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22. Boletín de Trabajo 1 (1922):79–80. For an example of state management of industrial relations, se the case involving the Veracrúz Telephone, Light, and Power Company and the construction union. Translation of Report from the Goevernor of Veracúz on intervention in affairs of the Veracúz Telephone, Constructiing Syndicate, 4 July, 1916, FO 371/2703/153130.

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30. La Organización Obrera, November 30, 1917.

31. This was also a function of urban dispersal and suburbanization of working-class communities. See Leandro Gutiérrez and Juan Suriano, “Workers' Housing and Living Conditions in Buenos Aires, 1880–1930,” and Romero, Luis Alberto and Gutiérrez, Leandro, “Barrio Societies, Libraries and Culture in the Popular Sectors of Buenos Aires in the Inter-War Period,”, both in Essays in Argentine Labour History, 1870–1930, ed. Adelman, Jeremy (London, 1992), 35–51 and 217–34;Google ScholarArmus, Diego and Hardoy, Jorge Enrique, “Conventillos, ranchos y casa propia en el mundo urbano del novecientos,” in Mundo urbano y cultural popular: estudios de historia social argentina, ed. Armus, Diego (Buenos Aires, 1990), 153–94.Google Scholar

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49. Wolfe, “Anarchist Ideology, Worker Practice,” 822.

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51. Of course, this did not mean that workers gave up. Tenants' leagues reappeared in 1920 throughout the suburbs and hired lawyers to demand enforcement of earliner concessions. Again, however, there is no evidence of institutional endurance. See Alterman Blay,Eu não thenho onde morar, 148.

52. O Jornal do Brasil, May 1, 1917; cited in Banderia, Moniz, Melo, Clovis, and Andrade, A.T., O Ano Vermelho: A Revolução Russa e Seus Reflexos no Brasil (São Paulo, 1980), 52.Google Scholar

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54. Ibid., 149.

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56. Rago, Do Cabaré ão lar, 35–47; Alterman Blay, Eu ño tenho onde morar, 143–45; Keremitsis, “ The Early Industrial Worker in Rio de Janeiro”, chap. 3.

57. Cited in Margareth Rago, “Anarquismo e disciplina industrial no Brasil,” paper presented at the Jornadas sobre los trabajadors en la historia del siglo XX, Fundacióo Simón Rodríguez, Buenos Aires (July 17–19, 1991): 9. For a more genreal discussion, see Marissa Saenz Leme, A ideologia dos industriais brasileiros 1919–1945.

58. Maram, Sheldon L., “Urban Labor and Social Change in the 1920s,” Luso-Brazilian Review 16 (1979):215–23;Google Scholar For an important exploration of how these paternalist practices evoved over the ensuing decades, see Weinstein, Barbara, For Social Peace in Brazil: Industeialists and the Remaking of the Working Class in São Paulo, 1920–1964 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1996).Google Scholar

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