¹ Hesburgh, Theodore M., “Catholic Education in America,” America, October 4, 1986, 160–63.Google Scholar

² Bailyn, BernardEducation and the Forming of American Society (New York: Norton, 1972);Google ScholarBender, Thomas, Community and Social Change in America (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1978).Google Scholar

³ For an interesting examination of the combination of religious and worldly objectives see Hoffman, Ronald, “Charles Carroll of Carrollton: The Formative Years, 1748-1764,” Working Papers Series, Cushwa Center for the Study of American Catholicism, Series 12, Number 3, Fall, 1982.Google Scholar

⁴ Gleason, Philip, “John Carroll as Educator,” Review of Politics 38 (October 1976): 576–613;CrossRefGoogle ScholarGleason, Philip, “From an Indefinite Homogeneity: The Beginnings of Catholic Higher Education in the United States,” Church History Seminar, University of Notre Dame, March 15, 1975.Google Scholar Professor Gleason is at work on a comprehensive history of American Catholic higher education; I have benefitted not only from his writings cited in this paper but from conversations with him, for which I am most grateful.

⁵ Chinnici, Joseph, “Politics and Theology: From Enlightenment Catholicism to the Condemnation of Americanism,” Working Paper Series, Cushwa Center for the Study of American Catholicism, Series 9, Number 3, Spring, 1981;Google ScholarChinnici, , “American Catholics and Religious Pluralism, 1775-1820,” Journal of Ecumenical Studies 19 (Fall 1979): 727–46.Google Scholar

⁶ Isaac Hecker to Orestes Brownson (June 24, 1884) in Gower, Joseph F. and Leliaert, Richard M., eds., The Brownson-Hecker Correspondence (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1979), 105.Google Scholar

⁷ Gleason, Philip, “The Curriculum of the Old-Time Catholic College: A Student's View,” Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia 88 (March/December 1977): 102–22.Google Scholar

⁸ The best survey of American Catholic higher education history is Gleason, , “American Catholic Higher Education: A Historical Perspective,” in Hassenger, Robert, ed., The Shape of Catholic Higher Education (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967), 15–53.Google Scholar

⁹ Ellis, John Tracy, ed., Documents of American Catholic History, vol. 2 (Chicago: Regnery, 1967), 465–66.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Leo, XIII, Longinqua Oceani in Ellis, , Documents, 2: 499–510.Google Scholar

¹¹ Ireland, John, “Pastoral Letter on Higher Catholic Education” (August 17, 1898) in Ireland Papers (microfilm), St. Thomas College, St. Paul, MN.Google Scholar

¹² Hogan, Peter E., The Catholic University of America, 1887-1896: The Rectorship of Thomas J. Conaty (Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1949), 49.Google Scholar

¹³ McQuaid to Daniel Hudson, C.S.C. (May 30, 1907) in Hudson Papers, University of Notre Dame.

¹⁴ John Whitney Evans argues that a sharp break took place in ministry on the non-Catholic campus after World War I, as Catholic colleges began to expand: “In contrast to the first phase, which was characterized by a strong educational and missionary as well as apologetical fervor, this one presented a sorry picture of students and priests combatting secularism on what had become a hostile campus while also defending their effort before Catholic leaders increasingly suspicious and withdrawn.” See his Apostles of Hope: A History of the Newman Movement, 1883-1971 (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1985).Google Scholar

¹⁵ Cox, Ignatius W., “Ideals in Catholic Education,” Commonweal, October 21, 1925, 582.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Ibid., 45.

¹⁷ Halsey, William, The Survival of American Innocence (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1980).Google Scholar

¹⁸ Quoted in Gleason, Philip, “In Search of Unity: American Catholic Thought, 1920-1960,” Catholic Historical Review 65 (April 1979): 225.Google Scholar

¹⁹ “What Shall the Layman Do?” Commonweal, September 23, 1935, 463.Google ScholarPubMed

²⁰ Gleason, , “Historical Perspective,” 46.Google Scholar

²¹ Hesburgh, Theodore M., “Looking Back at Newman,” America, March 3, 1962, 721.Google Scholar

²² O'Reilly, Peter, “St. John's I: A Chronicle of Folly,” Continuum 4 (Summer 1966): 230, 232.Google Scholar

²³ National Catholic Reporter, February 2, 1966, 7.Google ScholarPubMed

²⁴ Herzfeld, Norma Krause, “The Problem at Catholic University,” Commonweal, March 31, 1967, 35–41.Google Scholar

²⁵ Lauer, Rosemary to Marty, Martin in National Catholic Reporter, February 9, 1966, 6.Google Scholar

²⁶ New York Times, December 11, 1966, 3.Google ScholarPubMed

²⁷ Cogley, John, “The Future of an Illusion,” Commonweal, June 2, 1967, 310–16.Google Scholar For a discussion of sponsorship see the essays in a special issue of Current Issues in Catholic Higher Education 4 (Winter 1984).Google Scholar

²⁸ Yanitelli, Victor S.J., “Missing the Crucial Questions,” Ave Maria, February 10, 1968, 13Google Scholar, responding to John P. Leary, “Bishops and the Catholic College,” ibid., 6-9.

²⁹ College Newsletter, March, 1973.

³⁰ “University and Catholic: Final Report of the Special Committee on the Christian Character of Marquette University,” December 15, 1969.

³¹ Gleason, , “Historical Perspective,” 52.Google Scholar

³² Lucey, Gregory F. S.J., “The Meaning and Maintenance of Catholicity as a Distinctive Characteristic of American Higher Education: A Case Study” (Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin, 1978);Google ScholarLaMagdeleine, Donald R., “The Changing American Catholic University” (Ph.D. diss., Loyola University, 1983).Google Scholar

³³ Harvanek, Robert S.J., “Jesuit Postsecondary Education,” September 17, 1978;Google ScholarGannon, Thomas S.J., “The Jesuit Spirit in Higher Education: A Point of View,” September 9, 1979.Google Scholar Both papers were privately circulated.

³⁴ McBrien, Richard, “Catholic Universities and the Church's Mission,” address to the Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities (text in National Catholic Reporter, March 27, 1981, 14–16).Google Scholar

³⁵ “Paul VI to the Jesuits: The Catholic Church and Catholic Universities,” Origins 4 (August 23, 1974): 175–76.Google Scholar

³⁶ Dulles, Avery S.J., “What is Magisterium?” Origins 6 (July 1, 1976): 81–85.Google Scholar

³⁷ Malone, Bishop James, “How Bishops and Theologians Relate,” Origins 16 (July 31, 1986): 171.Google Scholar

³⁸ Malone, Bishop James, “The Catholic University and the Catholic Community,” Origins 16 (June 19, 1986): 118.Google Scholar

³⁹ McBrien, Richard, “The Pastoral Dimension of Theology Today,” America, July 28, 1984, 25–28.Google ScholarPubMed

⁴⁰ Bernardin, Joseph Cardinal, Address at Catholic University of America, November 6, 1985 (privately circulated) and “Catholic Higher Education and the Church's Pastoral Mission,” Origins, November 27, 1980, 378–90.Google Scholar

⁴¹ Chronicie of Higher Education, March 26, 1986, 16–20.Google ScholarPubMed

⁴² See the report “Doctrinal Responsibilities: Procedures for Promoting Cooperation and Resolving Disputes Between Bishops and Theologians” prepared by a joint committee of the Canon Law Society of America and the Catholic Theological Society of America in Canon Law Society of America Proceedings 45 (1983): 261–84.Google Scholar

⁴³ Healy, Timothy S.J., “The Ignatian Heritage for Today's College,” America, November 5, 1977, 304–06.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Arrupe, Pedro, “Men for Others” in Justice with Faith Today: Selected Letters and Addresses, 2 (St. Louis, MO: St. Louis University Press, 1980)Google Scholar and “The Intellectual Apostolate in the Society's Mission Today” in Other Apostoiates Today: Selected Letters and Addresses, 3 (St. Louis, MO: St. Louis University Press, 1981).Google Scholar

⁴⁵ César Jerez Garcia, Commencement Address, privately circulated.

⁴⁶ Chinnici, , “American Catholics and Religious Pluralism,” 736–37.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Komonchak, Joseph, “What's Happening to Doctrine?” Commonweal, September 6, 1985, 456–59.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ McCann, Dennis, A New Experiment in Democracy (Kansas City, MO: Sheed & Ward, 1987).Google Scholar

⁴⁹ Shea, William M., “Theologians and Their Catholic Authorities: Reminiscence and Reconnoiter,” Horizons 13/2 (Fall 1986): 350.CrossRefGoogle ScholarSchroth, Raymond A., “Tough Choices on Campus,” Commonweal, March 28, 1986, 170–74.Google Scholar See also from a conservative point of view Dougherty, Jude P.et al., “The Secularization of Western Culture and the Catholic College and University,” Current Issues of Catholic Higher Education 2 (Summer 1981):7–23.Google Scholar