Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-9q27g Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-23T00:05:48.608Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Replicating Elite Dominance in Intangible Cultural Heritage Safeguarding: The Role of Local Government–Scholar Networks in China

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 March 2016

Christina Maags  and
Heike Holbig
Christina Maags
Affiliation:
Institute for Political Science, Goethe-University Frankfurt/Main, Germany; Email: maags@soz.uni-frankfurt.de
Heike Holbig
Affiliation:
Institute for Political Science, Goethe-University Frankfurt/Main, Germany
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract:

Since “intangible cultural heritage” (ICH) became the new focal point in the global heritage discourse, governments and scholars in many countries have begun to promote this new form of “immaterial” culture. The People’s Republic of China has been one of the most active state parties implementing the new scheme and adapting it to domestic discourses and practices. Policies formulated at the national level have become increasingly malleable to the interests of local government-scholar networks. By conducting a comparative case study of two provinces, this article aims to identify the role of local elite networks in the domestic implementation of the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, focusing on the incentives of scholars and officials to participate in ICH policy networks. It finds that the implementation of the Convention has not removed the power asymmetry between elite and popular actors but, instead, has fostered an elite-driven policy approach shaped by symbiotic, mutually legitimizing government–scholar networks.

Type
Research Article
Information
International Journal of Cultural Property , Volume 23 , Issue 1 , February 2016 , pp. 71 - 97
Copyright
Copyright © International Cultural Property Society 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Aikawa, Noriko. 2004. “An Historical Overview of the Preparation of the UNESCO International Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage.” Museum International 56, no. 1–2: 137–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aikawa-Faure, Noriko. 2009. “From the Proclamation of Masterpieces to the Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage.” In Intangible Heritage, edited by Akagawa, Natsuko and Smith, Laurajane, 13–44. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Brown, Michael J. 2005. “Heritage Trouble: Recent Work on the Protection of Intangible Cultural Property.” International Journal of Cultural Property 12, no. 1: 40–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cai, Chaoshuang, and Bai, Rushan. 2009. “An RMP Analysis of Fuzhou’s ICH Tourism (Fúzhōushì fēiwùzhí wénhuà yíchǎn lǚyóu RMP fēnxī).” Journal of Hebei Tourism Vocational College 3: 23–26.Google Scholar
Cai, Chaoshuang. 2010. “Discussing an ICH Tourism Development Model: Taking Fuzhou As an Example (Fēiwùzhí wénhuà yíchǎn lǚyóu kāifā móshì tàntǎo yǐ fúzhōu shì wéi lì).” Journal of Changchun University of Science and Technology 24: 41–43.Google Scholar
Cai, Chaoshuang. 2012. “A ICH Tourism Development Theory Based on Authenticity (Jīyú zhēnshíxìng lǐlùn de fēiwùzhí wénhuà yíchǎn lǚyóu kāifā yánjiū).” Journal of Fuqing Branch of Fujian Normal University 109: 28–31.Google Scholar
Changzhou Culture Bureau. 2005. “Notice on the Implementation of the National Folk Culture Protection Project (Guānyú shíshī mínzú mínjiān wénhuà bǎohù gōngchéng de tōngzhī),” http://www.czwgx.cn/pculture/culturepolicy/2007/1107/1267.shtml [No longer available].Google Scholar
Changzhou Culture Bureau. 2010. “Work Summary of 2010 and Work Plan for 2011 (2010 Nián gōngzuò zǒngjié jí 2011 nián gōngzuò dǎsuàn),” http://www.changzhou.gov.cn/gi_news/133993674049087 (accessed 15 May 2014).Google Scholar
Changzhou Culture Bureau. 2012. “Notice on Adjusting Members of Expert Committee on Changzhou’s Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection Work (Guānyú tiáozhěng chángzhōushì fēiwùzhí wénhuà yíchǎn bǎohù gōngzuò zhuānjiā wěiyuánhuì chéngyuán de tōngzhī),” http://www.changzhou.gov.cn/gi_news/970135728569487 (accessed 23 May 2014).Google Scholar
Changzhou Culture Bureau. 2013. “Notice on the Changzhou City Press and Publication Board’s Recommendation of Changzhou Municipal Intangible Cultural Heritage for the First Productive Protection Demonstrative Base (Chángzhōushì wénhuà guǎngdiàn xīnwén chūbǎn jú guānyú tuījiàn chángzhōushì dìyīpī shìjí fēiwùzhí wénhuà yíchǎn shēngchǎnxìng bǎohù shìfàn jīdì de tōngzhī),” http://www.changzhou.gov.cn/gi_news/604138052376342 (accessed 5 May 2014).Google Scholar
Changzhou Municipal Government. 2011. “Cultural and Creative Industry Development Plan (Wénhuà chuàngyì chǎnyè fāzhǎn zhuānxiàng guīhuà),” http://www.changzhou.gov.cn/gi_news/134260512398654 (accessed 6 June 2014).Google Scholar
Changzhou Municipal Government. 2013. “2013 Changzhou Municipal Main Work Report (2013 Nián shìzhèngfǔ zhòngdiǎn gōngzuò),” http://www.changzhou.gov.cn/gi_news/407135770900613 (accessed 6 June 2014).Google Scholar
Changzhou Tourism Bureau. 2003. “Changzhou Municipality‘s 2003 Plan for Tourism Work (2003 Nián quánshì lǚyóu gōngzuò jìhuà),” http://www.changzhou.gov.cn/gi_news/133994027783132 (accessed 17 June 2014).Google Scholar
Changzhou Tourism Bureau. 2005. “Changzhou ‘Eleventh Five-Year’ Tourism Development and the Vision Outline for 2020 (Chángzhōushì lǚyóuyè fāzhǎn ‘shíyīwǔ’ guīhuà jí 2020 nián yuǎnjǐng mùbiāo gāngyào),” http://www.changzhou.gov.cn/gi_news/133994027562413 (accessed 17 June 2014).Google Scholar
Chen, Jinhua, and Zhuang, Zhibin. 2007. “An RMP Based Analysis of Intangible Cultural Heritage Tourism Development: Taking Quanzhou Nanyin As an Example (Jīyú RMP fēnxī de fēiwùzhíwénhuà yíchǎn lǚyóu kāifā yánjiū: yǐ quánzhōu nányīn wéi lì).” Journal of Leshan Teachers College 22: 42–44.Google Scholar
China National Tourism Administration. 2016. “Scenic Spot,” http://en.cnta.gov.cn/travelinchina/recommendedproducts/ScenicSpot/ (accessed 11 February 2016).Google Scholar
China National Tourism Administration. 2014. “Beautiful China Tourism—Intelligent Tourism Year of 2014” (Měilì zhōngguó zhī lǚ: 2014 zhìhuì lǚyóu nián” jì zhōngguó lǚyóu hǎiwài tuīguǎng wǎngzhàn qǐdòng),” http://www.cnta.com/jgjj/jgsz/sszwz/lycjygjhzs/gzdt/201507/t20150720_742393.shtml (accessed 11 February 2016).Google Scholar
CPC Central Committee. 2011. “Decision of the CPC Central Committee on Central Issues Pertaining to Deepening Reform of the Cultural System and Promoting the Great Development and Flourishing of Socialist Culture,” http://www.cctb.net/bygz/wxfy/201111/t20111117_30877.htm (accessed 19 March 2014).Google Scholar
Dobbin, Kristen. 2014. “Appropriation (?) of the Month: Cultural Tourism and Intangible Heritage.” Intellectual Property Issues in Cultural Heritage; Theory, Practice, Policy and Ethics (IPinCH), http://www.sfu.ca/ipinch/outputs/blog/appropriation-month-cultural-tourism-and-intangible-heritage (accessed 25 May 2014).Google Scholar
Fan, Li. 2014. “International Influence and Local Response: Understanding Community Involvement in Urban Heritage Conservation in China.” International Journal of Heritage Studies 20, no. 6: 651–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fujian Provincial Government. 2011. “Notice by the Fujian Culture Bureau on the First Selected List of ICH Productive Protection Demonstrative Bases (Fújiànshěng wénhuàtīng guānyú shǒupī shěngjí fēiwùzhí wénhuà yíchǎn shēngchǎnxìng bǎohù shìfàn jīdì bèi xuǎn míngdān de gōngshì),” http://www.fjwh.net/whdt/zthd/dlgwhycr/zxbdwhycr/201105/t20110530_158185.htm (accessed 11 February 2016).Google Scholar
Fujian Tourism Administration. 2007. “Report on the Third Strait Travel Fair (Guānyú dìsānjiè hǎixiá lǚyóu bólǎnhuì zǒngjié qíngkuàng bàogào),” http://www.fjta.gov.cn/zwgk/200709/200709019909.html [No longer available].Google Scholar
Fujian Tourism Administration. 2011a. “Speech of Guo Hengming at the 2011 Provincial Tourism Work Conference (Guō héngmíng júzhǎng zài 2011 nián quánshěng lǚyóu gōngzuò huìyì shàng de jiǎnghuà),” http://www.fjta.gov.cn/ar/20150128000418.htm (accessed 11 February 2016).Google Scholar
Fujian Tourism Administration. 2011b. “Study on Vice-Tourism Department Head Chen Yangbiao’s Arrival in Anxi (Shěng lǚyóujú fùjúzhǎng chényángbiāo dào ānxī diàoyán),” http://www.510hr.com/?thread-276-1.html (accessed 11 February 2016).Google Scholar
Fujian Tourism Administration. 2012. “Deputy Secretary Zheng Weirong Went to the Provincial Broadcasting and Television Group to Discuss Cooperation (Zhèng wéiróng fùjúzhǎng qiánwǎng shěng guǎngbò yǐngshì jítuán shāngtán hézuò),” http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hqgj/jryw/2012-11-28/content_7620036.html (accessed 11 February 2016).Google Scholar
Fuzhou Municipal Government. 2006. “Fuzhou Municipality’s Executive Opinion on Strengthening ICH Protection Work (Fúzhōushì rénmínzhèngfǔ guānyú jiāqiáng fēiwùzhí wénhuà yíchǎn bǎohù gōngzuò de shíshī yìjiàn),” http://china.findlaw.cn/fagui/p_1/93177.html (accessed 13 February 2014).Google Scholar
Fuzhou Municipal Government 2012. “Fuzhou Municipality’s Notice on Publishing the ‘Twelfth Five-Year Plan’ on Fuzhou’s Cultural Industry (Fúzhōushì rénmínzhèngfǔ guānyú yìnfā fúzhōushì wénhuà shìyè fāzhǎn ‘shí'èrwǔ’ zhuānxiàng guīhuà de tōngzhī),” http://www.fuzhou.gov.cn/zfxxgk/bmxsq/bmxx/bmxx01/gkxx/201203/t20120328_532268.htm?type=szf (accessed 20 February 2014).Google Scholar
Fuzhou Municipal Government. 2014. “Report on the National Economy and Society Development Plan (Guómín jīngjì hé shèhuì fāzhǎn jìhuà bàogào) (Issues 2007–2013),” http://www.fuzhou.gov.cn/zfb/xxgk/ghjh/bg/ (accessed 11 February 2016).Google Scholar
Heilmann, Sebastian. 2008. “Policy Experimentation in China’s Economic Rise.” Studies on Contemporary International Development 43: 1–26.Google Scholar
Huang, Yijun. 2010. “Quanzhou’s ICH Tourism Development: From a Tourist Experience Strengthening Perspective (Quánzhōu fēiwùzhí wénhuà yíchǎn de lǚyóu kāifā: yǐ zēngqiáng yóukè tǐyàn wèi shìjiǎo).” Journal of Quanzhou Normal University (Social Science) 28: 125–29.Google Scholar
IHChina. 2014a. “National Laws and Regulations (Guójiājí fǎguī wénjiàn),” http://www.ihchina.cn/show/feiyiweb/html/com.tjopen.define.pojo.feiyiwangzhan.FaGuiWenJian.faguiwenjianMore.html (accessed 23 September 2014).Google Scholar
IHChina. 2014b. “Regulations for Safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage,” Fujian Province (Fújiànshěng), http://www.ihchina.cn/inc/zhanlan/zhanlangailan.jsp?class_id=02_13 [No longer available; copy available from author upon request].Google Scholar
Jiangsu Culture Bureau. 2004. “2004 Work Summary of Jiangsu Province Department of Culture (Jiāngsūshěng wénhuàtīng 2004 nián gōngzuò zǒngjié),” http://www.jscnt.gov.cn/gk/zd/fz/200711/t20071104_797.html (accessed 25 May 2014).Google Scholar
Jiangsu Culture Bureau. 2005. “2005 Work Summary of Jiangsu Province Department of Culture (Jiāngsūshěng wénhuàtīng 2005 nián gōngzuò zǒngjié),” http://www.jscnt.gov.cn/gk/zd/fz/200711/t20071104_796.html (accessed 24 May 2014).Google Scholar
Jiangsu Culture Bureau. 2007a. “Thoughts on Work of 2007 (2007 Nián gōngzuò sī),” http://www.jscnt.gov.cn/gk/zd/fz/200711/t20071104_799.html (accessed 22 May 2014).Google Scholar
Jiangsu Culture Bureau. 2007b. “Instructions on the Preparation of ‘Eleventh Five-Year Plan’ on Cultural Construction of Jiangsu Province (Guānyú biānzhì jiāngsū shěng wénhuà jiànshè ‘shíyīwǔ’ guīhuà de shuōmíng),” http://www.jscnt.gov.cn/gk/zd/fz/200711/t20071104_791.html (accessed 13 May 2014).Google Scholar
Jiangsu Culture Bureau. 2013. “Keeping Memories, Spreading Beauty—Jiangsu Province’s 2013 Exhibition Review on Intangible Cultural Heritage Skills (Liú zhù jìyì chuánbò měilì: 2013 nián jiāngsūshěng fēiwùzhí wénhuà yíchǎn jìyì dà zhǎn huímóu),” http://www.jsswhg.com/list.asp?id=509 (accessed 11 February 2016).Google Scholar
Jiangsu Provincial Government. 2006. “Regulations of Jiangsu Province on Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection (Jiāngsūshěng fēiwùzhí wénhuà yíchǎn bǎohù tiáolì),” http://www.gov.cn/flfg/2006-10/30/content_427298.htm (accessed 11 February 2016).Google Scholar
Jiangsu Provincial Government. 2013a. “Regulations of Jiangsu Province on Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection (Jiāngsūshěng fēiwùzhí wénhuà yíchǎn bǎohù tiáolì),” http://www.jsww.gov.cn/art/2013/9/10/art_16_9951.html (accessed 11 February 2016).Google Scholar
Jiangsu Provincial Government. 2013b. “Notice on Completing the Reporting Work on Special Funds for Jiangsu Province’s Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection (Guānyú zuòhǎo 2013 niándù jiāngsūshěng fēiwùzhí wénhuà yíchǎn bǎohù zhuānxiàng zījīn shēnbào gōngzuò de tōngzhī),” http://www.jscnt.gov.cn/zfxxgk/tzgg/201305/t20130515_17204.html (accessed 18 May 2014).Google Scholar
Lenzerini, Federico. 2011. “Intangible Cultural Heritage: The Living Culture of Peoples.” European Journal of International Law 22, no. 1: 101–20.Google Scholar
Li, Muhan. 1993. “Discussing Types and Regional Characteristics of Folk Tourism (Shìlùn mínsú lǚyóu de lèixíng jíqí qūyù tèzhēng).” Folklore Studies 2: 95–98.Google Scholar
Liang, Yongjia. 2013. “Turning Gwer Sa La Festival into Intangible Cultural Heritage: State Superscription of Popular Religion in Southwest China.” China: An International Journal 11: 58–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lieberthal, Kenneth, and Oksenberg, Michael. 1988. Policy Making in China. Leaders, Structures and Processes. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Lixinski, Lucas. 2011. “Selecting Heritage: The Interplay of Art, Politics and Identity.” European Journal of International Law 22, no. 1: 81–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, Song, Ma, Jingqing, and Lü, Dongyang. 2009. “Research on Changzhou Intangible Cultural Heritage Tourism Development (Chángzhōushì fēiwùzhí wénhuà yíchǎn lǚyóu kāifā yánjiū).” Northern Economy 8: 58–59.Google Scholar
Mertha, Andrew. 2009. “Fragmented Authoritarianism 2.0.” China Quarterly 200: 995–1012.Google Scholar
Murphy, J. David. 1994. “An Annotated Chronological Index of People’s Republic of China Statutory and Other Materials Relating to Cultural Property.” International Journal of Cultural Property 3, no. 1: 159–68.Google Scholar
Nanjing Culture Bureau. 2005. “The City’s Main Cultural Work Situation since 2005 (2005 Nián yǐlái quánshì wénhuà gōngzuò zhǔyào qíngkuàng),” http://www.nanjing.gov.cn/njszf/bm/wgxj/200801/t20080123_1666766.html (accessed 3 June 2014).Google Scholar
Nanjing Culture Bureau. 2006. “Opinion on Developing Nanjing Municipalities ICH Survey Work (Guānyú kāizhǎn nánjīngshì fēiwùzhí wénhuà yíchǎn pǔchá gōngzuò de yìjiàn),” http://www.nanjing.gov.cn/njszf/bm/wgxj/200801/t20080130_1666951.html (accessed 5 June 2014).Google Scholar
Nanjing Culture Bureau. 2007. “Nanjing Municipality‘s 2006 Completed Status on Main Work on Cultural System and Thoughts on Main Work in 2007 (Nánjīngshì wénhuà xìtǒng 2006 nián zhǔyào gōngzuò wánchéng qíngkuàng hé 2007 nián zhǔyào gōngzuò sīlù),” http://www.nanjing.gov.cn/njszf/bm/wgxj/200802/t20080228_1666769.html (accessed 4 June 2014).Google Scholar
Nanjing Culture Bureau. 2011. “Nanjing Municipality’s Five-Year Plan on Cultural Development (Nánjīngshì ‘shí'èrwǔ’ wénhuà fāzhǎn guīhuà),” http://www.nanjing.gov.cn/njszf/bm/wgxj/201110/t20111008_1666826.html (accessed 6 June 2014).Google Scholar
PRC Ministry of Culture. 2007. “MOC Office’s Response on the Report on Minnan Cultural Environmental Protection (Wénhuàbù bàngōngtīng guānyú mǐnnán wénhuà shēngtài bǎohù bàogào de fùhán),” http://govinfo.nlc.gov.cn/search/htmlflash 4Radar?docid=2211832 [No longer available].Google Scholar
PRC Ministry of Culture. 2009. “MOC and NTA Leading Opinion on Advancing Joint Development of Culture and Tourism Leadership (Wénhuàbù guójiā lǚyóujú guānyú cùjìn wénhuà yǔ lǚyóu jiéhé fāzhǎn de zhǐdǎo yìjiàn),” http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2009-09/15/content_1418269.htm (accessed 27 May 2014).Google Scholar
PRC Ministry of Culture. 2012. “Document ‘Twelfth Five-Year Plan’ on Doubling Cultural Industry’ (Shí'èrwǔ ‘shíqí wénhuà chǎnyè bèizēng jìhuà’ quánwén),” http://www.wenming.cn/whtzgg_pd/yw_whtzgg/201203/t20120301_529369_5.shtml (accessed 18 May 2014).Google Scholar
Quanzhou Municipal Government. 2003. “2003 Municipal Work Report (2003 Nián quánzhōu shìzhèngfǔ gōngzuò bàogào),” http://www.fjqz.gov.cn/E1BC60B1A4D24B149EAC9194154CE643/82D511D5A211FB1D06E74C272127C1EC.html [No longer available].Google Scholar
Quanzhou Municipal Government. 2014. “Municipal Work Report (Shìzhèngfǔ gōngzuò bàogào) (Issues 2003–2013),” http://www.fjqz.gov.cn/zfb/xxgk/zfxxgkzl/bgzj/zfgzbg/ (accessed 11 February 2016).Google Scholar
Rubenstein, Murray. 2003. “‘Medium/Message’ in Taiwan’s Mazu Cult-Centers: Using ‘Time, Space and Word’ to Foster Island-Wide Spiritual Consciousness and Local, Regional and National Forms of Institutional Identity.” In Religion and the Formation of Taiwanese Identities, edited by Katz, Peter and Rubenstein, Murray, 181–218. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sichuan Provincial Government. 2010. “Sichuan Province Culture Department on Ministry of Culture’s Notice on Establishing National Demonstration Bases for ICH Protection (Sìchuānshěng wénhuàtīng zhuǎnfā ‘wénhuàbù bàngōngtīng guānyú kāizhǎn guójiājí fēiwùzhí wénhuà yíchǎn shēngchǎnxìng bǎohù shìfàn jīdì jiànshè de tōngzhī’ de tōngzhī),” http://www.sc.gov.cn/zwgk/gggs/wh/201011/t20101117_1082734.shtml (accessed 19 May 2014).Google Scholar
Smith, Laurajane. 2006. Uses of Heritage. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Song, Bin. 2012. “National Intangible Cultural Heritage of the Survival Mode of Travel: A National ‘Non-Legacy’ for the Case of Changzhou Comb (Guójiā fēiwùzhí wénhuà yíchǎn de lǚyóu huà shēngcún móshì yánjiū: yǐ guójiājí “fēi yí” chángzhōu shūbì wéi lì).” Journal of Jiangsu Teachers University of Technology 18: 77–80.Google Scholar
State Council of the PRC. 2005. “Interim Measures on National ICH Protection and Management (Guójiājí fēiwùzhí wénhuà yíchǎn bǎohù yù guǎnlǐ zhànxíng bànfǎ),” http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2007/content_751777.htm (accessed 23 March 2014).Google Scholar
Svensson, Marina. 2006. In the Ancestors’ Shadow: Cultural Heritage Contestations in Chinese Villages. Lund, Sweden: Centre for East and South-East Asian Studies.Google Scholar
UNESCO. 1989. “Recommendation on the Safeguarding of Traditional Culture and Folklore,” http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.phpURL_ID=13141&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html (accessed 20 January 2014).Google Scholar
UNESCO. 2001. “Proclamation of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity,” http://www.unesco.org/bpi/intangible_heritage/backgrounde.htm (accessed 21 January 2014).Google Scholar
UNESCO. 2015a. “Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage (Bǎohù fēi wùzhí wénhuà yíchǎn gōngyuē),” http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images//0013/001325/132540c.pdf (accessed 26 December 2015).Google Scholar
UNESCO. 2015b. “‘Protecting’ or ‘Safeguarding’?” http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/faq-00021 (accessed 27 December 2015).Google Scholar
Vecco, Marilena. 2010. “A Definition of Cultural Heritage: From the Tangible to the Intangible.” Journal of Cultural Heritage 11, no. 3: 321–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, Degang. 2003. “A Study of a Folk Tourism Development Model: Based on a Discussion of a Practical Folk Resources Development and Utilization Model (Mínsú lǚyóu kāifā móshì yánjiū—jīyú shíjiàn de mínsú zīyuán kāifā lìyòng móshì tàntǎo).” Folklore Studies 1: 51–58.Google Scholar
Wang, Xi. 2011. “On the Intangible Cultural Heritage Tourism Development in Nanjing Qinhuai River Basin (Qiǎntán nánjīng qínhuáihé liúyù fēiwùzhí wénhuà yíchǎn de lǚyóu kāifā).” Social Science Review 26: 84–85.Google Scholar
Wei, Chengyuan. 2012. “A Transmission Analysis of ICH Tourismization Focusing on the Product Perspective: A Case Study of Quanzhou Nanyin Music (Chǎnpǐn shìjiǎo xiàde fēiwùzhí wénhuà yíchǎn lǚyóuhuà chuánchéng fēnxī: yǐ quánzhōu nányīn wéi lì).” Journal of Xiamen University of Technology 20: 1–5.Google Scholar
Xu, Congyao. 2013. “The Research on Nanjing Brocade’s Tourist Souvenirs Development (Nánjīng yúnjǐn lǚyóu jìniànpǐn de kāifā shèjì).” Design 6: 171–72.Google Scholar
Yan, Haiming, 2015. “World Heritage as Discourse: Knowledge, Discipline and Dissonance in Fujian Tulou Sites.” International Journal of Heritage Studies 21, no. 1: 65–80.Google Scholar
Yu, Hua, 2015. “A Vernacular Way of ‘safeguarding’ Intangible Heritage: The Fall and Rise of Rituals in Gouliang Miao Village.” International Journal of Heritage Studies 21, no. 10: 1016–35.Google Scholar
Zhu, Yujie, 2015. “Cultural Effects of Authenticity: Contested Heritage Practices in China.” International Journal of Heritage Studies 21, no. 6: 594–608.CrossRefGoogle Scholar