movement to Americanize p. 273.Google Scholar

92. Cartwright, Morse A., Ten Years of Adult Education (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1935), p. 136.Google Scholar

93. Thompson, Frank V. in his 1920 Carnegie Commission study had recommended the educational service station approach to adult educators in these very words. Other factors operated to encourage the service approach, including the need for adult educators to gain sufficient volume of participation to make programs self-supporting–-a policy generally set by institutions for their adult education divisions.Google Scholar

94. James, Bernard J., “Can 'Needs' Define Educational Goals?” Adult Education, VII (Autumn 1956), 21 and 22.Google Scholar

95. Bartlett, Charles, “Job Corps Program Faces Many Problems,” Capital Times, Madison, Wisconsin, Friday, September 2, 1966, p. 34.Google Scholar

96. Ridgeway, James, “Saul Alinsky in Smugtown,” The New Republic, CLII (June 26, 1965), 15–17.Google Scholar

97. Speech before the 1967 National Adult Education Conference by Brodsky, Nathan, adult education administrator with the United States Department of Defense, Bellevue-Stratford Hotel, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, November 17, 1967.Google Scholar