Hostname: page-component-68945f75b7-qf55q Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-08-05T10:27:35.126Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

“Stand Therefore!”—Bishop Michael Bolton Furse, the Diocese of St. Albans, and the Church Schools Controversy, 1919–1939

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 February 2017

Extract

Historians have tended to view the 1920s and 1930s as a bleak educational interlude before the catalyst of the Second World War and the radical 1944 Education Act. However, fierce and very public battles raged over the funding, facilities, and curriculum of state-aided schools and, indeed, over the ownership of many of them. These battles embraced every aspect of the nation's political, social, and religious life. This article contends that those decades were ones of complex, even dramatic, change with the inter-war period possessing its own dominant values and perceptions of how problems should be met and resolved. While some traditions were considered sacrosanct, others were cast aside. It was not a period of stagnation; indeed, to many the times bordered on the revolutionary.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © 1999 by the History of Education Society 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Simon, Brian The Politics of Educational Reform, 1920–1940 (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1974); David Rubinstein & Brian Simon, The Evolution of the Comprehensive School, 1926–1972 (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1969); Taylor, A.J.P. English History, 1914–1945 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975), Stevenson, John British Society, 1914–45 (London: Allen Unwin/Penguin, 1984).Google Scholar

2 Hertfordshire Record Office (HRO) HEd4/26 Hertfordshire County Council (HCC) Elementary Education statistics, 1 Apr. 1920.Google Scholar

3 HRO HEd3 7/1 Chief Education Officer's (CEO) Annual Report (AR), 31 Mar. 1939.Google Scholar

4 Although the Roman Catholics refused to join any reorganization scheme that threatened the loss of their senior pupils and the all-age (5–14) status of their schools, the intransigence of this small minority group was not perceived by any other group as a threat worth contesting, and their special treatment incited no opposition. They were quietly incorporated into post-Hadow reorganization schemes as anomalies, with the tacit understanding that the schools would gradually reorganize themselves internally into junior and senior departments. See HRO HCC2/125 County Paper (CP2) Schools Reorganisation Committee (SRC), 22 Feb. 1929; HCC2/129 CP26 Hertfordshire Education Committee (HEC) Proposed Reorganisation of Public Elementary Schools in St Albans, 21 Mar. 1930.Google Scholar

5 Silver, Harold Education as History (London: Methuen, 1983), 112.Google Scholar

6 See for example, Stevenson, British Society; Simon, The Politics of Educational Reform; Nigel Middleton & Sophia Weitzman, A Place for Everyone (London: Gollancz, 1976).Google Scholar

7 Two notable exceptions are –Murphy, James Church, State and Schools in Britain, 1800–1970 (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1971); Cruikshank, Marjorie Church and State in English Education (London: MacMillan, 1963).Google Scholar

8 Silver, Education as History, 11.Google Scholar

9 Murphy, Church, State and Schools in Britain, 52.Google Scholar

10 Maclure, J. Stuart (ed.), Educational Documents: England and Wales, 1816 to the present day (London: Methuen, 1979), 100.Google Scholar

11 Gosden, P.H.J.H. The Development of Educational Administration in England and Wales (Oxford: Blackwell, 1966), 83127; Jones, D.K. The Making of the Education System, 1851–1881 (London: Roudedge and Kegan Paul, 1977), 56–79; Maclure, Educational Documents, 99–103; Murphy, Church, State and Schools in Britain, 65–81; Roper, H. Administering the Elementary Education Acts, 1870–1885 (Leeds: Museum of History of Education, University of Leeds, 1976).Google Scholar

12 Murphy, Church, State and Schools in Britain, 7385; Simon, Brian Education and the Labour Movement, 1870–1920 (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1965), 176196.Google Scholar

13 Maclure, Educational Documents, 149153; Murphy, Church, State and Schools in Britain, 85–94.Google Scholar

14 Murphy, Church, State and Schools in Britain, 94102; Norman, E.R. Church and Society in England, 1770–1970 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976), 262266.Google Scholar

15 Cruikshank, MarjorieA Defence of the 1902 Act', and Brian Simon, ‘The 1902 Education Act—A Wrong Turning', History of Education Society Bulletin, 19 (1977), 29 & 9–14; Harris, Jose Private Lives, Public Spirit: Britain 1870–1914 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993); Daglish, Neil Education Policy-making in England and Wales: The Crucible Years, 1895–1911 (London: Woburn Press, 1996).Google Scholar

16 Harris, Private Lives; Public Spirit, 1117, 187–201, 251–256; Daglish, Education Policy-making in England and Wales, 39–67, 172–200.Google Scholar

17 Andrews, Lawrence The Education Act, 1918 (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1976).Google Scholar

18 Burton, H.M. The Education of the Countryman (London: Kegan Paul, 1943), 511, 24–30; Stevenson,Google Scholar

19 Estimated church and chapel attendance fell from 35.5% of the population in 1901 to 17.7% in 1935—B. Rowntree, Seebohm and Lavers, G.R. English Life and Leisure (London: Longmans, Green, 1951), 343; Cruikshank, Marjorie Church and State in English Education, 116.Google Scholar

20 Cruikshank, Church and State in English Education, 115120; Murphy, Church, State and Schools in Britain, 101–102; The Times Educational Supplement (TES), 1 and 29 Apr. 1920.Google Scholar

21 Aldcroft, D.H. The Inter-War Economy: Britain, 1919–1939 (London: Batsford, 1970), 9598; A.E. Edwards, (1981) The Design of Suburbia (London: Pembridge, 1981), 82–85, 140–142; Munby, Lionel The Hertfordshire Landscape (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1977), 225–243).Google Scholar

22 Census 1931, Vol.1 Part 2 County of Hertford, VII; Census 1951 County Report for Hertfordshire, I-XIII.Google Scholar

23 Herts Advertiser (St Albans), 24 Jan. 1925.Google Scholar

24 Edwards, The Design of Suburbia, 9495, 140–144; K. Young & P.L. Garside, Metropolitan London: Politics & Urban Change 1837–1981 (London: Edward Arnold, 1982), 129130, 166–169; Herts Advertiser, 21 Feb. 1920, 8 Nov. 1924, 24 Jan. 1925, 13 May 1927, 14 Mar. 1930, Herts Mercury (Hertford), 4 Apr. 1925, Letchworth Citizen (Letchworth), 23 Mar. 1934.Google Scholar

25 Herts Express (Hitchin), 26 Dec. 1925; HRO HCC2/113 CP45 Hertfordshire Education Committee (HEC), 29 Mar. 1926.Google Scholar

26 For example, Herts Mercury, 13 Nov. 1920, 22 Jan. 1921; Advertiser, 22 Jan. 1921, 1 Apr. 1922, 3 Mar. 1923; Herts Express, 16 June 1923.Google Scholar

27 erts Advertiser, 24 and 31 Jan. 1920. Sir John Lovell Pank (1846–1922) Businessman in New Barnet. Justice of the Peace for Hertfordshire; Chairman, Barnet bench of magistrates. County councillor and alderman 1889–1922; Chairman, county education committee 1902–22. Knighted, 1922. Who Was Who, Vol.2; Herts Advertiser, 31 Jan. 1920.Google Scholar

28 Ibid., 13 June 1925.Google Scholar

29 The Rev. Canon George Henry Pownall Glossop (1858–1925) Canon of St. Albans. Educated Harrow, Oxford and Wells Theological College. Chairman, St. Albans Board of Guardians & School Board. Secretary, St. Albans Diocesan Conference & Board of Finance. Chairman, Herts Mental Hospital, Mill Hill. Hertfordshire county councilor 1901; county alderman 1917; Chairman, county education committee 1923–25. Gready respected within diocese and LEA for his financial acumen, and by all denominations for his breadth of educational knowledge and integrity. On governing body of Nonconformist Bishops Stortford College. Who Was Who, Vol.2; Herts Advertiser, 13 June 1925. Captain Edward Thomas Morris (1876–1968) Farmer. Captain in Yeomanry during First World War. National Farmers’ Union county chairman 1922, county delegate 1928–33, National Vice President 1929, National President 1930. Member of numerous NFU national and local committees during 1920s and 1930s. Hertfordshire county councilor and alderman; Chairman, county education committee 1925–1930. Herts & Essex Oberserver, 27 Sept. 1968; NFU papers, county headquarters, St. Albans.Google Scholar

30 The Right Hon. Sir Thomas Frederick Halsey, Bart. (1839–1927) Educated at Eton and Oxford. Major, Herts Yeomanry 1872–79. Conservative MP for Hertfordshire, 1874–85, and Watford, 1885–1905. Chairman, House of Commons Standing Orders and Selection Committees; Privy Councilor. Deputy Chairman, Hertfordshire Quarter Sessions. Chairman, Hertfordshire County Council 1905–20. Who was Who, Vol. 2; Advertiser, 7 Feb. 1920. Sir Edmund Broughton Barnard (1856–1930) Farmer and businessman. Educated Cambridge. Chairman, Metropolitan Water Board; Chairman, River Lee Conservancy Board; Member, Thames Conservancy Board. Justice of the Peace, Hertfordshire and Essex; Chairman, Bishops Stortford Petty Sessions. Chairman, Hertfordshire Agricultural Executive. Chairman, Hertfordshire County Council 1920–30. Liberal MP, Kidderminster 1906–10. Knighted, 1928. Who Was Who, Vol.3; Herts Mercury, 7 Jan. 1928.Google Scholar

31 Child Priestley, Joseph Sir (1862–1941) Educated at Marlborough and Cambridge. Called to bar 1888; KC 1903; Bencher, Middle Temple 1917. Justice of the Peace, Hertfordshire 1906–41; Chairman, Hertfordshire Quarter Sessions. Knighted 1927. Chairman, Hertfordshire County Council, 1930–39. Who Was Who, Vol.4. Graveson, William (1862–1939) Draper in Hertford. Quaker. Educated Hertford Grammar School and Ackworth School. Justice of the Peace, Hertfordshire 1906–39. County councilor and alderman 1913–39; Chairman, county education committee 1930–39. Author of British Wild Flowers, Joys of the Open Air and Charles and Mary Lamb in Hertfordshire. Who's Who in Hertfordshire (London: Who's Who in the Counties, 1936), 90; Herts Advertiser, 13 Mar. 1920; Herts Mercury, 4 Aug. 1939.Google Scholar

32 Herts Advertiser, 7 Feb. 1920, 13 Mar. 1920, 13 June 1925.Google Scholar

33 Samuel, George (Baron) Lindgren (1900–1971) Educated, Hungerford Road Elementary School, London. London & North Eastern Railway clerk. Welwyn Garden City District Councilor 1927–45; Hertfordshire County Councilor 1931–49. Labour MP Wellingborough 1945–59. Parliamentary Secretary Ministry of National Insurance 1945–46, Civil Aviation 1945–50, Town & Country Planning 1950–51, Housing & Local Government 1951, Ministry of Transport 1964–66, Ministry of Power 1966–70. Life Peer 1961. Who Was Who, Vol.7.Google Scholar

34 Letchworth Citizen, 28 Oct. 1932; West Herts Observer, (Watford), 12 Mar. 1937.Google Scholar

35 Herts Advertiser, 24 Feb. 1933, 21 Feb 1936, Herts Mercury, 19 Mar. 1937.Google Scholar

36 Herts Record (Hertford), 3 and 31 Mar. 1922; Herts & Essex Observer (Bishops Stortford), 6 May 1922; Express, 2 Feb 1924, 17 Oct. 1931; Herts Gazette (Hemel Hempstead) 18 Oct. 1924, 9 Nov. 1935; Herts Advertiser, 25 Oct. 1924.Google Scholar

37 Herts Gazette, 18 Oct. 1924, 25 May 1929, Herts Record, 3 Nov. 1922; Herts Mercury, 15 Apr. 1922; Herts Advertiser, 28 Oct. 1922, 17 May 1929; Herts & Cambridgeshire Reporter (Royston), 7 Dec. 1923; Herts Express, 3 June 1933. Conservative Hertfordshire MPs during the period were Hemel Hempstead—J.C.C. (later Viscount) Davidson (1922–3 and 1924–37), Viscountess Davidson (1937–59); Hertford—Rear Admiral Sir Murray Sueter—(1922–45); Hitchin—Lord Robert Cecil (1911–23), Major Guy Kindersley (1923–31), Viscount Knebworth, son of the Earl of Lytton (1931–33), Lieutenant Colonel Sir Arnold Wilson (1931–40); St Albans—Lieutenant Colonel Sir Francis Fremantle (1919–43); Watford—Sir Dennis Herbert (1918–45). A controversial Independent, N. Pemberton Billing, held Hertford 1918–22, and a Liberal, J. Freeman Dunn, captured Hemel Hempstead in 1923–24.Google Scholar

38 West Herts Observer, 1 Apr. 1922, 2 Nov. 1929; Herts & Essex Observer, 16 Oct. 1926, 12 Feb. 1927; Mercury, 10 Sep. 1927, 8 Nov. 1929, 20 May 1938; Advertiser, 23 May 1930, 17 Oct. 1930, 1 Nov. 1935.Google Scholar

39 The Right Reverend Michael Bolton Furse, KCVO (1870–1955) Educated Eton and Trinity College, Oxford, BA 1893, MA 1896, DD (Hon) 1911. Fellow and Dean of Trinity College 1895–1903. Archdeacon of Johannesbourg, South Africa 1903–09; Bishop of Pretoria 1909–1920; Bishop of St. Albans 1920–44. Ecclesiatical member of House of Lords, 1923–44. Wrote A School of Prayer, God's Plan and Stand Therefore! A Bishop's Testimony of Faith in the Church of England. Who Was Who, Vol.5; Herts Advertiser, 29 November 1919.Google Scholar

40 Furse, Michael Bolton Stand Therefore (London: S.P.C.K., 1953).Google Scholar

41 Hastings, Adrian A History of English Christianity 1920–1985 (London: Collins, 1986), 55.Google Scholar

42 Furse, Stand Therefore!; Herts Advertiser, 29 Nov. 1919.Google Scholar

43 Ibid., 12–13.Google Scholar

44 Herts Gazette, 27 Nov. 1937.Google Scholar

45 Furse, Stand Therefore, 1314.Google Scholar

46 Ibid., 15.Google Scholar

47 Ibid; Herts Advertiser, 29 Nov. 1919.Google Scholar

48 Keith-Lucas, B. & Richards, P.G. A History of Local Government in the Twentieth Century (London: Allen and Unwin, 1978); Lee, J. M. Social Leaders & Public Persons: A Study of County Government in Cheshire since 1888 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1963).Google Scholar

49 Cecil, Lord David The Cecils of Hatfield House (London, 1973), 271. James Edward Hubert Gascoyne-Cecil, KG., fourth Marquis of Salisbury (1861–1947) Educated at Eton and Oxford. Conservative MP Darwen Division, NE Lancashire 1885–92 and Rochester 1893–1903. Inherited title and estates 1903. Under-Secretary Foreign Affairs 1900–03; Lord Privy Seal 1903–05 & 1924–29; President, Board of Trade 1905; Lord President of the Council 1922–24; Leader, House of Lords 1925–29. Chairman, Church of England Parliamentary Committee 1903–10; Chairman, Canterbury House of Laymen 1906–11; Chairman, Hertfordshire Quarter Sessions 1896–1911. He was an active and long-serving county alderman and member of the St. Albans Diocesan Conference. He built 500 new houses for his estate workers and subscribed generously to several new churches and village schools. Who Was Who, Vol.4.; Herts Advertiser, 6 March 1920; Dictionary of National Biography 1941–50.Google Scholar

50 Hastings, A History of English Christianity, 5575 and 252–253.Google Scholar

51 Weekly Telegraph (Cheshunt), 27 June 1919.Google Scholar

52 Herts Mercury, 15 Apr. 1922.Google Scholar

53 Herts Citizen, 4 July 1919; Herts Express, 11 Oct. 1919; Herts & Essex Observer, 12 June 1920.Google Scholar

54 Herts Record, 18 Apr. 1918; Herts Gazette, 20 Apr. 1918.Google Scholar

55 HRO HEd4/26 Finance & General Purposes Sub-Committee (FGPSC), 13 Dec. 1920, 780–782; West Herts Observer, 22 Jan. 1921.Google Scholar

56 West Herts Observer, 9 Apr. 1921.Google Scholar

57 Herts Advertiser, 7 May 1921.Google Scholar

58 West Herts Observer, 7 May 1921, 1 Apr. 1922.Google Scholar

59 Herts Citizen, 14 and 28 Mar. 1924 As the parish proved its ability to finance developments', the Anglicans won the day.Google Scholar

60 Herts Express, 4, 11, 18 and 25 Sep. 1926.Google Scholar

61 Herts Advertiser, 13 Feb. 1926, 3 Apr. 1926, 10 July 1926, 15 May 1926, 16 Oct. 1926; HRO HCC2/115 CP165 HEC, 11 Oct. 1926.Google Scholar

62 Herts Gazette, 13 and 27 Nov. 1926, 4 Dec. 1926, 3 Nov. 1928; West Herts Observer, 19 Feb. 1927, 2 Apr. 1927, 12 Nov. 1927; HRO HCC2/116 CP219 HEC, 7 Jan. 1927.Google Scholar

63 Herts Mercury, 16 Oct. 1926; Herts Express, 23 Oct. 1926.Google Scholar

64 McKibbin, Ross Classes & Cultures: England, 1918–1951 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

65 Ibid, 211–213; Simon, The Politics of Educational Reform, 125132; Board of Education (BEd), The Education of the Adolescent (London: H.M.S.O., 1926), 70101.Google Scholar

66 Education, 8 June 1928, 607–608; BEd Circular 1397, 18 May 1928.Google Scholar

67 Herts Express, 13 Oct. 1928.Google Scholar

68 Ibid.Google Scholar

69 HRO HCC2/127 CP180 HEC, 4 Oct. 1929, and CP181 HEC, Programme of Educational Development for the three years commencing 1 April 1930. Google Scholar

70 Herts Mercury, 26 Mar. 1927, 10 Sep. 1927, 8 Nov. 1929; Herts Advertiser, 23 May 1930.Google Scholar

71 HRO HCC2/124 CP189 SRC, 16 Nov. 1928; HCC2/125 CP51 HEC, 8 Apr. 1929; Herts Express, 15 June 1929.Google Scholar

72 HRO HCC2/125 CP28 A Statement of Diocesan Policy on the Proposed Re-organisation of Elementary Schools, 6 Mar. 1929.Google Scholar

73 Herts Advertiser, 5 Apr 1929.Google Scholar

74 Herts & Essex Observer, 30 Feb. 1929; Herts Advertiser, 5 Apr. 1929; Herts Mercury, 12 Apr. 1929; HRO HCC2/125 CP521 HEC, 8 Apr. 1929.Google Scholar

75 Ibid.Google Scholar

76 Barnet Press (Barnet), 18 May 1929.Google Scholar

77 Herts Mercury, 12 Apr. 1929.Google Scholar

78 Herts Advertiser, 19 Apr. 1929; Herts Mercury, 26 Apr. 1929.Google Scholar

79 Letchworth Citizen, 28 Mar. 1924.Google Scholar

80 Herts Mercury, 26 Apr. 1929; Barnet Press, 18 May 1929.Google Scholar

81 Herts Advertiser, 10 May 1929.Google Scholar

82 Herts Mercury, 17 Jan. 1930, 7 Mar. 1930; HRO HCC2/128 CP234 HCC, 27 Jan. 1930, Syllabus of Religious Education. Google Scholar

83 Herts Mercury, 17 Jan. 1931.Google Scholar

84 TES, 11 July 1925.Google Scholar

85 Education, 11 Jan. 1924Google Scholar

86 Ibid., 24 Jan. 1930; Herts Gazette, 26 Oct. 1929;Google Scholar

87 TES, 7 Sep. 1935.Google Scholar

88 Education, 24 Jan. 1930; Essex Record Office (ERO) 106 Essex Education Committee (EEC) Education in Essex 1928–35. Google Scholar

89 ERO 106 EEC Report of the Director of Education for the three years ended 31 March 1928. Google Scholar

90 Essex Chronicle (Chelmsford), 3 Feb. 1928.Google Scholar

91 Herts & Essex Observer, 10 June 1933, 9 June 1934, Essex Chronicle, 21 Feb. 1936. Three Anglican senior schools were considered before the 1936 Act, and one afterwards, but none materialised—V.R.Rust, “The Development of Primary and Secondary Education in Essex 1902–1957”, , University of Kent (1971), 34.Google Scholar

92 85. ERO 106 EEC, Reorganisation of Elementary Education in Rural Areas 1934; ERO 106 EEC, Education in Essex 1928–35. Google Scholar

93 Buckinghamshire Record Office, Buckinghamshire Education Committee, 1/246 and 1/219 Joint Conference Committee, 23 Sep. 1929, 24 Oct. 1930, 5 Nov. 1934, 1 May 1936, 5 June 1936.Google Scholar

94 Public Record Office (PRO) ED99/39 1929 St Albans Diocesan Conference; Herts Advertiser, 14 June 1929; West Herts Observer, 15 June 1929; Herts Express, 15 June 1929; Letchworth Citizen, 21 June 1929.Google Scholar

95 Ibid; West Herts Observer, 2 Nov. 1929; Herts Mercury, 8 Nov. 1929.Google Scholar

96 Barnet Press, 16 Nov. 1929; Herts Advertiser, 5 July 1929.Google Scholar

97 Herts & Essex Observer, 2 Nov. 1935; Herts Gazette, 27 Nov. 1937.Google Scholar

98 Herts Advertiser, 1 Nov. 1935.Google Scholar

99 Herts Mercury, 8 Nov. 1929, 16 Jan. 1931; Herts Advertiser, 23 May 1930.Google Scholar

100 Lawn, Martin Servants of the State: The Contested Control of Teaching, 1900–1930 (London: Falmer Press, 1987), 118125.Google Scholar

101 Ibid.Google Scholar

102 Herts Advertiser, 5 July 1929, 14 Mar. 1930; Herts Mercury, 7 Mar. 1930; Herts Express, 6 July 1929; Herts Gazette, 26 Oct. 1929; Letchworth Citizen, 1 Nov. 1929. Other LEAs suffered similar charges. Writing in 1943, an ex-education officer in Norfolk, poured scorn on the critics, largely clerical and military, who saw ‘the red hand of Bolshevism in the spread of elementary education, especially in Council schools’ – H.M. Burton, The Education of the Countryman, 61.Google Scholar

103 HRO HCC2/127 CP167 HCC Proposed Reorganisation of Public Elementary Schools in St Albans, 27 Sep. 1929; Herts Advertiser, 7 Nov.1930, 24 Feb. 1933, 18 May 1934.Google Scholar

104 HRO HCC2/125 CP2 SRC, 22 Feb. 1929.Google Scholar

105 Herts & Cambridgeshire Reporter, 24 Oct. 1930.Google Scholar

106 HRO HCC2/116 CP219 HEC, 7 Jan. 1927; HCC2/119 CP140 FGPSC, 19 Sep. 1927; HCC2/133 CP13 FGPSC, 13 Mar. 1931; Herts Advertiser, 13 Dec. 1929, 6 May 1932.Google Scholar

107 HRO HCC2/125 CP2 SRC, 22 Feb. 1929.Google Scholar

108 Herts Mercury, 7 Mar. 1930, 8 July 1932.Google Scholar

109 HRO HCC2/130 CP81 SRC, 30 May 1930; Herts Mercury, 7 Mar. 1930, 26 Feb. 1932, 8 July 1932.Google Scholar

110 HRO HCC2/125 CP2 SRC, 22 Feb. 1929; HCC2/126 CP93 SRC, 7 June 1929; HCC2/130 CP81 SRC, 30 May 1930; HCC2/131 CP152 SRC, 12 Sep. 1930; Herts Express, 21 Nov. 1931.Google Scholar

111 HRO HCC2/125 CP2 SRC, 22 Feb. 1929; HCC2/126 CP93 SRC, 7 June 1929; HCC2/132 CP205 SRC, 28 Sep. 1930; HCC2/135 CP140 SRC, 18 Sep. 1931; HCC2/137 CP36 HEC, 8 Apr. 1932; HCC2/146 CP85 HEC, 22 June 1934; HCC2/152 CP175 HEC, 17 Jan. 1936; Letchworth Citizen, 20 Sep. 1929, 1 and 29 Nov. 1929, 10 Jan. 1930; Herts Mercury, 17 Jan. 1930; West Herts Observer, 1 Aug. 1931.Google Scholar

112 McKibbin, Classes and Cultures, 213214, Simon, The Politics of Educational Reform, 149–167; Dean, D.W.The Difficulties of a Labour Educational Policy: The Failure of the Trevelyan Bill, 1929–31,British Journal of Educational Studies 17 (1969), 286300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

113 Herts Advertiser, 16 May 1930.Google Scholar

114 Ibid.Google Scholar

115 Herts Advertiser, 23 May 1930; Letchworth Citizen, 30 May 1930.Google Scholar

116 HRO HCC2/127 CP166 HEC Proposed Reorganisation of Public Elementary Schools: Cheshunt Urban, 27 Sep. 1929.Google Scholar

117 Weekly Telegraph, 30 Oct. 1931, 29 Mar. 1933, 28 Dec. 1934, 26 Apr. 1935, 29 Nov. 1935; Herts Mercury, 20 May 1938; HRO HCC2/132 CP205 SRC, 28 Nov. 1930; HCC2/133 CP9 SRC, 6 Mar. 1931; HCC2/143 CP128 HEC, 6 Oct. 1933; HCC2/149 CP29 HEC, 5 Apr. 1935; HCC2/150 CP76 HEC, 21 June 1935; HCC2/152 CP175 HEC, 17 Jan. 1936; PRO ED97/114 BEd internal memorandum, 22 June 1934.Google Scholar

118 Weekly Telegraph, 29 Nov. 1935, 27 Mar. 1936.Google Scholar

119 TES, 1 and 8 Feb. 1936, 26 Dec. 1936.Google Scholar

120 HRO HCC2/153 CP30 HEC, 30 Mar. 1936; HCC2/155 CP134 HEC, 2 Oct. 1936.Google Scholar

121 HRO HCC2/155 CP1354 HEC, 2 Oct. 1936.Google Scholar

122 Herts & Essex Observer, 28 Mar 1936.Google Scholar

123 PRO ED16/671 BEd interview minutes and memoranda, 26 Aug. 1937.Google Scholar

124 Herts & Essex Observer, 28 Mar. 1936; Simon, The Politics of Educational Reform, 206.Google Scholar

125 Herts Advertiser, 12 Nov. 1937; West Herts Observer, 12 Nov. 1937; Herts & Essex Observer, 13 Nov. 1937.Google Scholar

126 Herts Mercury, 25 June 1937Google Scholar

127 PRO ED 19/586 HMI Hertfordshire County: Report on the progress of reorganisation of Public Elementary Schools on Hadow lines, February 1936; HRO HCC2/130 CP81 SRC, 30 May 1930 and CP85 FGPSC, 6 June 1930; HCC2/153 CP30 HEC, 30 Mar. 1936; HCC2/157 CP50 HEC, 9 Apr. 1937; HCC2/160 CP205 HEC, 17 Jan. 1938; HCC2/162 CP81 HEC, 20 June 1938; HCC2/164 CP186 HEC, 16 Jan. 1939; Herts Mercury, 6 Nov. 1936; West Herts Observer, 25 Feb. 1938; Herts Gazette, 26 Feb. 1938; Herts Express, 18 July 1936, 6 May 1939. Although near to Welwyn Garden City, Welwyn is distinct from it. Buntingford was the only special agreement school in Hertfordshire to open before the outbreak of war in 1939.Google Scholar

128 HRO HCC2/158 CP93 HEC, 21 June 1937; HCC2/159 CP148 HEC, 1 Oct. 1937; HCC2/163 CP134 HEC, 7 Oct. 1938.Google Scholar

129 HRO HCC2/155 CP134 HEC, 2 Oct. 1936; HCC2/161 CP28 HEC, 8 Apr. 1938; Herts & Essex Observer, 8 Apr. 1939; Herts Mercury, 12 May 1939.Google Scholar

130 Herts Mercury, 19 Mar. 1937, 15 Oct. 1937, Weekly Telegraph, 2 July 1937, 17 Sep. 1937, 15 and 29 Oct. 1937, 25 Feb. 1938, 15 Apr. 1938; Herts Gazette, 20 Feb. 1937, 22 Jan. 1938, 26 Feb. 1938.Google Scholar

131 Herts Gazette, 20 Feb. 1937, 27 Nov. 1937, 26 Feb. 1938; Herts Advertiser, 12 Nov. 1937; West Herts Observer, 21 Jan. 1938; Herts & Essex Observer, 14 May 1938.Google Scholar

132 West Herts Observer, 25 Feb. 1938.Google Scholar

133 Herts Mercury, 15 Apr. 1938.Google Scholar

134 Herts Gazette, 9 Dec. 1938; West Herts Observer, 9 Dec. 1938; Weekly Telegraph, 16 Sep. 1938; Herts Mercury, 16 Sep. 1938.Google Scholar

135 HRO HEd3 7/1 CEOAR 1938–39.Google Scholar

136 HRO HCC2/165 CP25 HEC, 31 Mar. 1939; Weekly Telegraph, 24 Mar. 1939.Google Scholar

137 HRO HCC2/164 CP186 HEC, 16 Jan. 1939; HCC2/165 CP25 HEC, 31 Mar. 1939; HCC2/166 CP83 HEC, 19 June 1939; Weekly Telegraph, 24 Mar. 1939, 18 Aug. 1939, 10 Nov. 1939.Google Scholar

138 Murphy, Church, State and Schools in Britain, 124125.Google Scholar

139 Gosden, P.H.J.H. Education in the Second World War: A Study in Policy and Administration (London: Methuen, 1976).Google Scholar

140 Maclure, Educational Documents, 222225.Google Scholar