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Theron, Sonja
2011.
Post-Conflict Reconstruction.
Insight on Africa,
Vol. 3,
Issue. 2,
p.
143.
Article contents
Late Justice for Burundi
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 17 January 2008
Extract
Burundi, a small State in Eastern Africa, has been suffering a repetitive cycle of interethnic violence since its independence in 1962. Tensions were ongoing, but never reached the scale of the Rwandese massacres of 1994. The Burundian conflict thus received less international attention. Hardly any academic writing exists on human rights violations in Burundi.1 International efforts to counter impunity remained half-hearted.
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References
1 Amongst the few is: Reyhan, PY ‘Conceptualizing Violence: Present and Future Developments in International Law: Panel II Adjudicating Violence: Problems Confronting International Law and Policy on War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity: Genocidal Violence in Burundi: Should International Law Prohibit Domestic Humanitarian Intervention?’ (1997) 60 Albany L Rev 771, 776.Google Scholar
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5 Report of the assessment mission on the establishment of an international judicial commission of inquiry for Burundi (Kalomoh report) is in S/2005/158 para 12.
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14 Below IV.B.
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16 Conseil National pour la Défense de la Démocratie—Forces pour la Défense de la Démocratie; winning party of legislative elections in July 2005.
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19 Kalomoh report (n 5) para 13.
20 Its mandate was extended until 1 June 2004 by SC Res 1577, 1 Dec 2004; until 1 Dec 2005 by SC Res 1602, 31 May 2005; until 15 Jan 2006 by SC Res 1641, 30 Nov 2005; and until 1 July 2006 by SC Res 1650, 21 Dec 2005.
21 Letter from the Secretary General to the President of the Security Council, 11 Mar 2005 (S/2005/158).
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23 ibid para 195 et seq.
24 ibid para 203 (c).
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30 SC Res 1012, 28 Aug 1995; the report of the Commission of Inquiry (hereinafter: Commission of Inquiry's report) see S/1996/682.
31 ibid para 488.
32 ibid paras 483 and 492 et seq.
33 Below III.B.
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35 See Request from the President of the Security Council (S/2004/72); the findings are compiled in the Kalomoh report (n 5).
36 SC Res 1606, 20 June 2005.
37 SC Res 1650, 21 Dec 2005 para 9.
38 Ralph Zacklin's statement in the SC Meeting on 15 June 2005 (S/PV.5203).
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44 An example is that the chapeau of the Art 3 of Loi N°1/004 does still require discriminative elements for all crimes against humanity.
45 Kalomoh report (n 5) para 32 et seq.
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56 Art 1 ICTR Statute, attached to SC Res 955, 8 Nov 1994.
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82 Kalomoh report (n 5) para 31.
83 Arusha Peace Agreement, Protocol 1, Art 8 para 1 lit. c.
84 Kalomoh report (n 5) para 56 (a).
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91 Draft Agreement between the UN and the Royal Government of Cambodia Concerning the Prosecution under Cambodian Law on Crimes Committed During the Period of Democratic Kampuchea of 17 Mar 2003; approved by GA Res 57/228B, 13 May 2003.
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102 Kalomoh report (n 5) para 65.
103 Above III.A.
104 For East Timor see: S De Bertodano (n 97) 82 and 80; for Sierra Leone: see difficulties in obtaining the necessary cooperation for the arrest and surrender of Charles Taylor, <http://www.sc-sl.org/taylor-decisions.html>.
105 Kalomoh report (n 5) para 55 (a) and 62; accordingly the SC mandated the Secretary General to conduct negotiations on such an agreement SC Res 1606, 20 June 2005.
106 Note that uncertainties in the design of the relationship between the TRC and the internationalized chamber in the Kalomoh report (n 5) were criticized by the Minister of Justice of Burundi in SC Meeting on 15 June 2005 (S/PV.5203).
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110 SC Meeting 15 June 2005 (S/PV.5203).
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112 For East Timor see S De Bertodano (n 97) 86.
113 Kalomoh report (n 5) para 61. A broad temporal jurisdiction is also foreseen for the TRC, see ibid para 22 et seq.
114 This is a difference to the SCSL; see Statute of the special Court for Sierra Leone Art 5.
115 This point was made by the United States in SC Meeting on 15 June 2005 (S/PV.5203).
116 Information from UNDP Burundi <http://www.bi.undp.org/burundi/burundi.htm>. Visited on 2 Aug 2005.
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120 First report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Operation in Burundi of 25 Aug 2004 (S/2004/682), para 13.
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