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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 February 2017
Two weeks before the Anaheim Union High School District (AUHSD) broke for Christmas vacation in 1968, district secretary Alice Lupiano typed a phone memo for Superintendent Paul Cook: “Abusive telephone call at 1:00 p.m., 12/9/1968.” She matter-of-factly described the caller's death threats and allegations of her own promiscuity, and, before pulling the sheet from the roller, added a final line: “I didn't lose my cool.”
1 Except public figures, all names are pseudonyms; this secretary signed “A.L.”Google Scholar
2 Alice Lupiano [pseud.] to Superintendent Paul Cook, phone message, December 9, 1968, correspondence file, AUHSD Board of Trustees (BOT) papers.Google Scholar
3 Association for Decency in California to Paul Cook, letter, 1969, correspondence file, BOT Papers.Google Scholar
4 Ibid.Google Scholar
5 Breasted, Mary, Oh! Sex Education (New York: Praeger Books, 1970).Google Scholar
6 “Watered down” is how the curriculum's fate was widely described. See “Mrs. Pippenger Takes a Stand on a Major Issue,” Los Alamitos Crusader, February 13, 1970; Cook, Paul, interview by Michael Jackson, KABC, January 17, 1970, correspondence file, AUHSD BOT Papers.Google Scholar
7 FLSE Course Outline, Fifth Revision, June 1968, i, FLSE box, Local History Room, Anaheim Public Library (LHR-APL).Google Scholar
8 Schulz, Esther D. and Williams, Sally D., Family Life and Sex Education: Curriculum and Instruction (New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World Inc., 1968). Foreword by Mary Calderone.Google Scholar
9 See Moran, Jeffrey, Teaching Sex: The Shaping of Adolescence in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000); Irvine, Janice M., Talk About Sex: The Battles Over Sex Education in the United States (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002); McGirr, Lisa, Suburban Warriors: The Origins of the New American Right (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001); Martin, William, With God on Our Side: The Rise of the Religious Right in America (New York: Broadway Books, 1996); Hottois, James, and Milner, Neal A., The Sex Education Controversy: A Study of Politics, Education, and Morality (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1975); The discussion of sex education in Jonathan Zimmerman's acclaimed Whose America? Culture Wars in the Public Schools (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002) is omitted from the historiographical discussion, since he does not discuss Anaheim specifically.Google Scholar
10 Moran, , Teaching Sex, 174,213. Talk About Sex focuses primarily on the discourses and silences surrounding sex education and how it has been a fulcrum for right-wing mobilization.Google Scholar
11 Martin, , With Godon Our Side, 112–15.Google Scholar
12 McGirr, , Suburban Warriors, 15–16.Google Scholar
13 Breasted, , Oh! Sex Education Google Scholar
14 A second source on the Anaheim battle dots the bibliographies of historians: Hottois, James and Milner, Neal A., The Sex Education Controversy: A Study of Politics, Education and Morality (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1975). Scholars of organizational behavior, they cite the Anaheim case as one of two prototypes of sex education controversies. Their evidence derives almost exclusively from Breasted.Google Scholar
15 Nortronics, Northrop, North American Aviation, and Kwikset Locks followed General Electric in relocating to Anaheim.Google Scholar
16 Booth, Louise, interview with author, 2004.Google Scholar
17 Findlay, John, Magic Lands: Western Cityscapes and American Culture after 1940 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), 92. In the first two months of operation, profits of local enterprise grew by 22 percent. Anaheim Bulletin, “Survey Shows Big Business Gain in Anaheim Since Disneyland Opening,” August 17, 1955.Google Scholar
18 Westcott, John, Anaheim: City of Dreams: an Illustrated History. (Chatsworth, CA: Windsor Publications, 1990), 72.Google Scholar
19 Ibid., 82–83.Google Scholar
20 “GOP Women to meet at Knott's Berry Farm Tuesday,” Anaheim Gazette, February 23, 1961; American Free Enterprise Association, headquartered at Knott's Berry Farm, “The American Way” pamphlet, n.d., Knott's Berry Farm file, LHR-APL.Google Scholar
21 “Queen of Halloween to be Chosen,” Anaheim Gazette, September 15, 1955.Google Scholar
22 Westcott, City of Dreams, 52. Google Scholar
23 “City's Halloween Festival Opens Saturday: Event Opens with Kickoff Breakfast in Downtown Area,” Anaheim Gazette, October 29, 1961.Google Scholar
24 Hunter, Waldo, “Oblong Views From an Egg-Shaped Head,” Anaheim Gazette, July 7 1955.Google Scholar
25 “Kwikset Announces Public School Week,” Anaheim Gazette, April 21, 1955.Google Scholar
26 Advertisement, “Kwikset Salutes the Community,” Anaheim Gazette, May 5, 1955.Google Scholar
27 “Anaheim to Pay Homage to Industry; ‘Industrial Queen’ to Be Selected,” Anaheim Gazette, March 24, 1955.Google Scholar
28 “AH Boys State Opinions on Short Skirts, Hairdos,” ANORANCO, February 17, 1961.Google Scholar
29 “Anaheim's Dress Board Presents Year's Rules,” ANORANCO, September 21, 1962.Google Scholar
30 Booth, Louise, One to Twenty-Eight: A History of the Anaheim Union High School District (Anaheim, CA:AUHSD, 1980), 106–112, 197.Google Scholar
31 Ibid., 153; “Polite Connies Honor Boys at Sadie Hawkins,” ANORANCO, May 3, 1963.Google Scholar
32 Davis, Natalie Zemon, Society and Culture in Early Modern France: Eight Essays by Natalie Zemon Davis (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1975), 131.Google Scholar
33 “Second Beatnik Ball Scheduled,” ANORANCO, March 9, 1960.Google Scholar
34 “Want After Game Dances?,” ANORANCO, November 4, 1960; “Are you an Interdigitator?” ANORANCO, December 2, 1960; “Munching in Class Regarded as Downfall of AH Grades,” ANORANCO, January 3, 1961.Google Scholar
35 “Retraction,” ANORANCO, January 3, 1961.Google Scholar
36 “Anti-Red Program Planned by School,” Anaheim Gazette, March 23, 1961.Google Scholar
37 McGirr, , Suburban Warriors, 54.Google Scholar
38 “Attitudes Toward Communism Outlined to Committee of 150,” Anaheim Gazette, February 9, 1961; “Youth Target of Reds, Claim,” Anaheim Bulletin, February 28, 1961; “Anti-Red Rally Slated,” Anaheim Gazette, August 24, 1961. Disneyland itself continued to nurture considerable links with the AUHSD, hosting school drama and choral performances. Tellingly, the student body of one school voted to change its name to “Walt Disney,” and Disney continued to hire teachers and coaches as security staff rather than police officers, continuing to blur the boundaries between park and community.Google Scholar
39 Jessica Wendell [pseud.], email interview with author, January 14, 2004.Google Scholar
40 Dudziak, Mary L., Cold War Civil Rights: Race and the Image of American Democracy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000).Google Scholar
41 “Local Women Mark World Community Day at Church,” Anaheim Gazette, November 19, 1955; “Keynote Talk Will be Given by Imhoff, Dr.,” Anaheim Gazette, March 2, 1961.Google Scholar
42 Unsigned editorial, Anaheim Gazette, February 16, 1956.Google Scholar
43 “This Day of “Labels,” Anaheim Gazette, April 27, 1961.Google Scholar
44 David Wells [pseud.], email interview with author, January 2004. Wells also wrote a short story about this year later.Google Scholar
45 Jones, Lowell B., Director of Curriculum, to Cook, Paul W., Superintendent, memorandum re: Sex Education—A Brief Survey of What Is Being Taught in Orange County High Schools, December 28, 1962, FLSE box, LHR-APL. In 1962, no surrounding communities had comprehensive programs, and most curricula were even sparser than that in Anaheim. Moreover, it is important to note that Superintendent Cook had introduced other progressive curricular reforms to the AUHSD: multimedia foreign language instruction and a creative writing program met little opposition. The attempt of several schools to implement “flexible scheduling” in the late 1960s, however, sparked significant criticism, though not nearly to the same extent as sex education.Google Scholar
46 Public memorandum by Superintendent Paul Cook, W., “Family Life and Sex Education Program in the Anaheim Union High School District,” n.d., FLSE box, LHR-APL. The film in question was As Boys Grow, screened at Magnolia High School.Google Scholar
47 He emphasized the breadth of this endorsement in a later memorandum ostensibly directed toward opponents: “THIS OVERWHELMING SUPPORT HAS BEEN THE FOUNDATION OF THE SUCCESS OF OUR [FLSE] PROGRAM (emphasis in original).” Survey, “Public Opinion Study Concerning Sex Education in Junior and Senior High Schools of Anaheim Union High School District,” November, 1963, Mrs Harold J. McAferty folder, FLSE box, LHR-APL.Google Scholar
48 Course evaluations, Senior Problems class, 1965, FLSE box, LHR-APL.Google Scholar
49 Ibid.Google Scholar
50 Calter, Janice, email interview, January 28, 2004.Google Scholar
51 Breasted, , Oh! Sex Education, 25.Google Scholar
52 Westcott, , City of Dreams, 77.Google Scholar
53 AUHSD and City of Anaheim, “Amendment to Lease of Facilities,” May 28, 1964, BOT Papers.Google Scholar
54 Westcott, , City of Dreams, 78.Google Scholar
55 Ibid.; John Steinbacher, “The Child Seducers Revisited” American Mercury (Fall 1970): 5–8.Google Scholar
56 Anaheim Police Officers Association, A History of the Anaheim Police Department (Dallas: Taylor Publishing Company, 1992).Google Scholar
57 Booth, , One to Twenty-Eight, 122, 220.Google Scholar
58 Ibid., 106.Google Scholar
59 Ibid., 222.Google Scholar
60 Ibid.Google Scholar
61 “School Board Recognizes ASTA as ‘Official’ Group,” Anaheim Bulletin, September 25, 1965; Ibid., 276.Google Scholar
62 “High School Supt. Cook Reported Leaving Post,” Anaheim Bulletin, September 23, 1969. Cook introduced multimedia instruction into language classes and a creative writing program in the 1960s. Under his administration, the district's first female principal was also selected in 1962. He did, however, resist unionization. Cook came to the high school superintendency in 1957, after six years leading the elementary schools.Google Scholar
63 Anonymous, email to Classmates.com Los Alamitos High School Alumni message board, 2003, www.classmates.com. Los Alamitos, where flexible scheduling remained in place until 1977, also supported FLSE most strongly. Los Alamitos left the AUHSD in 1979.Google Scholar
64 Booth, , Fulfilling A Dream: The History of Chapman University (Villa Park, CA: Donald R. Booth and Associates, 2001), 189; Booth, interview with author; “Girls Join All-Male 4-H Club,” Anaheim Bulletin, October 8, 1962.Google Scholar
65 Wigginton, Mark, “Do You Want Johnny to Do Dirty Things? Heaven Forbid!” Los Alamitos Crusader, November 7, 1969.Google Scholar
66 Priscilla Feld [pseud.], email interview with author, January 2004.Google Scholar
67 Booth, , One to Twenty-Eight, 221.Google Scholar
68 Avery small sample of such articles, all from the Anaheim Bulletin, include: “Glue Sale Jails Fullerton Youth,” September 25, 1962; “Multiple Charges Jail Two Youths,” September 25, 1962; “BP Girl Charged with Lewd Life,” October 5, 1962; “VD Epidemic Amongst Us,” September 24, 1965; “Birth Control Issue Lurks Behind Scenes at Council,” September 25, 1965.Google Scholar
69 “Hoover Hits Rising Teenage Crime,” Anaheim Bulletin, September 2, 1965; “It's Up to the Parents,” Anaheim Bulletin, September 8, 1965.Google Scholar
70 “Anaheim Drive-In Rowdyism Studied,” Anaheim Bulletin, September 24, 1965.Google Scholar
71 “Fischetti” cartoon, Anaheim Bulletin, September 8, 1965.Google Scholar
72 Bryson, Mary, “Points for Parents,” Anaheim Bulletin, January 3, 1969.Google Scholar
73 “Jump in Unmarried Pregnant Girls in OC,” Anaheim Bulletin, October 25, 1968; Mrs Raymond Burns, L., letter to the editor, Anaheim Bulletin, November 11, 1969; “First OC Home for Unmarried Moms Delayed,” Anaheim Bulletin, January 3, 1969. Ventura, Stephanie J., Matthews, T. J., and Hamilton, Brady, “Births to Teenagers in the United States, 1940–2000,” National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 49, No. 10, September 25, 2001.Google Scholar
74 Feld, email interview.Google Scholar
75 Melissa Finch [pseud.], email interview with author, February 2004.Google Scholar
76 Martin, , With God on Our Side, 106. James Townsend exhibits this equation of mention with advocacy: “There were more homosexuals made in that sex-education classroom than would have ever been here today, if they hadn't told them, ‘if you haven't tried it, don't knock it; it's just an alternative lifestyle.’ Well, they tried it, and they didn't knock it, and a lot of them became homosexuals as a direct result of being taught in that classroom. That's a fact.” Martin, Irvine, and Moran have all commented on this tendency to conflate discussion with espousal.Google Scholar
77 “Kuchel Family Receives Honors,” Anaheim Gazette, April 20, 1961.Google Scholar
78 “Committee Urges Kuchel to be Demo,” Anaheim Bulletin, September 3, 1965.Google Scholar
79 Capitol News Service, “Newsman Tells How: Officials Rigged Senator Kuchel ‘Whitewashing',” news release, September 1965. Thomas Kuchel biographical file, Local History Room, APL.Google Scholar
80 The State Department in 1950 authorized a formal inquiry into “homosexuals and other moral perverts in government.” These investigations, one of which allegedly apprehended Senator Kuchel, operated on the premise that homosexuals, already “morally enfeebled by sexual indulgence… would readily succumb to the blandishments of the spy” and betray the United States. See John D'Emilio and Estelle Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), 292–93.Google Scholar
81 By 1968, most workers on the Convention Center payroll were not from Anaheim; nor were nearly half of attendees to Stadium events. Anaheim Stadium and Convention Center, One-Year Update (Anaheim, 1968). Table 1, “Geographic Origin of Baseball Fans as Indicated by Mail Order and Season Ticket Purchases and Requests, 1968 Season, Table 11, “Convention Center Payroll.” Anaheim Stadium and Convention Center file, LHR-APL.Google Scholar
82 McGirr, , Suburban Warriors, title.Google Scholar
83 D'Emilio, , “Lost Prophet: The Life and Times of Bayard Rustin” (lecture, Modern Times Book Store, San Francisco, CA, January 18, 2004).Google Scholar
84 McGirr, , Suburban Warriors, 88.Google Scholar
85 Findlay, , Magic Lands, 64.Google Scholar
86 Advertisement, Union Oil Company of California, Anaheim Gazette, repeated through 1955.Google Scholar
87 McGirr, , Suburban Warriors; Bart Barnes, “Barry Goldwater, GOP Hero, Dies at 89,” Washington Post, May 30, 1998.Google Scholar
88 Allyn, David, Make Love Not War, The Sexual Revolution: An Unfettered History (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2000), 48.Google Scholar
89 D'Emilio, and Freedman, , Intimate Matters, 279, 287; Booth, discussion; Booth, One to Twenty-Eight. These changes in public discourse were acutely felt in Anaheim. Booth often shows the decay of youth culture that the social revolutions of the 1960s wrought by pointing to impoverishment of the public discourse. “Discourse became less formal, as students dispensed with ‘yes’ for ‘yeah man,’ or ‘bitching’ for ‘complaining,’ and accelerated their speech “in imitation of TV, where time cost money.” Interview with author, 2003.Google Scholar
90 D'Emilio, and Freedman, , Intimate Matters, 303–5.Google Scholar
91 Patterson, James, Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945–1974, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), 443. See U.S. Bureau of the Census, Urban Atlas, Tract Data for Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas: Anaheim—Santa Ana—Garden Grove, CA (Washington: U.S. Government Print Office, 1974). 0.01 percent of Anaheim's population was African American, according to 1970 census data.Google Scholar
92 Wendell, , email interview.Google Scholar
93 Feld, , email interview.Google Scholar
94 Wells, , email interview.Google Scholar
95 See email interviews, Wendell, and Finch.Google Scholar
96 Breasted, , Oh! Sex Education, 24.Google Scholar
97 Ibid. In 1974, the Melodyland theater became the Melodyland Christian Center.Google Scholar
98 McGirr; Irvine, Talk About Sex, 77.Google Scholar
99 Throughout the 1960s in California, right-wing groups circulated pamphlets depicting the communist threat as a revolution “in which Negroes are to play a major role.” See, for example, Americans for Civil Harmony, Violence or Reason?, pamphlet (San Jose, CA: September 3, 1966): Box 5, Folder 11, Margaret Meier Collection of Extreme Right Ephemeral Materials, 1930–1980, Special Collections, Stanford University Library.Google Scholar
100 Breasted, , Oh! Sex Education, 69.Google Scholar
101 Ibid., 68.Google Scholar
102 Ibid., 66.Google Scholar
103 Irvine, , Talk About Sex, 54.Google Scholar
104 Martin, , With God on Our Side, 111.Google Scholar
105 For Goldwater coffee Hatches, see McGirr.Google Scholar
106 John Steinbacher reported this meeting as a “clandestine meeting of leading sexologists,” in a series circulated nationally as evidence of the highly organized perversity of sex educators. Steinbacher also wrote the widely read Child Seducers (Fullerton, CA: Educator Publishers, 1970).Google Scholar
107 Breasted, , Oh! Sex Education, 136.Google Scholar
108 Ibid., 137.Google Scholar
109 Williams, Sally, quoted in Martin, With God on Our Side, 110.Google Scholar
110 Opponents of curricular reform often linked controversial curricula to outside intruders, frequently pointing to the federal government or other externally funded entities as threats to community and parental control of local schools. Whereas programs such as the inflammatory “Man: A Course of Study” (MACOS) curriculum did indeed benefit from federal funding, the traction such criticism of FLSE gained is notable, since the program was entirely homegrown. The criticism targeting both MACOS and FLSE, however, reflected similar themes: the denigration of American patriotism and the nuclear family, and the incursion of alien values to the local schoolhouse.Google Scholar
111 Williams, Sally, quoted in Martin, With God on Our Side, 110.Google Scholar
112 Ibid., 60.Google Scholar
113 Breasted, , Oh! Sex Education, 227.Google Scholar
114 Ibid., 206.Google Scholar
115 Schulz, Esther D. and Williams, Sally R., Family Life and Sex Education: Curriculum and Instruction (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1968),” vi.Google Scholar
116 Rafferty, Dr. Max, “Who Needs More Sex Education?” Anaheim Bulletin, December 28, 1964.Google Scholar
117 Breasted, , Oh! Sex Education, 114–15.Google Scholar
118 “State Board Warns on Use, Ruling Deals Staggering Blow to New York Publishing Houses,” Anaheim Bulletin, April 11, 1969. Indeed, the headline of the Bulletin's article on the SIECUS ban in California speaks to the organization's symbolism for the “Eastern money power.”Google Scholar
119 Transcript, , Board of Trustees AUHSD Workshop meeting, October 17, 1968, 23–25, BOT Papers. Dr Reeves, speaking, referred to the California Liberalized Abortion Law, which allowed doctors to perform an abortion if the woman was in a state of impaired judgment, and the Sieroty Assembly Bill 656, which allowed children as young as twelve to receive treatment for venereal disease without parental permission.Google Scholar
120 Ibid., 31.Google Scholar
121 Ibid., 30–31.Google Scholar
122 Breasted, , Oh! Sex Education, 34.Google Scholar
123 Boettner, Jack, “Revised Sex Class Program Delayed by Anaheim Schools,” Los Angeles Times, October 24, 1969.Google Scholar
124 Boettner, Jack, “Anaheim Schools Revise Sex Studies,” Los Angeles Times, September 26, 1969.Google Scholar
125 Boettner, Jack, “Sex Education Leader's Fear of Firing Proves Groundless,” Los Angeles Times, September 25, 1969; Bell, Joseph N., “Speaking Out on Sex Education,” Los Angeles Times, November 20, 1987.Google Scholar
126 “Sex Class Foes Take Fight to Washington,” Anaheim Bulletin, September 16, 1969; Emmons, Steve, “Foes of Sex Education Aim at Social Studies,” Los Angeles Times, April 11, 1970.Google Scholar
127 Transcript, , workshop meeting, 8.Google Scholar
128 Martin, , With God on Our Side, 104.Google Scholar
129 Parlour, Richard, quoted in Larry Schulz, “Call it What you Want—it leads to ‘trouble.”’ Arcadia News Post, November 19, 1969.Google Scholar
130 “Cook Deplores FLI Conflict,” Anaheim Bulletin, December 4, 1969.Google Scholar
131 Family Life and Sex Education Course Outline, Grades Seven through Twelve, Fifth Revision, June 1968, ii.Google Scholar
132 “Consultant Defends Sex Classes, Hits Right-Wingers,” Santa Ana Register, March 13, 1969.Google Scholar
133 FLSE Course Outline, 240.Google Scholar
134 Ibid., 240.Google Scholar
135 Ibid., 215.Google Scholar
136 Course Evaluations, 1965, LHR-APL.Google Scholar
137 Feld, , e-mail interview.Google Scholar
138 Transcript, , workshop meeting, 1.Google Scholar
139 One indication is the quantity of letters to the Bulletin from across the nation. On December 6, 1969, for example, the Bulletin printed letters from Tennessee, Texas, and Connecticut.Google Scholar
140 Foucault, Michel, The History of Sexuality, Part One: An Introduction (New York: Random House, 1978), 8.Google Scholar
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142 Mayer, Lynette, letter to the editor, Anaheim Bulletin, December 6, 1969; Anonymous, letter to the editor, Anaheim Bulletin, September 6, 1969.Google Scholar
143 Transcript, , workshop meeting, 22.Google Scholar
144 “Trustees Under Fire From Citizen Group,” Anaheim Bulletin, October 18, 1968.Google Scholar
145 “Silent Majority Should Stand Up and Be Counted Before It's Too Late,” Los Alamitos Crusader, November 7, 1969; “Mrs. Pippenger Takes a Stand on Major Issue,” Los Alamitos Crusader, February 13, 1970; “Premarital Sex Discussed Openly,” Los Alamitos Crusader, April 10, 1970.Google Scholar
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