Arbitration — Jurisdiction — Multiple parties — Channel Tunnel Concession Agreement — Provision for arbitration of issues between the two concessionaires and the two governments — Extent of jurisdiction — Whether claims having to be based upon Concession Agreement — Whether claimants also entitled to invoke general international law and treaties between the United Kingdom and France — Provision that arbitrators nominated by the concessionaires not entitled to vote on matters of treaty interpretation — Scope of exclusion — Whether requiring arbitrators nominated by the concessionaires not to take part in discussion

Arbitration — Applicable law — Distinction between applicable law and source of rights and obligations of the parties — Channel Tunnel Concession Agreement — Whether sole source of rights and obligations between the governments and the concessionaires — Relevance of general international law — Relevance of treaties between the United Kingdom and France

Arbitration — Procedure — Responsibility and quantum dealt with in separate phases — Finding of responsibility against both United Kingdom and France — Apportionment of responsibility for compensation — Whether a matter for the responsibility or quantum phase

Economics, trade and finance — International contracts — Concession Agreement between operators of Channel Tunnel and France and the United Kingdom — Government law — Principles of interpretation — Principles of treaty interpretation applicable to interpretation of international law contract between State and private party — Nature of Channel Tunnel legal regime — Whether imposing joint and several responsibility upon governments — Exclusivity — Whether precluding grant of subsidy to ferry operator

Jurisdiction — Public order — Channel Tunnel — Attacks on Channel Tunnel terminal by clandestine migrants seeking to reach United Kingdom — Responsibility of France and the United Kingdom — Whether United Kingdom possessing any jurisdiction on French territory — Whether United Kingdom responsible for disorder in France — Channel Tunnel legal regime

Sea — Tunnel — Channel Tunnel between France and United Kingdom — Legal regime applicable to Channel Tunnel — Treaty of Canterbury between United Kingdom and France, 1986 — Concession Agreement between France and United Kingdom and concessionaires — Nature of jurisdiction under Channel Tunnel legal regime

State responsibility — Joint and several responsibility — International Law Commission Articles on State Responsibility — Article 47 — Channel Tunnel Concession Agreement — Whether imposing joint and several responsibility upon France and United Kingdom — Public order violations in France — Attacks on Channel Tunnel terminal by clandestine migrants seeking entry to United Kingdom — Failure of French authorities to prevent — Whether engaging responsibility of United Kingdom — Joint organ — Intergovernmental Commission — Failure of action by Intergovernmental Commission — Whether entailing responsibility of United Kingdom as well as France

Treaties — Interpretation — Treaty authentic in two languages — Discrepancies between different texts — Application of principles of treaty interpretation to international contract between private parties and States — Context — Object and purpose — Resolution of discrepancies between different language texts

Territory — Sovereignty over territory — Policing as exercise of sovereign power — Channel Tunnel between France and United Kingdom — Disorder in France at Channel Tunnel terminal — Attacks on terminal by clandestine migrants seeking entry to United Kingdom — Responsibility of France to prevent — Whether engaging responsibility of the United Kingdom