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International Cooperation, Criminal Justice and Human Rights: The Missing Link

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 August 2023

Rachid Sadouk*
Affiliation:
Court of Cassation of the Kingdom of Morocco, Rabat, Morocco

Abstract

International society has recently witnessed the emergence of two interrelated trends: on the one hand, the significant rise in transnational crimes, which constitute a serious challenge to States’ traditional security capabilities, and the noticeable increase in the number of international instruments put in place to bring that challenge to acceptable levels, on the other hand. The great emphasis the international community has put on the principle “aut dedere aut judicare” to strengthen the universal legal regime against serious crimes and to deny safe haven to their perpetrators is challenged not only by political, legislative and practical considerations pertaining to the lack of ratification and incorporation of international conventions and the wide disparity between States as to their implementation capacity, but also by the inherent differences between States’ differing legal systems. This is an area that, despite its relevance to international cooperation and human rights, has long been ignored by criminal justice comparative studies. Based on actual cases such as the Ramda and El Guerbouzi cases, this article examines and assesses the impact of the differences between civil law and common law systems on the effectiveness of international cooperation and human rights. It argues that, unless these differences are acknowledged and properly dealt with, perpetrators of serious crime will continue to constitute a serious threat to our peace and security.

Abstracto

Abstracto

La sociedad internacional ha asistido recientemente al surgimiento de dos tendencias interrelacionadas: por un lado, el aumento significativo de los delitos transnacionales, que constituíen un serio desafío a las capacidades tradicionales de seguridad de los Estados, y el aumento notorio en el número de instrumentos internacionales establecidos para llevar ese desafío a niveles aceptables, por otra parte. El gran énfasis que la comunidad internacional ha puesto en el principio “aut dedere aut judicare” para fortalecer el régimen legal universal contra los delitos graves y negar refugio seguro a sus perpetradores es desafiado no solo por consideraciones políticas, legislativas y prácticas relacionadas con la falta de ratificación e incorporación de convenciones internacionales y de la gran disparidad entre los Estados en cuanto a su capacidad de implementación, sino también por las diferencias inherentes entre los diferentes sistemas legales de los Estados. Esta es un área que, a pesar de su relevancia para la cooperación internacional y los derechos humanos, ha sido ignorada durante mucho tiempo por los estudios comparativos de justicia penal. Basado en casos reales como los casos de Ramda y El Guerbouzi, este artículo examina y evalúa el impacto de las diferencias entre los sistemas de derecho civil y derecho consuetudinario en la eficacia de la cooperación internacional y los derechos humanos. Argumenta que, a menos que estas diferencias se reconozcan y se aborden adecuadamente, los autores de delitos graves seguirán constituyendo una grave amenaza para nuestra paz y seguridad.

Abstrait

Abstrait

La société internationale a récemment assisté à l’émergence de deux tendances interdépendantes : d’une part, l’augmentation significative des crimes transnationaux, qui constituaient un sérieux défi pour les capacités traditionnelles de sécurité des États, et l’augmentation notable du nombre d’instruments internationaux mis en place pour amener ce défi à des niveaux acceptables, d’autre part. L’accent mis par la communauté internationale sur le principe « aut dedere aut judicare » pour renforcer le régime juridique universel contre les crimes graves et refuser l’asile à leurs auteurs est remis en question non seulement par des considérations politiques, législatives et pratiques relatives à l’absence de ratification et d’incorporation des conventions internationales et la grande disparité entre les États quant à leur capacité de mise en œuvre, mais aussi par les différences inhérentes entre les différents systèmes juridiques des États. Il s’agit d’un domaine qui, malgré sa pertinence pour la coopération internationale et les droits de l’homme, a longtemps été ignoré par les études comparatives de justice pénale. Basé sur des cas réels tels que les affaires Ramda et El Guerbouzi, cet article examine et évalue l’impact des différences entre les systèmes de droit civil et de common law sur l’efficacité de la coopération internationale et les droits de l’homme. Il soutient que, à moins que ces différences ne soient reconnues et correctement traitées, les auteurs de crimes graves continueront de constituer une menace sérieuse pour notre paix et notre sécurité.

抽象的

抽象的

近期,国际社会出现了两个相互关联的趋势:一方面,跨国犯罪显着上升,对国家传统安全能力构成严重挑战;另一方面,国际文书数量显着增加 另一方面,使挑战达到可接受的水平。

国际社会高度重视“aut dedere aut judicare”原则以加强打击严重犯罪的普遍法律制度并拒绝为犯罪者提供安全避难所,这不仅受到政治、立法和实际考虑的挑战 国际公约的批准和纳入以及各国之间在执行能力方面的巨大差异,以及各国不同法律制度之间的内在差异。 这是一个领域,尽管它与国际合作和人权相关,但长期以来一直被刑事司法比较研究所忽视。

本文基于拉姆达案和埃尔古尔布齐案等实际案例,考察和评估大陆法系与英美法系之间的差异对国际合作有效性和人权的影响。 它认为,除非承认并妥善处理这些差异,否则严重犯罪者将继续对我们的和平与安全构成严重威胁

خلاصة

خلاصة

شهد المجتمع الدولي مؤخرًا ظهور اتجاهين مترابطين: من ناحية ، الارتفاع الكبير في الجرائم عبر الوطنية ، والتي شكلت تحديًا خطيرًا للقدرات الأمنية التقليدية للدول ، والزيادة الملحوظة في عدد الصكوك الدولية الموضوعة لرفع هذا التحدي إلى مستويات مقبولة ، من ناحية ثانية.

إن التركيز الكبير الذي أولاه المجتمع الدولي على مبدأ “التسليم أو المحاكمة” لتعزيز النظام القانوني العالمي ضد الجرائم الجسيمة وحرمان مرتكبيها من الملاذ الآمن لا يتعارض فقط مع الاعتبارات السياسية والتشريعية والعملية المتعلقة بهذا النقص. التصديق على الاتفاقيات الدولية وإدماجها والتفاوت الواسع بين الدول فيما يتعلق بقدرتها على التنفيذ ، ولكن أيضًا من خلال الاختلافات المتأصلة بين الأنظمة القانونية المختلفة للدول. هذا مجال ، على الرغم من علاقته بالتعاون الدولي وحقوق الإنسان ، تم تجاهله منذ فترة طويلة من قبل الدراسات المقارنة للعدالة الجنائية.

استنادًا إلى قضايا فعلية مثل قضيتي الرمدة والكربوزي ، تبحث هذه المقالة وتقيِّم تأثير الاختلافات بين أنظمة القانون المدني والقانون العام على فعالية التعاون الدولي وحقوق الإنسان. وتقول إنه ما لم يتم الاعتراف بهذه الاختلافات والتعامل معها بشكل صحيح ، فإن مرتكبي الجرائم الخطيرة سيظلون يشكلون تهديدًا خطيرًا لسلامنا وأمننا.

Type
Article
Copyright
© International Society of Criminology, 2023

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