Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-7drxs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-16T19:41:59.081Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

“Democratizing” Fundraising at Elite Universities: The Discursive Legitimation of Mass Giving at Yale and Harvard, 1890–1920

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Bruce A. Kimball*
Affiliation:
The Ohio State University

Extract

With the regularity of commencement, colleges and universities today conduct annual solicitations of alumni and multiyear comprehensive fundraising campaigns. These now commonplace practices constituted radical innovations in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries. The former originated at Yale University in 1890; the latter at Harvard University between 1915 and 1925. It was through these two innovations that higher education began to assimilate the new phenomenon of “mass giving” and “people's philanthropy” which arose in American society between 1890 and 1920.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © 2015 History of Education Society 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Quotations are from Zunz, Olivier, Philanthropy in America: A History (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2012), 4; Cutlip, Scott M., Fund Raising in the United States: Its Role in America's Philanthropy (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1965), xv, 53, 110, 188.Google Scholar

2 Quotation is from Cutlip, , Fund Raising, 203–4. See Curti, Merle and Nash, Roderick, Philanthropy in the Shaping of American Higher Education (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1965), 164; Harris, Seymour, Economics of Harvard (New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1970), 304–30; Story, Ronald, The Forging of an Aristocracy: Harvard and the Boston Upper Class, 1800–1870 (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1980), 27; Geiger, Roger L., To Advance Knowledge: The Growth of American Research Universities, 1900–1940 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), 44–5, 123.Google Scholar

3 Hadley, Arthur T., Annual Repon of the President of Yale University 1919–20 (New Haven, CT: Yale University, 1920), 1819.Google Scholar

4 Kimball, Bruce A., “The First Campaign and the Paradoxical Transformation of Fundraising in American Higher Education, 1915–1925,” Teachers College Record 116, no. 7 (2014): 144.Google Scholar

5 Quotations are, respectively, from Cutlip, , Fund Raising, 53, 110; Rightmire, George W., Annual Report of the President of The Ohio State University 1927–28 (Columbus, OH: The Ohio State University, 1929), 2628. See Ross, Earle D., Democracy's College: The Land-Grant Movement in the Formative Stage (Ames, IA: Iowa State College Press, 1942); Edward, D. Eddy Jr., Colleges for Our Land and Time: The Land-Grant Idea in American Education (New York: Harper, 1957).Google Scholar

6 Kimball, , “The First Campaign.” See Curti and Nash, Philanthropy, 202; Kelley, Brooks M., Yale: A History (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1974), 276–77; Geiger, , To Advance Knowledge, 49–50; Jones, John Price, The American Giver: A Review of American Generosity (New York: Inter-River Press, 1956), 14; Bremner, Robert, American Philanthropy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960), 138; Cutlip, , Fund Raising, 480; Harris, , Economics, 298–99; Burlingame, Dwight, ed., Philanthropy in America: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2004), v. 1, xxxiii; Gasman, Marybeth and Drezner, Noah D., “Fundraising as an Integral Part of Higher Education,” in Philanthropy, Volunteerism and Fundraising in Higher Education, eds. Walton, Andrea and Gasman, Marybeth (Boston: Pearson, 2007), 595; Drezner, Noah D., “Philanthropy and Fundraising in American Higher Education,” ASHE Higher Education Report 37, no. 2 (2011):5.Google Scholar

7 Cutlip, , Fund Raising, 110–153, 188; Curti, Merle, “Foreword,” in Cutlip, Fund Raising, xxxvi.Google Scholar

8 Zunz, , Philanthropy, 299, 44–75.Google Scholar

9 Burlingame, , Philanthropy, 384–86.Google Scholar

10 Williams, Raymond, Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society, rev. ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 15, 17.Google Scholar

11 Hart, Roderick P., et al., Political Keywords: Using Language That Uses Us (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 1.Google Scholar

12 Leeuwen, T. J., “Legitimation in Discourse and Communication,” Discourse & Communication 1 (Spring 2007): 91112.Google Scholar

13 Loseke, Donileen R., “‘The Whole Spirit of Modern Philanthropy': The Construction of the Idea of Charity, 1912–1992,” Social Problems 44 (November 1997): 437.Google Scholar

14 Reyes, Antonio, “Strategies of Legitimization in Political Discourse: From Words to Actions,” Discourse & Society 22 (November 2011): 781807.Google Scholar

15 Rodgers, Daniel T., Contested Truths: Keywords in American Politics Since Independence (New York: Basic Books, 1987), 5.Google Scholar

16 Williams, , Keywords, 83.Google Scholar

17 de Tocqueville, Alexis, Democracy in America, trans. and eds. Mansfield, Harvey C. and Winthrop, Delba (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000).Google Scholar

18 Quotations are from Rodgers, , Contested Truths, 6.Google Scholar

19 Boudreau, Julie-Anne, “Questioning the Use of ‘Local Democracy’ as a Discursive Strategy for Political Mobilization in Los Angeles, Montreal and Toronto,” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 27 (December 2003): 793810.Google Scholar

20 Kellogg, W. K. Foundation, Cultures of Giving: Energizing and Expanding Philanthropy by and for Communities of Color (Creek, Battle, MI: Kellogg, W. K. Foundation, 2012), 2, quoted in Drezner, Noah D., ed., Expanding the Donor Base in Higher Education: Engaging Non-Traditional Donors (New York: Routledge, 2012), 6.Google Scholar

21 Dr. Leipziger Honored,” New York Times, 3 May 1903, 8.Google Scholar

22 See “Wisdom for the Masses: Birmingham's Work in the Cause of Democratic Education.” Chicago Daily Tribune, 5 February 1893, 37; “Dedication of … the New Building of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences,” New York Times, 3 October 1897, 8.Google Scholar

23 Cutlip, , Fund Raising, 203–4, 110.Google Scholar

24 Cutlip, , Fund Raising, 39–47, 81–86, 110–53; Jones, , American, 4–5, 12; Zunz, , Philanthropy, 44–75.Google Scholar

25 Jones, , American, 10–11.Google Scholar

26 Quoted in Zunz, Philanthropy, 72.Google Scholar

27 Fetter, Frank A., “The E. A. Karlsen Prizes,” American Economic Review 11, supp. no. 2 (December 1921): ix; Brandt, Lilian, How Much Shall I Give? (New York: Frontier Press, 1921), 2637. See Joslyn, Carl, “What Can a Man Afford?” American Economic Review 11, supp. no. 2 (December 1921): 99.Google Scholar

28 Proquest Historical Newspapers, digital searches in the Boston Globe, Washington Post, and the Los Angeles Times, April 2013.Google Scholar

29 Mackenzie, J. S., “The Dangers of Democracy,” International Journal of Ethics 16 (January 1906): 130. See Kester, Paul, Conservative Democracy: Principles and Practise of American Democracy (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1919), 1; David, Thomas, “Democracy as a Religion,” International Journal of Ethics 10 (October 1899): 29; Shepard, Walter J., “Democracy,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 180 (July 1935): 94.Google Scholar

30 Zimmern, Alfred E., “Introduction,” 1–17, in Seton-Watson, R. W., et al., The War and Democracy (1914; London: Macmillan, 1915), 1.Google Scholar

31 Woodrow Wilson, Address of the President … Delivered at a Joint Session of … Congress, 2 April 1917, 65th Cong., 1st sess., 1917, H Doc. 1 (Washington, DC, 1917), v. 35, 7.Google Scholar

32 William M. Sloane, The Powers and Aims of Western Democracy (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1919), 21. See John S. Penman, The Irresistible Movement of Democracy (New York: Macmillan, 1923), vii; Ivor Brown, The Meaning of Democracy, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Kemp Hall Press, 1926), 20; Alfred E. Zimmern, “The Prospects of Democracy,” Journal of the Royal Institute of International Affairs 7 (May 1928): 153.Google Scholar

33 Brandt, How Much, 143.Google Scholar

34 H. L. Mencken, Notes on Democracy (New York: Knopf, Alfred A., 1926), 67.Google Scholar

35 Lowell, Abbott L., Public Opinion and Popular Government (New York: Longmans, Green 1913), 57.Google Scholar

36 Brown, , Meaning of Democracy, vii. See Bryce, James, Modern Democracies (New York: Macmillan, 1921), v. 1, vii–viii; Penman, , Irresistible Movement, vii; Lowell, , Public Opinion, 57; Mackenzie, , “Dangers of Democracy,” 129; Sait, Edward M., Democracy (New York: Century, 1929), 3; Sloane, , Powers and Aims, 21–22.Google Scholar

37 Hearnshaw, F. J. C., Democracy at the Crossways (London: Macmillan, 1918), 11n, quoting Maine, Sir Henry. See Penman, , Irresistible Movement, vii.Google Scholar

38 Hearnshaw, , Democracy, 12.Google Scholar

39 Lowell, , Public Opinion, 57. See Cleveland, Frederick A., The Growth of Democracy in the United States (Chicago: Quadrangle, 1898), vi; Penman, , Irresistible Movement, vii; Zimmern, , “Prospects of Democracy,” 153, 155; Counts, George S., The Prospects of American Democracy (New York: John Day, 1938), 19, 20, 24–25; Mallock, W. H., The Limits of Pure Democracy (London: Chapman and Hall, 1918), 4.Google Scholar

40 Hobhouse, L. T., Democracy and Reaction (London: Fisher, T. Unwin, 1904), 168–69; Wilson, , Address, 7.Google Scholar

41 Brown, , Meaning of Democracy, 24–25, 33; Zimmern, , “Introduction,” 1–2; Sait, , Democracy, 6.Google Scholar

42 Cleveland, Frederick A., Organized Democracy: An Introduction to the Study of American Politics (New York: Longmans, Green, 1913), v; Bryce, , Modern Democracies, v. 1, vii–viii, 2, 20; Myers, William S., “The Meaning of Democracy,“ Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 169 (September 1933): 153.Google Scholar

43 Mackenzie, , “Dangers of Democracy,” 129; Zimmern, , “Introduction,” 13.Google Scholar

44 Johnson, Martin P., “Who Stole the Gettysburg Address?” Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 24 (Summer 2003), accessed at http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.2629860.0024.203 Google Scholar

45 Brown, , Meaning of Democracy, 20.Google Scholar

46 Lennes, N. J., Whither Democracy? Does Equalizing Opportunity Create Heredity Social Classes? A Speculative Study (New York: Harper, 1927), vii–viii. See Hearnshaw, , Democracy, 22, 29.Google Scholar

47 Mackenzie, , “Dangers of Democracy,” 130. See Melpolder, John, “Democratizing Social Welfare Efforts,” The Survey 37 (December 1916): 303; Joslyn, , “What Can,” 114–15.Google Scholar

48 Hobson, J. A., Free-Thought in the Social Sciences (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1926), 247.Google Scholar

49 Zimmérn, , “Prospects of Democracy,” 153–54.Google Scholar

50 “Athletic System Expunges ‘Stars',” Los Angeles Times, 19 August 1917, V12.Google Scholar

51 Hearnshaw, , Democracy, 25. See pp. 27, 35, 48; Sait, , Democracy, 5, 101.Google Scholar

52 Kester, , Conservative Democracy, 12.Google Scholar

53 Anson, P. Stokes Jr., Annual Report of the Secretary of Yale University 1910–11 (New Haven, CT: Yale University, 1912), 5253.Google Scholar

54 Sloane, , Powers and Aims, 110.Google Scholar

55 Mencken, , Notes on Democracy, 3. See Myers, William S., American Democracy Today (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1924), 3.Google Scholar

56 Weyl, Walter E., The New Democracy: An Essay on Certain Political and Economic Tendencies in the United States (New York: Macmillan, 1912), 320.Google Scholar

57 Melpolder, , “Democratizing Social Welfare,” 303.Google Scholar

58 Brandt, , How Much, 55.Google Scholar

59 Dewey, John, Democracy and Education (New York: Macmillan, 1916); Bode, Boyd H., Modern Educational Theories (New York: Vintage, 1927); Burton, Ernest D., Education in a Democratic World (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1927).Google Scholar

60 Proquest Historical Newspapers, digital searches in Boston Globe, Washington Post, and the Los Angeles Times, February 2012.Google Scholar

61 Flexner, Abraham, “Aristocratic and Democratic Education,” Atlantic Monthly 108 (September 1911): 391. See “Democracy and Education,” New York Times, 30 August 1911, 6; “Reformers and Politicians,” Chicago Daily Tribune, 1 September 1911, 10.Google Scholar

62 Bryce, , Modern Democracies, v. 1, 70.Google Scholar

63 The Democratic Education,” New York Times, 28 May 1910, 8. See “Dr. Leipziger,” 8; Zimmern, , “Introduction,” 4; “Prof Sharp Discusses Schools for Democracy,” Boston Globe, 9 February 1920, 4.Google Scholar

64 President Designates Dec. 3–9 Education Week,” Boston Globe, 20 November 1922, 8; “Education Week,” Washington Post, 21 November 1922, 6.Google Scholar

65 Dedication of the … New Building,” 8.Google Scholar

66 Dr. Leipziger,” 8.Google Scholar

67 Wisconsin Theory Is Found Ideal,” Chicago Tribune, 14 December 1913, A5; “Economize Our Soldiers,” Chicago Tribune, 20 October 1915, 6; “Liberal Christian …. Church of the People,” Los Angeles Times, 8 December 1917, 112; “Military vs. Democratic Education,” Boston Globe, 26 February 1917, 4; “Women's petitions to League Framers,” New York Times, 13 April 1919, 20; “College Heads Give Views on Education,” Boston Globe, 27 April 1919, 4.Google Scholar

68 “Gompers Declares Labor's Platform,” New York Times, (22 March 1920, 17.Google Scholar

69 Insists Lefkowitz is Misrepresented,” New York Times, 15 November 1926, 23.Google Scholar

70 Quotations from, respectively, “Intellectual Vagrancy,” New York Times, 5 July 1922, 17; “Art of Teaching in Recent Books,” New York Times, 15 January 1910, BR7.Google Scholar

71 Wisconsin Theory,” A5. See George Gordon, “A Free University,” New York Times, 26 July 1912, 8.Google Scholar

72 Flexner “Aristocratic “ 386.Google Scholar

73 Junior Diplomatic Set in D.C. Schools,” Washington Post, 3 October 1920, 27; Sloane, , Powers and Aims, 113; “Where Schools Fail,” New York Times, 13 November 1912 7. See “An Oregon Adventure,” New York Times, 12 November 1922, 38.Google Scholar

74 The Democratic Education,” 8. See “Activities of Women,” Los Angeles Times, 28 February 1915, 10; Zimmern, , “Introduction,” 4.Google Scholar

75 Half-Million Dollar High School Dedicated,” New York Times, 11 June 1904, 6. See “Wisdom for the Masses,” 37; Weyl, , New Democracy, 320; “Nations Must Back Schools,” Washington Post, 27 February 1919, 1; “Oregon Adventure,” 38; “Education Week,” Washington Post, 21 November 1922, 6.Google Scholar

76 Efficiency Tests Aid School Pupils, Director Asserts,” Washington Post, 2 November 1924, 8; Flexner, , “Aristocratic,” 390.Google Scholar

77 Brown, William A., Annual Report of the Provost of Yale University 1919–20 (New Haven, CT: Yale University, 1921), 67. See “One Level for Children,” Chicago Tribune, 9 March 1905, 5; Weyl, , New Democracy, 326.Google Scholar

78 Editorial. Democratic Education,” New York Times, 4 October 1897, 4.Google Scholar

79 Our High Schools,” Chicago Tribune, 24 November 1922, 8.Google Scholar

80 Jordan, David Starr, “Education for Free Men,” Los Angeles Times, 13 July 1925, A4.Google Scholar

81 Democracy Redefined,” New York Times, 22 October 1928, 22.Google Scholar

82 America States for Equality in Educational Opportunities,” Boston Globe, 2 March 1928, 15.Google Scholar

83 Art of Teaching,” BR7. See Ross, Democracy's College; Nevins, Allan, The State Universities and Democracy (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1962).Google Scholar

84 Harper, William R., The Trend in Higher Education in America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1905), 362–63. See “Democracy Redefined,” 22.Google Scholar

85 Connecticut Bans 3 Law Schools Here,” New York Times, 5 June 1929, 16. See Gordon, , “A Free University,” 8.Google Scholar

86 Williams, , Keywords, 17.Google Scholar

87 Eliot, Charles, Annual Report of the President of Harvard College 1889–90 (Cambridge: Harvard University, 1891), 12; 1895–96, 42; 1896–97, 19; 1898–99, 13; 1903–04, 5; 1904–05, 23–24, 54; 1906–07, 51; Briggs, L. B., Annual Report of the Dean of Harvard College 1900–01 (Cambridge: Harvard University, 1902), 106; Lowell, A. L., Annual Report of the President of Harvard College 1910–11 (Cambridge: Harvard University, 1912), 13; Lowell, , Public Opinion; Timothy Dwight, Annual Report of the President of Yale University 1892, 42 (New Haven, CT: Yale University, 1893); Dwight, Annual Report 1895, 46; Hadley, , Annual Report 1899–1900, 6–7, 16–17, 1900–01, 21, 1905–06, 19, 1906–07, 10, 1910–11, 8, 81; 1914–15, 26–27; Wright, Henry P., Annual Report of the Dean of Yale [College] 1901–02 (New Haven, CT: Yale University, 1903), 66, 1902–03, 58, 1904–05, 88, 1906–07, 10; Chittenden, Russell H., Annual Report of the Sheffield Scientific School, Yale University, 1905–06 (New Haven, CT: Yale University, 1907), 96; Stokes, , Annual Report 1910–11, 51–3, 80, 1913–14, 97; Sallmon, William H., Annual Report of the Yale Bureau of Appointments 1912–13 (New Haven, CT: Yale University, 1914), 268; Hadley, Arthur T., The Relation of Freedom and Responsibility in the Evolution of Democratic Government (New Haven, CT: Yale University, 1903).Google Scholar

88 Stokes, , Annual Report 1910–11, 81. See Hadley, , Annual Report 1899–1900, 6–7; Bradford, Edward H., Annual Report of the Harvard Faculty of Medicine 1917–18 (Cambridge: Harvard University, 1919), 124, 126. See Burlingham, Frederick W. to Duncan, Robert F. (12 February 1918), Harvard University Archives, Harvard Endowment Fund Records, Correspondence, box A-Byrne, 1917–1921.Google Scholar

89 Yeomans, Henry A., Annual Report of the Dean of Harvard College 1920–21 (Cambridge: Harvard University, 1922), 4546. See An Undergraduate, “Working One's Way Through Yale,” Yale Alumni Weekly 20 (9 December 1910).Google Scholar

90 Wechsler, Harold D., The Qualified Student A history of Selective College Admission in America, (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1977); Synnott, Marcia G., The Half-Opened Door Discrimination and Admissions at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton, 1900–1970, (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1979); Karabel, Jerome, The Chosen: The Hidden History of Admission and Exclusion at Harvard, Yale and Princeton (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2005).Google Scholar

91 An Undergraduate, “Working.”Google Scholar

92 Lowell, , Annual Report 1922–23, 69. See Hadley, , Annual Report 1914–15, 27; Angell, James R., Annual Report of the President of Yale University 1922–23 (New Haven, CT: Yale University, 1924), 12, 1926–27, 5, 7.Google Scholar

93 Eliot, , Annual Report 1895–96, 42. See Eliot, Charles, Annual Report 1896–97, 19, 1898–99, 13.Google Scholar

94 Yeomans, , Annual Report 1920–21, 45–46.Google Scholar

95 Stokes, , Annual Report 1910–11, 52–53. See Hadley, , Annual Report 1910–11, 8.Google Scholar

96 Eliot, , Annual Report 1904–05, 23–24.Google Scholar

97 Anson, P. Stokes Jr., “Yale's Financial Future. A Letter from Secretary Stokes [of Jan. 16, 1911] in the Yale News of January 20,” Yale Alumni Weekly 20 (20 January 1911): 430. See Stokes, , Annual Report 1910–11, 52–53, 80; Angell, , Annual Report 1922–23, 32.Google Scholar

98 Stokes, , “Yale's Financial Future,” 430. These words repeated in Stokes, Annual Report, 1910–11, 80.Google Scholar

99 Briggs, , Annual Report 1900–01, 106.Google Scholar

100 Eliot, , Annual Report 1907–08, 45. See Eliot, , Annual Report 1906–07, 51, 1882–83, 41.Google Scholar

101 Briggs, , Annual Report 1900–01, 106. See Eliot, , Annual Report 1904–05, 54; Pierson, George W., Yale College an Educational History, 1871–1921 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1952); Townsend, Kim, Manhood at Harvard: William James and Others (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996).Google Scholar

102 Stokes, , Annual Report 1920–21, 130. See Wright, , Annual Report 1902–03, 58; Sallmon, , Annual Report 1912–13, 268.Google Scholar

103 Chittenden, , Annual Report 1905–06, 96. See Hadley, , Annual Report 1904–05, 25; Wright, , Annual Report 1904–05, 88.Google Scholar

104 Wright, , Annual Report 1906–07, 10. See 1901–02, 66.Google Scholar

105 Eliot, , Annual Report 1907–08, 45. See Eliot, , Annual Report 1906–07, 51, 1882–83, 41.Google Scholar

106 Hadley, , Annual Report 1905–06, 19.Google Scholar

107 Lowell, , Annual Report 1910–11, 13.Google Scholar

108 Dwight, , Annual Report 1892, 42.Google Scholar

109 Story, , Forging, 27; Harris, , Economics, 304–30; Curti, and Nash, , Philanthropy, 164; Geiger, , To Advance, 44–45, 123.Google Scholar

110 Holt, George C., “The Origin of the Yale Alumni Fund,” Yale Alumni Weekly (2 February 1917): 529.Google Scholar

111 Call for Harvard: After Fund of $10,000,000,” Boston Globe, 11 January 1917, 5.Google Scholar

112 Holt, , “Origin,” 529.Google Scholar

113 Gross, Robert A., “Giving in America: From Charily to Philanthropy,” in Charity, Philanthropy, and Civility in American History, eds. Friedman, Lawrence J. and McGarvie, Mark D. (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 2948; Zunz, , Philanthropy, 17–18; Soskis, Benjamin, “The Problem of Charity in Industrial America, 1873–1915,” (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 2010).Google Scholar

114 Yale Alumni University Fund, Twenty-Fifth Annual Report of the Board of Directors (New Haven, CT, 1915], 3. See Holt, , “Origin,” 529; “The Alumni Fund,” Yale Alumni Weekly 20 (17 March 1911): 633; Day, George P., Annual Report of the Treasurer of Yale University 1909–10 (New Haven, CT: Yale University, 1911), 12–15; Allen, Archibald J., Anything is Possible; the First 75 Years of the Yale Alumni Fund (Hartford: Connecticut Printers, 1965), 2–3.Google Scholar

115 Holt, , “Origin,” 528–29; Allen, Anything, 5, 2, 6, 10–11; Yale Alumni University Fund, Twenty-Fifth, 3.Google Scholar

116 Deming, Clarence, “Yale's Larger Gifts,” Yale Alumni Weekly 20 (17 March 1911): 634–35; “Nineteenth Alumni Fund Report,” Yale Alumni Weekly 19 (14 January 1910): 415.Google Scholar

117 Arnett, Trevor, College and University Finance (New York: General Education Board, 1922), 17; “Universities Ask Over $200,000,000,” New York Times, 8 February 1920, El. The influence of YAF prior to 1920 has been inflated: Kelley, , Yale, 276–77; Geiger, , To Advance, 49–50; Curti, and Nash, , Philanthropy, 202.Google Scholar

118 Morrill, James L. to Rightmire, George W. (5 October 1927), The Ohio State University Archives, Rightmire, George W. Papers, Alumni: The Ohio State University Association and Alumni Club Matters: 1928–29, box 2, f. 53. See Benjamin A. Johnson, Fundraising and Endowment Building at a Land Grant University During the Critical Period, 1910–1940: The Failure of Ohio State (Ph.D. diss., The Ohio State University, 2013), 337–39.Google Scholar

119 Dwight, , Annual Report 1898, 134–36; Hadley, , Annual Report 1900–01, 26; Lawrence, William, Memories of A Happy Life (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1926), 211–20.Google Scholar

120 Yale Alumni University Fund, Twenty-Fifth, 3; Eliot, , Annual Report 1905–06, 53–54; Harvard College Class of 1891, Sixth Report, Supplementary (Alexandria, VA, 1916), 40; Eliot, Charles W., University Administration (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1908), 66; Reed, Edward B. to and from Lamont, Thomas W. (19, 20 April 1918), box 1918–1921, in Lamont, Thomas W. Correspondence, Harvard Endowment Fund Records, Harvard University Archives. Hereafter cited as Lamont Correspondence.Google Scholar

121 See Kimball, , “The First Campaign.”Google Scholar

122 Lamont, Thomas W. to Lowell, A. L. (21 March 1917), Harvard University Archives, President Abbott Lawrence Lowell Records, box 76, f. 713.Google Scholar

123 Lamont, Thomas W. to Jones, John J. (December 1916), Lamont Correspondence, box 1916–1917.Google Scholar

124 Lamont, Thomas W. to Lowell, A. L. (24 December 1918), Lamont Correspondence, box 1918–21.Google Scholar

125 Lamont to Lowell (21 March 1917). See Lamont, Thomas W. to Markham, George D. (22 March 1917), Lamont Correspondence, box 1916–17.Google Scholar

126 [Wadsworth, Eliot,] Harvard and the Future (Cambridge: Harvard University, 1919), 7; Lamont, Thomas W., “Ten Million Dollars for Harvard,” Harvard Alumni Bulletin 19, 11 January 1917, 285. See Kimball, Bruce A. and Johnson, Benjamin A., “The Inception of the Meaning and Significance of Endowment in American Higher Education, 1890–1930.” Teachers College Record 114, no. 10 (2012): 1–32.Google Scholar

127 See Day, George P. to Ripley, Alfred P. (24 January 1919), George, P. Day letters, series II, Yale University Secretary Records, Yale University Archives, box 37, f. 475.Google Scholar

128 Lamont, Thomas W. to Lowell, A. L. (7 June 7, 1917), Lamont Correspondence, box 1916–17. See Allen, , Anything, 6.Google Scholar

129 Kimball, , “The First Campaign.” Compare Bremner, American, 138; Cutlip, , Fund Raising, 172–74, 200; Harris, , Economics, 271, 298–99, 302, 308; Geiger, , To Advance, 48, 50; Burlingame, , Philanthropy, v. 1, p. xxxiii; Drezner, , “Philanthropy,” 5; Oliver, Frank H., “The Roots of Academic Fund Raising,” in Philanthropy, Volunteerism and Fundraising, 602. Cf. Yeomans, Henry A., Abbott Lawrence Lowell 1856–1943 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1948), 230, 250–53.Google Scholar

130 Here and below, see Kimball, , “The First Campaign.”Google Scholar

131 Joseph, H. Beale Jr., “Langdell, Gray, Thayer, and Ames: Their Contribution to the Study and Teaching of Law,” New York University Law Quarterly Review 8 (1931): 389.Google Scholar

132 Townsend, Manhood, 17, 22, 89–97, 120–32.Google Scholar

133 Hadley, , Annual Report 1900–01, 21.Google Scholar

134 Stokes, , Annual Report 1910–11, 52–53.Google Scholar

135 Stokes, , “Yale's Financial Future,” 430; Stokes, , Annual Report 1910–11, 80.Google Scholar

136 Deming, , “Yale's Larger Gifts,” 635.Google Scholar

137 Yale Alumni University Fund, Twenty-Fifth, 6–7.Google Scholar

138 Lamont Correspondence, box 1916–17.Google Scholar

139 Storer, Malcolm to Lamont, Thomas W. (12 January 1917), Lamont Correspondence, box 1916–1917. See Ernest, B. Case to Lamont (19 April 1916) and Lamont to Malcolm Storer (16 January 1917) and DuncanM, Robert F. to Lamont (24 January 1917), in Lamont Correspondence, box 1916–1917.Google Scholar

140 Duncan, Robert F., Secretary's Notebook (24 November 1916), Harvard University Archives, Harvard Endowment Fund Records.Google Scholar

141 Lamont, Thomas W. to Dane, E. B. (8 January 1917), Lamont Correspondence, box 1916–1917. See Lamont, , Four-page typescript, [c. December 1916], Lamont Correspondence, box 1916–17; Lamont to Storer (16 January 1917).Google Scholar

142 Call for Harvard,” 5. See Lamont, , “Ten Million,” 285; “Average Harvard Pay $1,840 … Endowment Committee Says,” New York Times, 26 January 1917, 10.Google Scholar

143 Alumni make it possible to secure great teachers for Yale,” Yale Alumni Weekly 26 (2 February 1917): 535.Google Scholar

144 Reed to and from Lamont (19, 20 April 1918); Yale Alumni University Fund, Twenty-Seventh Annual Report, 1 July 1917 (New Haven, CT, 1917) and Eliot, Charles W. to and from Lamont (3, 18 April 1918) and Lamont to John W. Prentiss (12 April 1918) in Lamont Correspondence, box 1916–1917.Google Scholar

145 Saltonstall, Richard. M., “Harvard's New Endowment,” Harvard Graduates Magazine 25 (March 1917): 313. See Lamont, Thomas W., “Harvard's New Endowment,” Lamont Correspondence, box 1916–1917.Google Scholar

146 Lamont, Thomas W. to Vail, Theodore N. (12 March 1917), Lamont Correspondence, box 1916–1917.Google Scholar

147 Yale Alumni University Fund, Twenty-Seventh, 4, in Lamont Correspondence, box 1916–1917.Google Scholar

148 Letters among Lamont, Duncan, Lowell and various alumni (May and June 1917), Lamont Correspondence, box 1916–1917; Lamont to Lowell (7 June 1917); “New Harvard Fund,” 19.Google Scholar

149 Deming, , “Yale's Larger Gifts,” 635.Google Scholar

150 Stokes, , “Yale's Financial Future,” 430.Google Scholar

151 Saltonstall, , “Harvard's New Endowment,” 313.Google Scholar

152 Day, , Annual Report 1909–10, 15.Google Scholar

153 Brandt, , How Much, 55.Google Scholar

154 Dwight, , Annual Report 1889, 59.Google Scholar

155 Ten Millions for Harvard,” Harvard Alumni Bulletin 19 (11 January 1917): 281. See Yale Alumni University Fund, Twenty-Fifth, 3; Holt, “Origin,” 529.Google Scholar

156 Call for Harvard,” 5.Google Scholar

157 Melpolder, , “Democratizing Social Welfare.” See Brandt, , How Much, 143–44.Google Scholar

158 Lamont, , “Ten Million,” 285; “Call for Harvard,” 5; Howe, Mark D., “Editorial,” Harvard Alumni Bulletin 19 (11 January 1917).Google Scholar

159 Sheffield, James R., Speech, Twenty-fifth the Reunion Activities of Yale College Class of 1887 (June 1912), Yale University Archives, Yale University Secretary Records, series n, box 36, f. 463.Google Scholar

160 Lamont, Thomas W., “Arguments for the Fund,” (c. 1916 May), Lamont Correspondence, box 1916–1917.Google Scholar

161 Burlingham to Duncan (12 February 1918).Google Scholar

162 Brandt, , How Much, 145–47.Google Scholar

163 Goldberg, David J., Discontented America: The United States in the 1920s (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), 4065; Leuchtenburg, William E., The Perils of Prosperity, 1914–1932, 2nd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), 203. See Weyl, New Democracy, 1.Google Scholar

164 Bonn, Moritz J., The Crisis of European Democracy (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1925), 12.Google Scholar

165 Bryce, , Modern Democracies, v. 1, 5.Google Scholar

166 Brown, , Meaning of Democracy, v. See Counts, , Prospects, 3–4.Google Scholar

167 Ireland, Alleyne, Democracy and the Human Equation (New York: Dutton, E. P., 1921), v–vi; Hearnshaw, , Democracy, ix; Leuchtenburg, Perils, 2.Google Scholar

168 Sait, , Democracy, v. See Zimmern, “Prospects of Democracy,” 153; Myers, American Democracy, 3; “The Crisis of Democracy,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 169 (September 1933).Google Scholar

169 Shepard, , “Democracy,” 94.Google Scholar

170 Edward, A. Purcell Jr., The Crisis of Democratic Theory: Scientific Naturalism and the Problem of Value (Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky Press, 1973), 311.Google Scholar

171 See the classic analyses: Wiebe, Robert H., The Search for Order 1817–1920 (New York: Hill, and Wang, , 1967), 133–63; Leuchtenburg, Perils, 2; Hays, Samuel P., The Response to Industrialism, 1885–1914, 2nd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 1–2; Karl, Barry D., The Uneasy State: the United States from 1915 to 1945 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983), 14–17, 231–33.Google Scholar

172 Brown, , Meaning of Democracy, vii.Google Scholar

173 Universities Ask Over $200,000,000,” New York Times, 8 February 1920, El.Google Scholar

174 Morrill, to Rightmire (5 October 1927). See Johnson, , Fundraising, 163–64.Google Scholar