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8. 49 U.N.T.S. 126. For the following: Brownlie, supra n.7, at p.61; Crawford, supra n.7, at p.161 et seq. Delbez, supra n.5, at pp.28 et seq.; Jennings, R. / Watts, A., Oppenheim's International Law, vol. I (9th edn, 1992), p.319 Google Scholar with footnote 5; M. Panebianco, “Trieste”, in Bernhard, supra n.4, Instalment 12, p.379; Scheuba-Lischka, H., “Triest” in Strupp and Schlochauer, supra n.7, vol. III (1962), p.459.Google Scholar

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10. See Brownlie, supra n.7, at p.61; Dahm/Delbrück/Wolfrum, supra n.5, § 52 II 2; Wolfrum, supra n.5, at pp.12 et seq.; Ydit, supra n.7, at pp.273 et seq.

11. Higgins, R., United Nations Peacekeeping 1946–1967, vol. II (Asia; 1970), pp.116 Google Scholar et seq.; Hufnagel, F.-E., UN-Friedensoperationen der zweiten Generation (1996), p.31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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13. Hufnagel, supra n.11, at pp.42 et seq.

14. Fink, U., Kollektive Friedenssicherung (1999), pp.731 Google Scholar et seq.; Matthies, V., “Die UNO in Somalia: Operation enttäuschte Hoffnung”, Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte B 31/1994, p.3 Google Scholar; Hufnagel, supra n.11, at p.161, idem, at pp.180 et seq. on the achievements of the UN in administering Somalia.

15. Agreements on a Comprehensive Political Settlement of the Cambodian Conflict of 23 October 1991, (1992) 31 I.L.M. 183 Google Scholar; see Bardehle, P., “Kambodscha: ein Frieden mit Minen” (1993) 41 Vereinte Nationen 81 Google Scholar; Bothe, M. in Simma, B. (ed.), The Charter of the United Nations (1995)Google Scholar, Peace-Keeping, para.44; Doyle, M., UN Peacekeeping in Cambodia: UNTAC's Civil Mandate (1995), pp.25 Google Scholar et seq.; Hufnagel, supra n.11, at pp.86 et seq. (in particular p.107 and pp.116 et seq.); Ratner, S. R., “The Cambodia Settlement Agreement” (1993) 87 A.J.I.L. 1.Google Scholar

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17. This approach is named “Chapter VI ter” by Thürer, D., “Der Wegfall effektiver Staatsgewalt: ‘The Failed State’” (1996) 34 Berichte der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Völkerrecht 9 at p.19 Google Scholar. See also Bardehle, P., “Tendenzen und Probleme der Fortentwicklung der zivilen Komponente des UN-Peace-Keeping” in Kühne, W. (ed.), Blauhelme in einer turbulenten Welt (1993), p.195 Google Scholar; Herdegen, supra n.48, § 28/41.

18. See for Yugoslavia UN Doc. S/1999/649 of 7 June 1999 with Annex, as well as the Military-Technical Agreement of Kumanovo UN Doc. S/1999/682 of 15 June 1999; for Indonesia see the Secretary General's report UN Doc. GA/54/654 of 13 Dec. 1999, para.39. All reports and resolutions are quoted from the United Nations' homepage available at: http://www. un.org/documents/.

19. See Kimminich, O. / Hobe, S., Einführung in das Völkerrecht (7th edn, 2000), p.278.Google Scholar

20. Hufnagel, supra n.11, at pp.17 et seq. In general G. Ress in Simma, supra n.15, Interpretation, paras 3 and 44.

21. Cf. Uerpmann, R., “Grenzen zentraler Rechtsdurchsetzung im Rahmen der Vereinten Nationen” (1995) 33 Archiv des Völkerrechts 107 at 129.Google Scholar

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23. Cf. Bauer, A., Effektivität und Legitimität (1996), at pp.192 et seq. CrossRefGoogle Scholar

24. SC Res. 814 (1993).

25. J. Delbrück, “Wirksameres Völkerrecht oder neues ‘Weltinnenrecht’? Perspektiven der Völkerrechtsentwicklung in einem sich wandelnden internationalen System” in: Kühne, supra n.17, p.101 at pp.103 et seq.; Fischer, H. in Ipsen, K., Völkerrecht (4th edn, 1999)Google Scholar, § 60/8; Gading, supra n.22, at pp.69 et seq.; Gill, T. D., “Legal and Some Political Limitations For the Power of the UN Security Council to Exercise Enforcement Powers Under Chapter VII of the Charter”, (1995) xxvi N.Y.I.L. 33 at pp.41 Google Scholar et seq.; Herdegen, M., “Der Sicherheitsrat und die autoritative Konkretisierung des VII. Kapitels der UN-Charta” in: Beyerlin, U. / Bothe, M. / Hofmann, R. / Petersmann, E.-U. (eds), Recht zwischen Umbruch und Bewahrung, Festschrift für Rudolf Bernhardt (1995), p.103 at p.116CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Lailach, M., Die Wahrung des Weltfriedens und der internationalen Sicherheit als Aufgabe des Sicherheitsrates der Vereinten Nationen (1998), pp.132 Google Scholar et seq. and 171 et seq.; Martenczuk, B., Rechtsbindung und Rechtskontrolle des Weltsicherheitsrats (1996), pp.228 Google Scholar et seq.; Tomuschat, C., “Obligations Arising for States Without or Against their Will” (1993-IV) 241 Hague Recueil 195 at 339Google Scholar. Critically Murswiek, D., “Souveränität und humanitäre Intervention” (1995) 35 Der Staat 31 at 39 et seq. Google Scholar

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27. See Hufnagel, supra n.11, 270 et seq.

28. Dastis Quecedo, A., “El uso de la fuerza armada en el golfo—una justificatión juridica” (1991) 43 Revista Española de Derecho International 109 at 111Google Scholar; Doehring, K., Völkerrecht (1999)Google Scholar, para. 466; Fink, U., “Der Konflikt zwischen dem Irak und Kuwait und die internationale Friedensordnung” (1991) 29 Archiv des Völkerrechts 452 at 471Google Scholar et seq.; Franck, T. M. / Patel, F., “UN Police Action In Lieu of War” (1991) 85 A.J.I.L. 63 Google Scholar; J. A. Frowein in Simma, supra n.15, Article 42, para. 22; Gading, supra n.22, at pp.26 and 34; Heinz, U. / Philipp, C. / Wolfrum, R., “Zweiter Golfkrieg: Anwendungsfall von Kapitel VII der UN-Charta”, (1991) 39 Vereinte Nationen 121 Google Scholar; Partsch, K. J., “Von der Souveränität zur Solidarität: Wandelt sich das Völkerrecht?” (1991) 18 Europäische Grundrechte-Zeitschrift 469 at 471Google Scholar; Stein, T., “Decentralized International Law Enforcement: The Changing Role of the State as Law Enforcement Agent” in Delbrück, J. (ed.), Allocation of Law Enforcement Authority in the International System (1994), p.107 at pp.119Google Scholar et seq.; Uerpmann, supra n.21, at p.130; Zemanek, K., “Peace-keeping or Peace-making?” in Blokker, N. / Muller, S. (eds), Towards More Effective Supervision by International Organizations—Essays in Honour of Henry G. Schermers, Vol. I (1994), p.29 at p.31Google Scholar. Sceptically with reference to Article 48 B. O. Bryde in Simma, supra n.15, Article 48, para. 4; Schachter, O., “United Nations Law in the Gulf Conflict” (1991) 85 A.J.I.L. 452 Google Scholar. There is a strong opinion in favour of Article 51, at least with respect to the second Gulf War: e.g. Bothe, M. in Graf Vitzthum, W. (ed.), Völkerrecht (2nd ed. 2001), 8 Google Scholar. Abschnitt, para. 21.

29. SC Res. 827 (1993) und SC Res. 955 (1994).

30. See in detail Bauer, supra n.23, at pp.163 et seq.; Bothe, supra n.28, paras 36 et seq.; Dominicé, C., “Le Conseil de sécurité et l'accès aux pouvoirs qu'il reçoit du Chapitre VII de la Charte des Nations Unies”, (1995) 5 Schweizerische Zeitschrift für internationales und Europäisches Recht All at 423 Google Scholar; Hufnagel, supra n.11, at pp.289 et seq.; W. Kühne, “Völkerrecht und Friedenssicherung in einer turbulenten Welt: Eine analytische Zusammenfassung der Grundprobleme und Entwicklungsstrukturen” in: id., supra n.11, p.17 at pp.54 et seq.

31. SC Res. 814 (1993); Hufnagel, supra n.11, at pp.164 et seq.

32. SC Res. 836 (1993); Fink, supra n.14, at pp.624 et seq. and 695 et seq.; Fischer, supra n.25, para. 27; Uerpmann, supra n.21, pp.122 et seq. See also Articles I and VI of Annex 1 A of the Dayton-Agreement, supra n.16, to which Dörr, supra n.16, pp.148 et seq.

33. Considerations 12 and 13 to Res. 1244 (1999), considerations 16 and 17 to SC Res. 1272 (1999).

34. SC Res. 1264 (1999) of 15 Sept. 1999 (International Force, East Timor—INTERFET). See Miller, L. H., “East Timor, Collective Action and Global Order” (2000) 14 Temp. Int'l & Comp. LJ. 89.Google Scholar

35. SC Res. 1244 (1999), para. 7 with Annex 2, para. 4. Wagner, M., “Das erste Jahr der UNMIK”, (2000) 47 VereinteNationen 132 at 132Google Scholar; Guillaume, M. / Marhic, G. / Etienne, G., “Le cadre juridique de l'action de la KFOR au Kosovo” (1999) 45 A.F.D.I. 308 Google Scholar; Dreist, P., “Rechtliche Aspekte des KFOR-Einsatzes, (2001) 43 Neue Zeitschrift für Wehrrecht 1.Google Scholar

36. SC Res. 1244 (1999), para. 17. For the inclusion of OSCE and UNHCR: UN Doc. S/1999/672 of 12 June 1999, para. 5, and S 1999/779 of 12 July 1999, para.118 (reports of the Secretary General); Wagner, supra n.35, at p.135. On the mission of the OSCE (with particular reference to the sector of media) see Palmer, L. R., “A Very Clear and Present Danger: Hate Speech, Media Reform and Post-Conflict Democratization in Kosovo” (2001) Yale Journal of International Law 26, 179 at 185 et seq. Google Scholar

37. The association of organisations in the Dayton-Agreement is described by Dörr, supra n.16, at p.179.

38. See in general Ruffert, M., “Zuständigkeitsgrenzen internationaler Organisationen im institutionellen Rahmen der internationalen Gemeinschaft”, (2000) 38 Archiv des Völkerrechts 129.Google Scholar

39. An Agenda For Peace, UN Doc. A/47/277-S/24111 of 17 June 1992, (1992) 31 I.L.M. 965 Google Scholar, paras 21 and 55 et seq. (Peace-Building as a measure to preserve peace after armed conflict). See also Chopra, J., “Peace Maintenance: A Concept for Collective Political Authority” (1995) 89 A.S.I.L. Proc. 280Google Scholar; further Moore, J. N., “Toward a New Paradigm: Enhanced Effectiveness in United Nations Peacekeeping, Collective Security and War Avoidance” (1997) 37 Va. J. Int'l L. 811.Google Scholar

40. The Rambouillet Accords are reproduced as Annex to UN Doc. S/1999/648 of 7 June 1999 (available at: http://www.un.org/peace/kosovo/99648_l.pdf).

41. Available at: http://www.un.org/peace/etimor99/agreement/agreeFrame_Eng01.html.

42. Cf. Šahović, M., “Le droit international et la crise en ex-Yougoslavie” (1999–III) Bancaja Euromediterranean Courses of International Law 369 at 416Google Scholar. Indonesian rule in East-Timor had never been recognised.

43. See supra at n.23–27.

44. International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Prosecutor v. Tadic (Jurisdiction), 2 Oct. 1996, (1996) 35 I.L.M. 35 Google Scholar, paras 34 et seq. This view is favoured by Matheson, M. J., “United Nations Governance of Postconflict Societies” (2001) 95 ASIL 76 at 83Google Scholar et seq.; Herdegen, M., Die Befugnisse des UN-Sicherheitsrates (1998), pp.6 Google Scholar et seq.; id, supra n.48, § 41/22; Oellers-Frahm, K., (2000) 60 ZaöRV, 528 at 530Google Scholar. See also the report by Seyersted, supra n.6, at p.453, footnote 2, which states that the proposal to insert the power to establish an international administration into Chapter VII was rejected for the only reason that this was meant to be a matter of course.

45. Wagner, supra n.35, at p.133. The concept of “instant customary law” was first advanced by Cheng, B., “United Nations Resolutions on Outer Space: ‘Instant’ Inter national Customary Law?” (1965) Indian JIL 23.Google Scholar

46. What is at stake is the assessment of practice for the construction of the Charter, see Ress, supra n.20, paras 27 et seq.; Bernhard, R., “Evolutive Treaty Interpretation, Especially of the European Convention on Human Rights”, (2000) 42 G.Y.I.L., 11 at 21.Google Scholar

47. ICJ, Reparation for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United Nations Case, ICJ Rep.1949, 174 at 182.

48. See Thürer, supra n.17, at p.23 and pp.36 et seq., as well as Herdegen, M., “Der Wegfall effektiver Staatsgewalt im Völkerrecht”: ‘The Failed State’“ (1996) 34 Berichte der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Völkerrecht, p.49 at p.72Google Scholar: “Gefahrenabwehr”). With other reasons, but the same result Wagner, supra n.35, at p.133. Transcending Chapter VII Brownlie, supra n.7, at p.172.

49. Supra n.39, paras 60–65; explained by Bauer, supra n.23, at p.272.

50. Bauer, supra n.23, at p.273. On the inclusion of the OSCE Wenig, M., Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Streitbeilegung ethnischer Konflikte durch die OSZE (1996), at pp.92 Google Scholar et seq.; (critically) Körbs, H., “1st die Organisation über Sicherheit und Zusammenarbeit in Europa (OSZE) eine “regionale Abmachung oder Einrichtung” im Sinne des Kapitels VIII der UN-Charta?” (1995) 33 Archiv des Völkerrechts 459 at 494Google Scholar et seq.; W. Hummer/M. Schweitzer in Simma, supra n.15, Article 52, para 87. The inclusion of NATO is even more difficult; against: Bauer, supra n.23, at pp.274 et seq.; Walter, C., “Vereinte Nationen und Regionalorganisationen” (1996), at pp.278 Google Scholar et seq.; in favour: Nolte, G., “Die ‘neuen Aufgaben’ von NATO und WEU: Völker-und verfassungsrechtliche Fragen” (1994) 54 ZaöRV 95 at 111 et seq. Google Scholar; Wolfrum, R., “Der Beitrag regionaler Abmachungen zur Friedenssicherung: Möglichkeiten und Grenzen” (1993) 53 ZaöRV 576 at 578 et seq. Google Scholar

51. See the agreement of 5 May 1999 and the mission UNAMET for its implementation (UN Doc. S/1999/513).

52. This view is shared by Hufnagel, supra n.11, at pp.303 et seq.

53. See in detail Grant, T. D., “East Timor, the U.N. System and Enforcing Non-Recognition in International Law” (2000) 33 Vand. J. of Transnat'l L 273 at 298.Google Scholar

54. Though its history is related to specific cases (Syria and Lebanon) Article 78 is applied in a strict manner: D. Rauschning in: Simma, supra n.15, Article 78, paras 1 et seq.

55. Below, these Regulations are quoted from the Internet (http://www.un.org/peace/kosovo/pages/regulations/regs.html and http://www.un.org/peace/etimor/untaetR/UntaetR.htm). They are numbered UNMIK/or UNTAET/REG/year/number. An expert panel established by the Secretary General proposed to elaborate a “common UN justice package” for further missions, S/2000/809 of 21 Aug. 2000, para. 81.

56. The head of mission changed on 15 Jan. 2001.

57. The latter had been Special Representative in Kosovo for a few weeks.

58. The delegation to the Secretary General to name a Special Representative is current UN practice: M. Hilf in Simma, supra n.15, Article 29, para. 26.

59. UNMIK/REG/1999/1 of 25 July 1999, section 1 (1) (last amended by UNMIK/REG/2000/54 of 27 Sept. 2000); UNTAET/REG/1999/1 of 27 Nov. 1999, Section 1 (1.1). See the very critical assessment by Chopra, J., “The UN's Kingdom of East Timor”, (2000) 42 Survival (International Institute for Strategic Studies ed.) 27 at 29CrossRefGoogle Scholar: “pre-constitutional monarch in a sovereign kingdom”.

60. UNMIK/REG/1999/24 of 12 Dec. 1999, section 1(3) (preceded by UNMIK/REG/1999/1 of 25 July 1999, section 2 without the treaties being explicitly named), UNTAET/REG/1999/1 of 27 Nov. 1999, section 2.

61. UNMIK/REG/1999/1 of 25 July 1999, section 5; UNTAET/REG/1999/1 of 27 Nov. 1999, section 5 (see also UNTAET/REG/1999/4 on the Establishment of the Official Gazette of East Timor).

62. See UNMIK/REG/2000/1 of 14 Jan. 2000; 2000/16 of 21 March 2000; 1999/22 of 15 Nov. 1999.

63. E.g. UNMIK/REG/2000/19 of 30 March 2000, section 5; in East-Timor generally: UNTAET/REG/1999/1 of 27 Nov. 1999, section 6.

64. UNTAET/REG/1999/1 of 27 Nov. 1999, section 3.

65. UNMIK/REG/1999/1 of 25 July 1999, section 3.

66. With retroactive effect from the beginning of the mission, i.e. 10 June 1999.

67. UNMIK/REG/1999/24 of 12 Dec. 1999, section 1 and 3, as well as UNMIK/REG/1999/25 of the same day, section 1.

68. See Article 59 of the Convention and Article 4 of the Charter of the Council of Europe.

69. For an overview see Wagner, supra n.35, at p.134 and Brownlie, supra n.7, p.61 with footnote 19.

70. For Kosovo Wagner, supra n.35, at p.136. For comparative efforts in UN-trusteeship territories Rauschning, D., “Das Ende des Treuhandsystems der Vereinten Nationen durch die Staatwerdung der ihm unterstellten Gebiete” (1965) 12 G.Y.I.L. 158 at 176.Google Scholar

71. Bauer, B., Der völkerrechtliche Anspruch auf Demokratie (1998), pp.44 et seq. and 234 et seq. Google Scholar; Franck, T. M. “The Emerging Right to Democratic Governance” (1992) 86 A.J.I.L. 46 Google Scholar; id., Fairness in International Law and Institutions (1995), pp.83 Google Scholar et seq.; Lang, M., “Menschenrecht auf Demokratie”, (1998) 46 Vereinte Nationen 195 Google Scholar; Sommermann, K.-P., in von Mangoldt, H. / Klein, F. / Starck, C. (eds), Grundgesetz, Kommentar, vol. II (4th edn, 2000)Google Scholar, Article 20 Section 1, paras 89 et seq.

72. UNMIK/REG/2000/1 of 14 Jan. 2000, section 2; García, T., “La mission d'administration intérimaire des Nations Unies au Kosovo (MINUK)” (2000) 104 R.G.D.I.P. 61 at 64Google Scholar; Wagner, supra n.35, at p.134.

73. UNMIK/REG/2000/1 of 14 Jan. 2000, sections 4–6.

74. UNMIK/REG/2000/16 of 21 March 2000; 2000/39 of 8 July 2000; 2000/36 and 37 of 17 June 2000.

75. UNTAET/REG/1999/2 of 2 Dec. 1999.

76. UNTAET/REG/2000/24 of 14 July 2000, section 3. The number was changed from 33 to 36 by UNTAET/REG/2000/33 of 26 Oct. 2000.

77. UNTAET/REG/2000/24 of 14 July 2000, sections 2, 4 and 10.

78. UNTAET/REG/2000/23 of 14 July 2000. UNTAET/REG/2000/6 of 22 Jan. 2000, section 2 (2.2), explicitly mentions “the government”. A similar structure is emerging in Kosovo: see UNMIK press-release of 7 Dec. 2000 (“Top UN official in Kosovo briefs new policy council on recent violence”).

79. UNTAET/REG/2000/24 of 14 July 2000, section 2 (2.1.a).

80. UNMIK/REG/2000/1 of 14 Jan. 2000, in particular section 7 and Annex. Wagner, supra n.35, at p. 135, designates these authorities as ministries. The administrative structure was reformed in Feb. 2000.

81. UNMIK/REG/2000/40 of 10 July 2000, and 1999/8 of 20 Sept. 1999; Wagner, supra n.35, at p.135.

82. UNMIK/REG/1999/17 of 6 Nov. 1999,2000/7 of 18Feb. 2000; 2000/22, and2000/50 of 22 Aug. 2000, 2000/67 of 29 Dec. 2000.

83. UNTAET/REG/2000/1 of 14 Jan. 2000; 2000/6 of 22 Feb. 2000, 2000/18 of 30 June 2000; 2000/20 of 30 June 2000.

84. UNTAET/REG/2000/3 of 20 Jan. 2000.

85. UNMIK/REG/1999/14 of 21 Oct. 1999; UNMIK/REG/2000/1 of 14.1.2000, section 8, and UNMIK/REG/2000/45 of 11 Aug. 2000.

86. UNTAET/REG/2000/13 of 10 March 2000. See the explanations at www.asil.org/ilib0309.htm, p.3.

87. See UNMIK/REG/1999/5 of 4 Sept. 1999; 1999/6 of 7 Sept. 1999; 1999/7 of 7 Sept. 1999; 1999/18 of 10 Nov. 1999; 1999/26 of 22 Dec. 1999; 2000/6 of 15 Feb. 2000; 2000/15 of 21 March 2000; 2000/17 of 23 March 2000; 2000/30 of 20 May 2000; 2000/34 of 27 May 2000; 2000/46 of 15 Aug. 2000; 2000/57 of 6 Oct. 2000, 2000/64 of 15 Dec. 2000, 2001/1 of 12 Jan. 2001, as well as UNTAET/REG/1999/3 of 3 Dec. 1999; 2000/11 of 6 March 2000; 2000/14 of 10 May 2000; 2000/15 of 6 June 2000; 2000/16 of 6 June 2000; 2000/25 of 3 Aug. 2000; 2000/30 of 25 Sept. 2000. See Strohmeyer, H., “Collapse and Reconstruction of a Judicial System: The United Nations Missions in Kosovo and East Timor” (2001) 95 AJIL 46 at 51 et seq. CrossRefGoogle Scholar

88. This is true for the whole of Kosovo only since May 2000 (though there had been international judges and prosecutors in the city of Mitrovica where ethnic conflict is particularly fierce): UNMIK/REG/2000/6 of 15 Feb. 2000, section 1, as amended by UNMIK/REG/2000/34 of 27 May 2000 and 2001/2 of 12 Jan. 2001; UN Doc. S/2000/538 of 6 June 2000, paras 60 and 125; Wagner, supra n.35, at p.135. Furthermore a power of interpretation and clarification is vested in the UN Special Representative: UNMIK/REG/1999/24 of 12 Dec. 1999, section 2.

89. UNTAET/REG/2000/15 of 6 June 2000. See the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court of 17 July 1998, (1998) 37 I.L.M. 1003.Google Scholar

90. UNMIK/REG/2000/38 of 30 June 2000. See Reif, L. C., “Building Democratic Institutions: The Role of National Human Rights Institutions in Good Governance and Human Rights Protection” (2000) 13 Harv. Hum. Rts J. 14.Google Scholar

91. See also ICJ, International Status of South West Africa, ICJ Rep. 1950, 128 at 132, on the purpose of mandates to serve the mandate territories.

92. See in particular Wolff, H. J. / Bachof, O., Verwaltungsrecht, vol. II (4th edn, 1976), § 75 I 1 a Β.Google Scholar

93. In particular concerning the legal nature of the “EU organs”, starting off from Curtin, D., “The Constitutional Structure of the Union: A Europe of Bits and Pieces” (1993) 30 C.M.L.Rev. 17 at 26Google Scholar; see also C. Wichard in: Calliess/Ruffert, supra n.16, Article 5 TEU, para. 7 with many references in the footnotes.

94. See also UNMIK/REG/2000/18 of 29 March 2000, section 1 (1.2), which provides that the issuing of a travel document does not affect the nationality of its bearer.

95. See UNTAET/REG/2000/9 of 25 Feb. 2000 on the Establishment of a Border Regime For East Timor, for the element “territory”.

96. See also the criteria issued already by the Commission of Mandates of the League of Nations: Rauschning, supra n.70, at p.179, and Beck supra n.5, at p.74, for further precedents in history.

97. Supra n.40, Chapter 1, Article I.

98. Supra n.41, Appendix: Special Autonomous Region of East Timor (SARET).

99. Article 6 of the agreement (supra n.41).

100. See UNMIK/REG/1999/4 of 2 Sept. 1999, section 1 second sentence (implicitely); Hafke, H. C., “Rechtliche Aspekte der Währungsbeziehungen zwischen Mitgliedstaaten der Europäischen Währungsunion und Territorien auΒerhalb des Geltungsbereichs des EGV” (2000) 3 Zeitschrift für Europarechtliche Studien 25 at 37 et seq. Google Scholar; UNTAET/REG/2000/7 of 22 Jan. 2000. The opening ceremony of the Sydney Olympic Games saw participants from East-Timor in a team of “independent athletes”. Since Jan. 2001, a defence force has been established in East-Timor: UNTAET/REG/2001/1.

101. See the wording of the report of the Independent International Commission on Kosovo (2000), Chapter 9, pp.259 et seq. (available at: www.kosovocommission.org).

102. Grant, T. D., “Extending Decolonization: How the United Nations Might Have Addressed Kosovo” (2000) 28 Ga. J. Int'l & Comp. L. 10 at 50.Google Scholar

103. Crawford, supra n.7, at pp.166 et seq.; Rousseau, supra n.5, para. 243.

104. See in particular Crawford, supra n.7, at pp.187 et seq.

105. Crawford, supra n.7, at pp.194 et seq.; Hoffmann, G., “Protectorates”, in: Bernhardt, supra note, vol. III (1997), 1153 (1154 et seq.)Google Scholar; Verdross and Simma, supra n.9, at § 396. See Beck, supra n.5, at p.80, who takes the view that internationalised territories are never protectorates.

106. Cf. Crawford, supra n.7, at p.194.

107. General Agreement, supra n.16. See Grant, T. D., “Internationally Agreed Constitutive Order: Cyprus and Bosnia As Predicates For A New Nontraditional Actor in the Society of States” (1998) 8 J. Transnat'l. L. & Pol'y 1 at 19 et seq. and 51 et seq. Google Scholar; id, supra n.102, at 50; similarly Schneider, H., “Frieden für Bosnien-Herzegowina? Das Vertragswerk von Dayton als Herausforderung für Europa”, (1996) 19 integration 1996 1 at 11Google Scholar; Ni Aolain, F., “The Fractured Soul of the Dayton Peace Agreement: A Legal Analysis” (1998) 19 Mich. J. Int'l L. 957 at 961 et seq. and 980Google Scholar; Fraf Vitzthum, W., “Multiethnische Demokratie”, in: Classen, / Dittmann, / Fechner, / Gassner, / Kilian, (eds.), Liber Amicorum Thomas Opper-mann (2001), pp.87 et seq. Google Scholar

108. See in particular Article I of Annex 4 of the Agreement (Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina).

109. See also Brownlie, supra n.7, at p.59.

110. See the separate category of “colonial protectorates” in Crawford, supra n.7, at pp.198 et seq. Cf. also the recent judgment of the ICJ of 16 March 2001 Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Merits), paras.38 et seq., available at: www.icj-cij.org.

The pejorative connotation of the term might be even greater in other languages, e.g. in German, though the “Reichsprotektorat Böhmen und Mähren” was not a protectorate, but a particular area of Nazi occupation.

111. See Wagner, supra n.35, at p.137 on the timetable for Kosovo; a constitutional framework was concluded on 15 May 2001; elections are planned for 17 Nov. 2001; UNMIK press release of 15 May 2001 (“Annan welcomes conclusion of constitutional framework for Kosovo”). Cf. also Lagrange, E., “La mission intérimaire des Nations Unies au Kosovo, nouvel essai d'administration directe d'un territoire”, (1999) 45 A.F.D.I. 335 at 369 et seq. Google Scholar The temporary character of internationalisation is not free from controversy: Ydit, supra n.7, at p.322 (in favour); Beck, supra n.5, at p.67 (against).

112. It is planned to achieve independence for East-Timor in 2001: Secretary General's report of 16 Jan. 2001 (UN Doc. S/2001/42) and SC Res. 1338 (2001) of 31 Jan. 2001; UNTAET/REG/2001/2 of 16 March 2001 provides for the establishment of a constituent assembly to prepare a constitution. The Security Council ceases to be competent at the end of a threat to the peace or a breach of peace: Herdegen, supra n.48, at pp.73 et seq.

113. With respect to former missions see Hufnagel, supra n.11, at pp.212 et seq., and with respect to the Trusteeship Council Thürer, supra n.17, 38 et seq.

114. Brownlie, supra n.7, at p.61.

115. Crawford, supra n.7, at p.160.

116. Mosler, H., “Subjects of International Law” in: Bernhardt, supra note 4, Instalment 7 (1984), 442 (443).Google Scholar

117. See Dörr, supra n.16, at p. 167.

118. UNMIK/Macedonia of 7 March 2000 (UN Doc. S/2000/538 of 6 June 2000, para. 20), UNTAET/Indonesia of 6 April 2000 (UN Doc. S/2000/738 of 26 July 2000; “practical arrangements“ with Australia/Indonesia are planned: UN Doc. S/2000/53 of 26 Jan. 2000). As to the practice under the UN trusteeship system see D. Rauschning in Simma, supra n.15, Article 75, para.16. It is submitted that the agreement between UNTAET and the International Development Association (IDA) which is a part of the World Bank Group does not bestow personality upon East-Timor but that it is part of the concept of an alliance of several international organisations in performing the task of bringing peace to the said territory through international administration. Chopra, supra n.59, at p.30, takes the opposite view. On the agreement see www.asil.org/ilib0309.htm.

119. Yb.ILC 1974, vol. II, Part 1, pp.287 et seq. The Article is quoted from the draft following its first reading in 1996. It is not meant to be changed in its substance during the current ILC deliberations (see Crawford, J., “Revising the Draft Articles on State Responsibility” (1999) 10 E.J.I.L. 435 Google Scholar and Annex, at p.450, Article A). See also Herdegen, supra n.48, at pp.72 et seq.

120. UNMIK/REG/2000/42 of 10 July 2000 and UNTAET/REG/2000/31 of 27 Sept. 2000. Both missions are having liaison offices in neighbouring States: UN Doc. S/2000/177 of 3 March 2000, para. 19; S/2000/738 of 26 July 2000, para. 10.

121. There has been some hesitation due to this in further operations, see Hufnagel, supra n.11, at p.18, and (on a basis that is doubtful in terms of legal doctrine) Gordon, R., “Saving Failed States: Sometimes a Neocolonialist Notion” (1997) 12 Am. U. J Int'l L. & Pol'y 903.Google Scholar

122. For the problems up to the accession in late 2000 see e.g. Hummer, W. / Mayr-Singer, J., “Die Bundesrepublik Jugoslawien. Identitatsanspruch und Sukzessions-fragen im universellen, regionalen und nationalen Kontext” (2000) 38 Archiv des Völkerrechts 298.Google Scholar

123. See also the expert report to the Secretary General, supra n.55, para.78, Herdegen, supra n.48, at § 8/37, and finally Delbruck, J., “ ‘Failed States’—eine neue Aufgabe für den UN-Treuhandrat?”, in: Ipsen, and Schmidt-Jortzig, (eds.), Recht—Staat—Gemeinwohl, Festschrift für Dietrich Rauschning (2001), pp.427 et seq. Google Scholar