State immunity — Subject-matter jurisdiction — Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 (“FSIA”) — Doctrine of Head of State immunity — Act of State doctrine — Whether court having subject-matter jurisdiction over defendants — Whether President of United Arab Emirates entitled to immunity — Whether estate of former ruler of Emirate of Dubai entitled to immunity — Whether brother of current ruler of Dubai entitled to immunity — Whether Dubai defendants’ personal holding companies entitled to immunity — Whether court having personal jurisdiction over Dubai defendants

States — Whether Dubai independent State — Whether Dubai having defining characteristics of independent State under international law — Whether recognized by United States of America — Whether political subdivision of United Arab Emirates — The law of the United States of America