Claims — Diplomatic protection — Claim by State on behalf of creditors affected by exchange control restrictions imposed by debtor State — Whether claimant State acting as agent for creditors or pursuing own claim

Economics, trade and finance — External debts — Rescheduling agreements concluded through the Paris Club — State facing critical shortage of foreign exchange — Paris Club multilateral agreement — Bilateral agreements between debtor State and creditor State — Nature of agreements

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Conduct of foreign relations — United Kingdom — Crown conducting foreign relations by exercise of royal prerogative — Crown espousing claims of citizens — Whether acting as their agent — Presumption against trustee or agency relationship — Treaties — Effect in English law — Whether capable of conferring rights or imposing obligations — Money received by Crown under treaty — Whether held on trust — Relationship between Executive and courts in matters of foreign relations — Court required to be circumspect in matters of foreign affairs

Treaties — Effect in municipal law — United Kingdom — Treaties not incorporated into English law — Whether courts permitted to interpret such treaties — Whether unincorporated treaties creating rights or duties — The law of England