Author's Note: Based on research supported by a grant from theTranslations Programs N.E.H.

¹ Charles, J. Adams, ‘IslamicReligion,’ Part II, Middle East Studies Association Bulletin,5, 1 (1 02 1971), 21–22.Google Scholar

² The Land Reform Law of 16 May 1960 was declaredunconstitutional and contrary to the sharī′a in a fatwa issued by the marji′ at-taqlid, āyatullāhBurūjirdī. See Ann, K. S. Lambton, ‘AReconsideration of the Position of the marja′ al-taqlīd and theReligious Institution,’ Studia Islamica, 20(1964), 118.Google Scholar

³ See papers by Nikki, Keddie, Hamid, Algar, and Gustav, Thaiss, and bibliography in Scholars, Saints, and Sufis: Muslim Religious Institutions in the Middle East since1500, ed. Nikki, R. Keddie (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1972).Google Scholar

⁴ ‘The Proofs of Islam: Religion and Politics inIran,’ in Arabic and Islamic Studies in Honor of Hamilton A. R. Gibb, ed. George, Makdisi (Leiden, 1965), pp.122–123.Google Scholar

⁵ Religion and State in Iran: The Role of the Ulamain the Qajar Period (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1969), p.2.Google Scholar

⁶ Ibid.Cf., Joseph Eliash, ‘TheIthnā ′asharī-Shī′ī Juristic Theoryof Political and Legal Authority,’ Studia Islamica, 29(1969), 17–30.Google Scholar

⁷ Hamid, Algar, ‘The OppositionalRole of the Ulama in Twentieth-Century Iran,’ in Keddie, , Scholars, Saints, and Sufis, p. 235.Google Scholar

⁸ ′Agā′idal-Imāmiyya, preface by Hamīd, Hafnī Dawood (Cairo, 1961), pp. 34–35.Google Scholar

⁹ ′Shi‘a’, in Islam—The Straight Path: Islam interpreted by Muslims, ed. Kenneth, W. Morgan (New York, 1958), p.202.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Religion and State, p. 52.Google Scholar

¹¹ See Muhammad, Husayn Isfahānī, al-Usūl′alā an-nahj al-hadīth (Najaf 1376/1957).Google Scholar An excellent introductory study of reason as aprinciple of fiqh in Twelver Shi′ism is a Ph.D. dissertation accepted bythe University of al-Azhar in 1971 written by Rushdī Muhammad′Alyān, published with an introduction by Sayyid, Muhammad Taqīal-Hakīm, al-′Aql‘inda’sh-shī'a al-imāmiyya (Baghdad 1393/1973).Google Scholar

¹² Scarcia, Cf. G., ‘Intorno allecontroversie tra Ahbārī e Usūlīpresso gli imāmiti di Persia,’ Revista degli StudiOrientali, 33 (1958), 211–250.Google Scholar

¹³ Ibid., p. 125.

¹⁴ Kulaynī, , Usūlal-Kāfī (8 vols.; Tehran, 1375/1955);Google Scholarsadūq, , Manlā yahdduruhu'l-faqīh (Tabrīz, 1354/1933),Google Scholar lithographed; Tūsī, , Tahdhībal-Ahkām (10 vols.; Najaf, 1377/1957/1382/1962)Google Scholar and Tūsī, , al-Istibsār (Lucknow, 1307/1889), lithographed.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Binder, , ‘The Proofs ofIslam,’ p. 123.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Usūl, Vol. I, Kitābfadl al-′ilm, pp. 30–71.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Furū′, VII, 411–412.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Ibid.. p. 411.

¹⁹ Ibid.Usūl, I, 67–68.

²⁰ Lambton, , ‘A Reconsideration ofthe Position of the marja′ al-taqlīd,’ p. 135.Google Scholar For the full version see Bahthī dar bāra-yiRuhaniyyāt va Marji′iyyāt (Tehran), 12 1962.Google Scholar

²¹ See also, āyatullāh, Mirzā Hasanal-Hā′irī, Ahkāmash-Shī′a, 2 vols. (2nd ed.; Najaf, 1392/1972), 1, 44.Google Scholar

²² Ibid. p. 232.

²³ Ibid.

²⁴ Risālat al-i′tiqādātal-imāmiyya, trans. Fyzee, A. A. A., AShi′ite Creed (London, 1942), p.207.Google Scholar

²⁵ Cf., Hillī,al-Babū′l-Hādī' Ashar, trans. Miller, W. (repr.; London, 1958), paragraph 185 (misprinted [4] Fourth), p. 68.Google Scholar

²⁶ Fyzee, , A Shi′ite Creed, p. 106.Google Scholar

²⁷ Tūsī, , Kitāb al-Ghayba (Tabriz, 1323/1905), 172 ff., lithographed.Google Scholar

²⁸ Hā′irī enumerates asliable of khums seven items: (I) annual income in excess of one'snecessary expenses to maintain oneself and one's household, whether it isderived from wages and salaries or from rent, dividends, interest, gifts, and bequestsand whether it originates in commerce or trade or agriculture or industry; (2) allminerals: hard, soft, liquid, and gas; (3) all precious and semiprecious stones whetherextracted by mining or diving; (4) lawful earnings mixed with unlawful gain; (5)abandoned treasures; (6) transfer of land to a dhimmī by sale or gift (thenew owner, the dhimmī, must pay a khums of the land'sprice or value); (7) and booty from non-Muslims (AHkām, Vol. I, Kitāb al-khums, pp. 362–367).Google Scholar

²⁹ Koran, Sura 8: 42, Arberry's, trans.(London, 1955), I, 201–202.Google Scholar

³⁰ Kulaynī, , al-Kāfī, 1, 538.Google Scholar

³¹ Ibid., pp. 168 ff.

³² ‘Aqā’id, p.35.Google Scholar

³³ Religion and State, p. 16.Google Scholar

³⁴ Ibid., p. 173.

³⁵ Ibid., p. 19.

³⁶ Ibid., pp. 133–134.

³⁷ Fiqh al-Imām Ja′far as-Sādiq, ′ard wa-istidlāl(Beirut 1965), II, 129;Google Scholarcf., Burūjirdī, Risāla-i-tawdīh al-masā′il (Tehran, n.d.), p. 288.Google Scholar

³⁸ Ibid. pp. 127 ff.

³⁹ Tahdhīb al-Ahkām, IV, 147–148.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ Sharā′i′ al-islāmfī al-fiqh al-islāmī al-Ja′farī ed. ash-Shaykhal-′Allāmah Muhammad Jawād Maghniyya (Beirut, n.d.), I, 97.Google Scholar

⁴¹ Kulaynī, , al-Kāfī, 1, 64–67.Google Scholar

⁴² Ibid., II, 297.

⁴³ Ibid.

⁴⁴ Ibid., I, 188.

⁴⁵ Kashshī, Rijāi (Bombay, 1899), p. 263,Google Scholarcf., Kulaynī, al-Kāfī, 1, 189.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Islamic Political Thought (Edinburgh, 1968), pp. 110–111.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Tūsī, Kitāb al-Ghayba (Najaf, 1385/1965), pp. 242–243. Abundant in TwelverShi′i literature are anecdotes telling of miracles performed by the TwelfthImam and witnessed by pious believers. The Twelver Shi′i doctrine of theHidden Imam recognizes that one may see the Twelfth Imam in one's sleep orone may daydream of him. Such visions, however, carry no juridical–theologicalsignificance except the enhancement of the belief in his existence.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ On the decline of the status of ShāhIsmā′il I among the qizilbāsh after his defeat at Chaldirān see Savory, R. M., ‘The Principal Offices of the Safavid State during the Reign of Ismā′īlI (907–30/1501–24)’ in Bulletin of the School ofOriental and African Studies, 23, Part I (1960), 91–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁴⁹ Ibid.; Lambton, , ‘AReconsideration of the Position of the marja′ al-taqlīd,′pp. 116–117,Google Scholar and Minorsky, V., Tadhkiratal-Mulūk, Gibb Memorial New Series XVI (London,1943).Google Scholar