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Bacterial coinfection in influenza pneumonia: Rates, pathogens, and outcomes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 April 2021

Patricia S. Bartley ,
Abhishek Deshpande ,
Pei-Chun Yu ,
Michael Klompas ,
Sarah D. Haessler ,
Peter B. Imrey ,
Marya D. Zilberberg  and
Michael B. Rothberg
Patricia S. Bartley
Affiliation:
Department of Infectious Diseases, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
Abhishek Deshpande
Affiliation:
Department of Infectious Diseases, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio Center for Value-Based Care Research, Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
Pei-Chun Yu
Affiliation:
Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Ohio
Michael Klompas
Affiliation:
Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
Sarah D. Haessler
Affiliation:
Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School–Baystate, Springfield, Massachusetts
Peter B. Imrey
Affiliation:
Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Ohio Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
Marya D. Zilberberg
Affiliation:
EviMed Research Group, LLC, Goshen, Massachusetts
Michael B. Rothberg*
Affiliation:
Center for Value-Based Care Research, Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
*
Author for correspondence: Michael Rothberg, E-mail: rothbem@ccf.org
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Abstract

Background:

Evidence from pandemics suggests that influenza is often associated with bacterial coinfection. Among patients hospitalized for influenza pneumonia, we report the rate of coinfection and distribution of pathogens, and we compare outcomes of patients with and without bacterial coinfection.

Methods:

We included adults admitted with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and tested for influenza from 2010 to 2015 at 179 US hospitals participating in the Premier database. Pneumonia was identified using an International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) algorithm. We used multiple logistic and gamma-generalized linear mixed models to assess the relationships between coinfection and inpatient mortality, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, length of stay, and cost.

Results:

Among 38,665 patients hospitalized with CAP and tested for influenza, 4,313 (11.2%) were positive. In the first 3 hospital days, patients with influenza were less likely than those without to have a positive culture (10.3% vs 16.2%; P < .001), and cultures were more likely to contain Staphylococcus aureus (34.2% vs 28.2%; P = .007) and less likely to contain Streptococcus pneumoniae (24.9% vs 31.0%; P = .008). Of S. aureus isolates, 42.8% were methicillin resistant among influenza patients versus 53.2% among those without influenza (P = .01). After hospital day 3, pathogens for both groups were similar. Bacterial coinfection was associated with increased odds of in-hospital mortality (aOR, 3.00; 95% CI, 2.17–4.16), late ICU transfer (aOR, 2.83; 95% CI, 1.98–4.04), and higher cost (risk-adjusted mean multiplier, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.59–1.96).

Conclusions:

In a large US inpatient sample hospitalized with influenza and CAP, S. aureus was the most frequent cause of bacterial coinfection. Coinfection was associated with worse outcomes and higher costs.

Type
Original Article
Information
Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology , Volume 43 , Issue 2 , February 2022 , pp. 212 - 217
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Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America

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