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⁹ Eaton, General John, “Education in the Philippines,” Proceedings of the 19th Annual Meeting of the Lake Mohonk Conference of the Friends of the Indian, 1901 (New York: The Lake Mohonk Conference, 1901) microfilm 38739, Library of Congress, 109. As with American Indians, Euro-Americans shifted back and forth between distinguishing levels of civilization among Filipinos (with the non-Christian tribes considered “savages” and the Christianized Filipinos considered more civilized though still clearly childlike) and simply lumping all Filipinos together as inferior to Americans and in need of assistance. Even when American policymakers talked separately about Christianized Filipinos, it was clear that they thought them incapable of self-government and in need of as much assistance as the non-Christians. Take for example the following excerpt from a letter from William Howard Taft to Secretary of War Elihu Root in 1900: “The population of the Islands is made up of a vast mass of [sic] ignorant, superstitious, well intentioned, temperate, somewhat domesticated, fond of their families, and deeply wedded to the Catholic church…. They are generally lacking in moral character; are, with some notable exceptions, prone to yield to any pecuniary consideration; and difficult persons out of whom to make an honest government. We shall have to do the best we can with them.” William H. Taft to Secretary of War, 14 July 1900, Bureau of Insular Affairs Papers, RG 350, 2490–3, National Archives (hereafter cited as NARA 350).Google Scholar

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¹³ One of the best recent studies of the issue of manliness, imperialism, and the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars is Hoganson, Kristin L., Fighting for American Manhood: How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish-American and Philippine–American Wars (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998).Google Scholar

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¹⁵ Many sources discuss the role of Alfred Thayer Mahan. See for instance Max Boot, The Savage Wars of Peace: Small Wars and the Rise of American Power (New York: Basic Books, 2002), esp. 62, 63; LaFeber, Walter, The American Age: United States Foreign Policy at Home and Abroad since 1750 (New York: WW.Norton & Company, 1989).Google Scholar

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¹⁸ Welch, , Response to Imperialism, xiii. For accounts of American military endeavors in the archipelago look at Brian McAllister Linn, The Philippine War, 1898–1902 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2000) and The US Army and Counterinsurgency in the Philippine War, 1899–1902 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989); Miller, Stuart Creighton, Benevolent Assimilation: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899–1903 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1984); and Roth, Russell, Muddy Glory: America's Indian Wars in the Philippines (Boston: Christopher Publishing House, 1981). Mrs Campbell Dauncey, “Letter, 1 December 1904,” An Englishwoman in the Philippines (New York: E. P. Dutton Company, 1906), 12.Google Scholar

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